BMB Reports

생화학분자생물학회 (Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Regulation of the Immune System by NF-κB and IκB

  • Liou, Hsiou-Chi (Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University)
  • 발행 : 2002.11.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel transcription factor family participates in diverse biological processes including embryo development, hematopoiesis, immune regulation, as well as neuronal functions. In this review, the NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel signal transduction pathways and their important roles in the regulation of immune system will be discussed. NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel members execute distinct functions in multiple immune cell types via the regulation of target genes essential for cell proliferation, survival, effector functions, cell trafficking and communication, as well as the formation of lymphoid architecture. Consequently, proper activation of NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel during immune responses to allergens, auto-antigens, allo-antigens, and pathogenic infection is crucial for the integrity of host innate and adaptive immunity.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Akira, S., Takeda, K. and Kaisho, T (2001) Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat. lmmunol. 2, 675-680. https://doi.org/10.1038/90609
  2. Alcamo, E., Mizgerd, J. P., Horwitz, B. H., Bronson. R., Beg. A. A., Scott, M., Doerschuk, C. M., Hynes. R. O. and Baltimore, D. (2001) Targeted mutation of TNF receptor I rescues the RelA-deficient mouse and reveals a critical role for NF-kappa B in leukocyte recruitment. J. lmmunol. 167, 1592-1600. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1592
  3. Andjelic, S., Hsia, C., Suzuki, H., Kadowaki, T., Koyasu, S. and Liou, H. C. (2000) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and NF-kappa B/Rel are at the divergence of CD40-mediated proliferation and survival pathways. J. lmmunol. 165, 3860-3867. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3860
  4. Beg, A. A. and Baltimore, D. (1996) An essential role for NF-kappaB in preventing TNF-alpha-induced cell death. Science 274, 782-784. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5288.782
  5. Beg, A. A., Sha, W. C., Bronson, R. T. and Baltimore. D. (1995a) Constitutive NF-kappa B activation, enhanced granulopoiesis, and neonatal Iethality in I kappa B alpha-deficient mice. Genes Dev. 9, 2736-2746, https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.9.22.2736
  6. Beg, A. A., Sha, W. C., Bronson, R. T., Ghosh, S. and Baltimore. D. (1995b) Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-kappa B. Nature 376. 167-170. https://doi.org/10.1038/376167a0
  7. Ben-Neriah, Y. (2002) Regulatory functions of ubiquitination in the immune system. Nat. Immunol. 3, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni0102-20
  8. Benschop, R. J. and Cambier, J. C. (1999). B cell development: signal transduction by antigen receptors and their surrogates. Ourr. Opin. Immunol. 11, 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(99)80025-9
  9. Beutler, B. (2002) Toll-like receptors: how they work and what they do. Curr. Opin. Hematol, 9. 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/00062752-200201000-00002
  10. Beutier, B., Du, X. and Poltorak, A. (2001) Identification of Toll-like receptof 4 (Tlr4) as the sole conduit for LPS signal transduction: genetic and evolutionary studies. J. Endotoxin. Res. 7, 277-280. https://doi.org/10.1177/09680519010070040901
  11. Botchkina, G. I., Geimonen, E., Bilof, M, L., Viiiarreal, O. and Tracey, K. J. (1999) Loss of NF-kappaB activity during cerebral ischemia and TNF cytotoxicity. Mol. Med. 5, 372-381.
  12. Burkly, I., Hession. C., Ogata, L., Reilly, C., Marconi, L. A., Olson, D., Tizard. R., Cate, R. and Lo, D. (1995) Expression of relB is required for the development of thymic medulla and dendritc cells. Nature 373, 531-536. https://doi.org/10.1038/373531a0
  13. Caumano, J. and Hunter, C. A. (2002) NF-kappaB family of transcription factors: central regulators of innate and adaptive immune functions. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15, 414-429. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.3.414-429.2002
  14. Caamano, J. H., Rizzo, C. A., Durham, S. K., Barton, D. S., Raventos-Suarez, C., Snapper, C. M. and Bravo. R. (1998) Nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B2 (p100/p52) is required for normal splenic microarchitecture and B cell-mediated immune responses. J. Exp. Med. 187, 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.187.2.185
  15. Cariappa, A., Liou, H. C., Horwitz, B. H. and Pillai, S. (2000) Nuclear factor kappa B is required for the development of marginal zone B Iymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1175-1182 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.192.8.1175
  16. Cheng, P. C., Cherukuri, A., Dykstra, M., Malapati, S., Sproul, T., Chen, M. R. and Pierce, S, K. (2001) Floating the raft hypothesis: the roles of lipid rafts in B cell antigen receptor function. Semin. Immunol. 13, 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1006/smim.2000.0302
  17. Craxton, A., Jiang, A., Kurosaki. T. and Clark, E. A. (1999) Syk and Bruton's tyrosine kinase are required for B cell antigen receptor-mediated activation of the kinase Akt. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 30644-30650 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.43.30644
  18. Devin, A,. Lin, Y, Yamaoka, S., Li, Z., Karin, M. and Liu, Z. (2001). The alpha and beta subunits of IkappaB kinase (IKK) mediate TRAF2- dependent IKK recruitment to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 in response to TNF. Mol. Cell Biol. 21, 3986-3994. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.21.12.3986-3994.2001
  19. Doi, T. S., Marino, M. W., Takahashi, T., Yoshida, T., Sakakura. T., Old, L. J. and Obata, Y. (1999) Absence of tumor necrosis factor rescues RelA-deficient mice from embryonic lethality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 2994-2999. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.6.2994
  20. Donovan, C. E., Mark, D, A., He, H. Z., Liou, H. C., Kobzik, L., Wang, Y., De Sanctis, G. T., Perkins, D. L. and Finn, P. W. (1999) NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors: c-Rel promotes airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic pulmonary inflammation. J. Immunol. 163, 6827-6833,
  21. Dudley, E., Homung, F., Zheng, L., Scherer, D., Ballard, D. and Lenardo, M. (1999) NF-kappaB regulates Fas/APO-1/CD95- and TCR- mediated apoptosis of T Iymphocytes. Eur. J. lmmunol. 29, 878-886. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199903)29:03<878::AID-IMMU878>3.0.CO;2-9
  22. Franzoso, G., Bours, V., Park, S., Tomita-Yamaguchi, M., Kelly, K. and Siebenlist, U. (1992) The candidate oncoprotein Bcl-3 is an antagonist of p50/NF-$\kappa$B-mediated inhibition. Nature 359, 339-342. https://doi.org/10.1038/359339a0
  23. Franzoso, G., Carlson. L., Poljak, L., Shores, E. W., Epstein, S., Leonardi, A., Grinberg, A., Tran, T., Scharton-Kersten, T., Anver, M., Love, P., Brown, K. and Siebenlist, U. (1998) Mice deficient in nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B/p52 present with defects in humoral responses, germinal center reactions, and splenic microarchitecture. J. Exp. Med. 187, 141-159. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.187.2.147
  24. Frurnan, D. A., Snapper, S. B., Yballe, C. M., Alt, F. W. and Cantley, L. C. (1999) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase knockout mice: role of p85alpha in B cell development and proliferation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 27, 624-629. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0270624
  25. Fujita, T., Nolan, G. P., Liou, H.-C., Scott, M. L. and Baltimore, D. (1993) The candidate proto-oncogene bcl-3 encodes a transcriptional co-activator that activates NF-$\kappa$B p50 homodimers. Genes & Dev. 7, 1354-1363. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.7.7b.1354
  26. Gerondakis, S., Strasser, A., Metcalf, D., Grigoriadis, G., Scheerlinck, J. Y. and Grumont, R. J. (1996) Rel-deficient T cells exhibit defects in production of interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 3405-3409 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.8.3405
  27. Ghosh, S. and Karin, M. (2002) Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. Cell 109 (Suppl), S81-96 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00703-1
  28. Glimcher, L. H. (2001) Lineage commitment in lymphocytes: controlling the immune response. J. Clin. Invest. 108, s25-s30. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200113455
  29. Grossmann, M., Metcalf, D., Merryfull, J., Beg, A., Baltimore, D. and Gerondakis, S. (1999) The combined absence of the transcription factors ReI and RelA leads to multiple hemopoietic cell defects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96. 11848-11853. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.21.11848
  30. Grossmann, M., Nakamura, Y., Grumont, R. and Gerondakis, S. (1999). New insights into the roles of ReL/NF-kappa B transcription factors in immune function, hemopoiesis and human disease. Int. J. Bioehem. Cell. Biol. 31, 1209-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1357-2725(99)00068-0
  31. Grossmann, M., O'Reilly, L. A., Gugasyan, R., Strasser, A., Adams, J. M. and Gerondakis, S. (2000) The anti-apoptotic activities of Rel and RelA required during B-cell maturation involve the regulation of Bcl-2 expression. Embo. J. 19, 6351-6360. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.23.6351
  32. Grumont, R. J., Rourke, I. J., O'Reilly, L. A., Strasser, A., Miyake, K., Sha, W. and Gerondakis, S. (1998) B lymphocytes differentially use the ReI and nuclear factor kappaB1 (NF-kappaB1) transcription factors to regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis in quiescent and mitogen-activated cells. J. Exp. Med. 187, 663-674. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.187.5.663
  33. Guttridge, D. C., Albanese, C., Reuther, J. Y., Pestell, R. G. and Baldwin, A. S., Jr. (1999) NF-kappaB controls cell growth and differentiation through transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1. Mol. Cell Biol. 19, 5785-5799. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.19.8.5785
  34. Hinz, M., Krappmann, D., Eichren, A., Deder, A., Scheidereit, C. and Strauss, M. (1999) NF-$\kappa$B function in growth contril: regulation of cyclin D1 expression and G0/G1 to S-phase transition. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 2690-2698 https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.19.4.2690
  35. Hinz, M., Loser, P., Mathas, S., Krappmann, D., Dorken, B. and Scheidereit, C. (2002) Constitutive NF-kappaB maintains high expression of a characteristic gene network, including CD40, CD86, and a set of antiapoptotic genes in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells.
  36. Hinz, M., Loser, P., Mathas, S., Krappmann, D., Dorken, B. and Scheidereit, C. (2001) Constitutive NF-kappaB maintains high expression of a characteristic gene network, including CD40, CD86, and a set of antiapoptotic genes in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. Blood 97, 2798-2807. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V97.9.2798
  37. Horwitz, B. H., Scott, M. L., Cherry, S. R., Bronson, R. T. and Baltimore, D. (1997) Failure of lymphopoiesis after adoptive transfer of NF-kappaB-deficient fetal liver cells. Immunity 6, 765-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80451-3
  38. Horwitz, B. H., Zelazowski, P., Shen, Y., Wolcott, K. M., Scott, M. L., Baltimore, D. and Snapper, C. M. (1999) The p65 subunit of NF-kappa B is redundant with p50 during B cell proliferative responses, and is required for germline CH transcription and class switching to IgG3. J. Immunol. 162, 1941-1946.
  39. Hsia, C. Y., Chong, S., Owyang, A. M., Dowdy, S. F. and Liou, H. C. (2002) c-Rel regulation of the cell cycle in primary mouse B Iymphocytes. Int. Immunol. 14, 905-916. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxf055
  40. Hsu, S. C., Gavrilin, M. A., Lee, H. H., Wu, C. C., Han. S. H., and Lai, M. Z. (1999) NF-kappa B-dependent Fas ligand expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 29, 2948-2956. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199909)29:09<2948::AID-IMMU2948>3.0.CO;2-0
  41. Huber, M. A., Denk, A., Peter, R. U., Weber, L., Kraut, N. and Wirth, T. (2002) The IKK-2/Ikappa Balpha /NF-kappa B pathway plays a key role in the regulation of CCR3 and eotaxin-1 in fibroblasts. A critical link to dermatitis in Ikappa Balpha -deficient mice. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 1268-1215. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109358200
  42. lotsova, V., Caamano, J., Loy, J., Yang, Y., Lewin, A. and Bravo, R. (1991) Osteopetrosis in mice lacking NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2. Nat. Med. 3, 1285-1289 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1197-1285
  43. Karin, M. and Delhase, M. (2000) The I kappa B kinase (IKK) and NF-kappa B: key elements of proinflammatory signalling. Semin. Immunol. 12, 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1006/smim.2000.0210
  44. Kasibhatla, S., Genestier, L. and Green, D. R. (1999) Regulation of fas-Iigand expression during activation-induced cell death in T Iymphocytes via nuclear factor kappaB. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 987-992 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.2.987
  45. King, L. B., Norvell, A. and Monroe, J. G. (1999) Antigen receptor-induced signal transduction imbalance associated with the negative selection of immature B cells. J. Immunol. 162, 2655-2662
  46. Kontgen, F., Grumont, R. J., Strasser, A., Metcaif, D., Li. R. Tarlinton, D. and Gerondakis, S. (1995) Mice lacking the c-rel proto-oncogene exhibit defects in lymhocyte proliferation, humoral immunity, and interleukin-2 expression. Genes & Dev. 9, 1965-1977 https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.9.16.1965
  47. Krappmann, D., Patke, A., Heissmeyer, V. and Scheidereit, C. (2001) B-cell receptor- and phorbol ester-induced NF-kappaB and c-Jun N- terminal kinase activation in B cells requires novel protein kinase C's. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 6640-6650. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.21.19.6640-6650.2001
  48. Krappmann, D. and Scheidereit, C. (1997) Regulation of NF-kappa B activity by I kappa B alpha and I kappa B beta stability. Immunobiology 198, 3-13 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0171-2985(97)80022-8
  49. Lee, H. H., Dadgostar, H., Cheng, Q., Shu, J. and Cheng, G. (1999) NF-kappaB-mediated up-regulation of Bcl-x and Bfl-1/A1 is required for CD40 survival signaling in B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9136-9141 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.16.9136
  50. Li, Z. W., Chu, W., Hu, Y., Delhase, M., Deerinck, T., Ellisman, M., Johnson, R. and Karin, M. (1999) The IKKbeta subunit of IkappaB kinase (IKK) is essential for nuclear factor kappaB activation and prevention of apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1839-1845. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.189.11.1839
  51. Liou, H.-C., Jin, Z., Tumang, J., Andjelic, S., Smith, K. A. and Liou, M.-L. (1999) C-Rel is crucial for Iymphocyte proliferation but dispensable for T cell effectof function. Int. Immunol. 11.
  52. Liou, H.-C., Nolan, G. P., Ghosh, S., Fujita, T. and Baltimore, D. (1992) The NF-$\kappa$B p50 precursor, p105, contains an internal I$\kappa$B-like inhibitor that preferentially inhibits p50. EMBO J. 11, 3003-3009.
  53. Liou, H.-C., Sha, W. C., Scott, M. L. and Baltimore, D. (1994) Sequential induction of NF-$\kappa$B/Rel family proteins during B-cell terminal differentiation. Mol. Cell BioI. 14, 5349-5359. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.14.8.5349
  54. Malek, S., Chen, Y., Huxford, T. and Ghosh, G. (2001) IkappaBbeta, but not IkappaBalpha, functions as a classical cytoplasmic inhibitor of NF-kappaB dimers by masking both NF-kappaB nuclear localization sequences in resting cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 45225-45235. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M105865200
  55. Marshall, A. J., Niiro, H., Yun, T. J. and Clark, E. A. (2000) Regulation of B-cell activation and differentiation by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase Cgamma pathway. Immunol. Rev. 176, 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-065X.2000.00611.x
  56. Martin, P., Duran, A., Minguet, S., Gaspar, M. L., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Rennert, P., Leitges, M. and Moscat, J. (2002) Role of zeta PKC in B-cell signaling and function. Embo J. 21, 4049-4057. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdf407
  57. Monroe, J. G. (2000) B-cell antigen receptor signaling in immature-stage B cells: integrating intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 245, 1-29.
  58. Naumann, M., Nieters, A., Hatada, E. N., and Scheidereit, C. (1993). NF-kappa B precursor p100 inhibits nuelear translocation and DNA binding of NF-kappa B/rel-factors. Oncogene 8, 2275-2281.
  59. Nolan, G. P., Fujita, T., Bhatia, K, Huppi, C., Liou, H.-C., Scott, M. and Baltimore, D. (1993) The bel-3 proto-oncogene is nuclear-resident I$\kappa$B that associatively regulates NF-$\kappa$B p50 activity. Mol. Cell Biol. 13, 3557-3566. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.13.6.3557
  60. Ouaaz, F., Arron, J., Zheng, Y, Choi, Y. and Beg, A. A. (2002). Dendritic cell development and survival require distinct NF-kappaB subunits. Immunity 16, 257-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00272-8
  61. Owyang, A. M., Tumang, J. R., Schram, B. R., Hsia, C. Y., Behrens, T. W., Rothstein, T. L. and Liou, H. C. (2001) c-Rel is required for the protection of B cells from antigen receptor-mediated, but not Fas-mediated, apoptosis. J. Immunol. 167, 4948-4956. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.4948
  62. Pahan, K. and Schmid, M. (2000) Activation of nuclear factor-$\kappa$B in the spinal cord of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Neurosci. Lett. 287, 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01167-8
  63. Phelps, C. B., Sengchanthalangsy, L. L., Huxford, T. and Ghosh, G. (2000) Mechanism of I kappa B alpha binding to NF-kappa B dimers. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29840-29846. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M004899200
  64. Pizzi, M., Goffi, F., Boroni, F., Benarese, M., Perkins, S. E., Liou, H. C. and Spano, P. (2002) Opposing roles for NF-kappa B/Rel factors p65 and c-Rel in the modulation of neuron survival elicited by glutamate and interleukin- 1beta. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 20717-20723. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201014200
  65. Pohl, T., Gugasyan, R., Grumont, R. J., Strasser, A., Metcalf, D., Tarlinton, D., Sha, W., Baltimore, D. and Gerondakis, S. (2002) The combined absence of NF-kappa B1 and c-Rel reveals that overlapping roles for these transcription factors in the B cell lineage are restricted to the activation and function of mature cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 4514-4519. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.072071599
  66. Poljak, L., Carlson, L., Cunningham, K., Kosco-Vilbois, M. H. and Siebenlist, U. (1999) Distinct activities of p52/NF-kappa B required for proper secondary lymphoid organ microarchitecture: functions enhanced by BcI-3. J. Immunol. 163, 6581-6588.
  67. Sanjabi, S., Hoffmann, A, Liou, H. C., Baltimore, D. and Smale, S. T. (2000) Selective requirement for c-Rel during IL-12 P40 gene induction in macrophages, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12705-12710. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.230436397
  68. Scheinman, R. I., Beg, A. A. and Baldwin, A. S., Jr. (1993) NF-kappa B p100 (Lyt-10) is a component of H2TF1 and can function as an I kappa B-like molecule.
  69. Schneider, A., Martin-Villalba, A., Weih, F., Vogel, J., Wirth, T. and Schwaninger, M. (1999) NF-kappaB is activated and promotes cell death in focal cerebral ischemia. Nat. Med. 5, 554-559 https://doi.org/10.1038/8432
  70. Sen, R. and Baltimore, D. (1986) Indicibility of k immunoglobulin enahncer-binding protein NF-$\kappa$B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell 47, 921-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(86)90807-X
  71. Senftleben, U., Can, Y., Xiao, G., Greten, F. R., Krahn, G., Bonizzi, G., Chen, Y., Hu, Y., Fong, A., Sun, S. C. and Karin, M. (2001) Activation by IKKalpha of a second, evolutionary conserved, NF-kappa B signaiing pathway. Science 293, 1495-1499. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1062677
  72. Sha, W. C., Liou, H.-C., Tuomanen, E. I. and Baltimore, D. (1995) Targeted disruption of the p50 subunit of NF-$\kappa$B leads to multifocal defects in immune responses. Cell 80, 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90415-8
  73. Smith, K A. (1986) Interleukin-2:inception, impact, and implications. Science 240, 1169-1176.
  74. Snapper, C. M., Rosas, F. R., Zelazowski. P., Moorman, M. A., Kehry, M. R., Bravo, R. and Weih, F. (1996) B cells lacking RelB are defective in proliferative responses, but undergo normal B cell maturation to Ig secretion and Ig class switching. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1537-1541. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.4.1537
  75. Snapper, C. M., Zelazowski, P., Rosas, F. R., Kehry, M. R., Tian, M., Baltimore, D. and Sha, W. C. (1996) B cells from p50/NF-kappa B knockout mice have selective defects in proliferation, differentiation, germ-line CH transcription. and Ig class switching. J. Immunol. 156, 183-191.
  76. Solvason, N., Wu, W. W., Kabra, N., Lund-Johansen, F., Roncarolo, M. G., Behrens, T. W., Grillot, D. A., Nunez, G., Lees, E. and Howard, M. (1998) Transgene expression of bcl-xL permits anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)-induced proliferation in xid B cells. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1081-1091. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.187.7.1081
  77. Sproul, T. W., Malapati, S., Kim, J. and Pierce, S. K. (2000) Cutting edge: B cell antigen receptor signaling occurs outside lipid rafts in immature B cells. J. Immunol. 165, 6020-6023. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6020
  78. Su, T. T., Guo, B., Kawakami, Y., Sommer, K., Chae, K., Humphries, L. A., Kato, R. M., Kang, S., Patrone, L., Wall, R., Teitell, M., Leitges, M., Kawakami, T. and Rawlings, D. J. (2002) PKC-beta controls I kappa B kinase lipid raft recruitment and activation in response to BCR signaling. Nat. ImmunoI. 3, 780-786.
  79. Sun, Z., Arendt, C. W., Ellmeier, W., Schaeffer, E. M., Sunshine, M. J., Gandhi, L., Annes, J., Petrzilka, D., Kupfer, A., Schwartzberg, P. L. and Littman, D. R. (2000) PKC-theta is required for TCR-induced NF-kappaB activation in mature but not immature T lymphocytes. Nature 404, 402-407. https://doi.org/10.1038/35006090
  80. Suzuki, H., Terauchi, Y., Fujiwara, M., Aizawa, S., Yazaki, Y., Kadowaki, T. and Koyasu, S. (1999) Xid-like immunodeficiency in mice with disruption of the p85alpha subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Science 283, 390-392. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5400.390
  81. Tam, W. F., Lee, L. H., Davis, L. and Sen, R. (2000) Cytoplasmic sequestration of Relproteins by I$\kappa$B-alpha requires CRM1-dependent nuclear export. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 2269-2284. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.20.6.2269-2284.2000
  82. Tarn, W. F., and Sen, R. (2001) I$\kappa$B family members function by different mechanisms. J. BioI. Chem. 276, 7701-7704. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C000916200
  83. Tam, W. F., Wang, W. and Sen, R. (2001) Cell-specific association and shuttlingof I$\kappa$B-alpha provides a mechanism for nuclear NF-$\kappa$B in B lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 4837-4846. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.21.14.4837-4846.2001
  84. Tumang, J. R., Owyang, A., Andjelic, S., Jin, Z., Hardy, R. R., Liou, M.-L. and Liou, H.-C. (1998) C-Rel is essential for B Iymphocyte survival and cell cycle progression. Eur. J. Immunol. 28, 4299-4312. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199812)28:12<4299::AID-IMMU4299>3.0.CO;2-Y
  85. Villalba, M., Bi, K., Hu, J., Altman, Y., Bushway, P., Reits, E., Neefjes, J., Baier, G., Abraham, R. T. and Altman, A. (2002) Translocation of PKC(theta) in T cells is mediated by a nonconventional, PI3-K-and Vav-dependent pathway, but does not absolutely require phospholipase C. J. Cell Biol. 157, 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200201097
  86. Wagner, H. (2002) Interactions between bacterial CpG-DNA and TLR9 bridge innate and adaptive immunity. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5, 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00287-4
  87. Wang, C.-Y., Mayo, M. W., Korneluk, R. G., Goeddel, D. V. and Baldwin, A. S. (1998) NF-$\kappa$B antiapoptosis: Induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation. Science 281, 680-683.
  88. Weih, F., Durham, S. K., Barton, D. S., Sha, W. C., Baltimore, D. and Bravo, R. (1997) p50-NF-kappaB complexes partially compensate for the absence of ReIB: severely increased pathology in p50(-/-)reIB(-/-) double-knockout mice. J. Exp. Med. 185, 1359-1370. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.185.7.1359
  89. Weinmann, A. S., Mitchell, D. M., Sanjabi, S., Bradley, M. N., Hoffmann, A., Lieu, H. C. and Smale, S. T. (2001) Nucleosome remodeling at the IL-12 p40 promoter is a TLR-dependent, Rel- independent event. Nat. Immunol. 2, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1038/83168
  90. Wu, L., D'Arnico, A., Winkel, K. D., Suter, M., Lo, D. and Shortman, K. (1998) RelB is essential for the development of myeloid-related CD8alpha- dendritic cells but not of Iymphoid-related CD8alpha+ dendritic cells. Immunity 9, 839-847. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80649-4
  91. Yang, H., Thomas, D., Boffa, D. J., Ding, R, Li, B., Muthukumar, T., Sharma, V. K., Lagman, M., Luo, G. X., Kapur, S., Liou, H. C., Hancock, W. W. and Suthanthiran, M. (2002) Enforced c-REL deficiency prolongs survival of islet allogtafts1. Transplantation 74, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200208150-00002
  92. Yang, L., Cohn, L., Zhang, D. H., Homer, R., Ray, A. and Ray, P. (1998) Essential role of nuclear factor kappaB in the induction of eosinophilia in allergic airway inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1739-1750. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.9.1739
  93. Yankee, T. M. and Clark, E. A. (2000) Signaling through the B cell antigen receptor in developing B cells. Rev. lmmunogenet. 2, 185-203.
  94. Zandi, E., Chen, Y. and Karin, M. (1998) Direct phosphorylation of IkappaB by IKKalpha and IKKbeta: discrimination between free and NF-kappaB-bound substrate. Science 281, 1360-1363. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5381.1360
  95. Zheng, Y., Ouaaz, F., Bruzzo, P., Singh, V., Gerondakis, S. and Beg, A. A. (2001) NF-kappa B RelA (p65) is essential for TNF-alpha-induced fas expression but dispensable for both TCR-induced expression and activation-induced cell death. J. Imnunol. 166, 4949-4957. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4949
  96. Zong, W.-X., Edelstein, L. C., Chen, C., Bash, J. and Gelinas, C. (1919) The prosurvival BcI-2 homolog Bfl-1/A1 is a direct transcriptional target of NF-$\kappa$B that blocks TNF-induced apoptosis. Genes & Dev. 13, 382-387. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.13.4.382

피인용 문헌

  1. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced immune activation in human endothelial cells vol.143, pp.1, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02961.x
  2. Pre-infection administration of asiatic acid retards parasitaemia induction in Plasmodium berghei murine malaria infected Sprague-Dawley rats vol.15, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1278-6
  3. The zinc finger protein Gfi1 acts upstream of TNF to attenuate endotoxin-mediated inflammatory responses in the lung vol.36, pp.2, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200535155
  4. Forsythin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by suppressing JAK-STAT and p38 MAPK signalings and ROS production vol.63, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-014-0731-7
  5. Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in traumatized muscle vol.38, pp.7, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20371
  6. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated nuclear factor-κB activation in spinal cord contributes to chronic morphine-induced analgesic tolerance and hyperalgesia in rats vol.30, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-014-1483-7
  7. Expanded Nuclear Roles for I Bs vol.2004, pp.254, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1126/stke.2542004pe48
  8. Systems genetics of the nuclear factor-κB signal transduction network. I. Detection of several quantitative trait loci potentially relevant to aging vol.133, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2011.11.007
  9. Anti-inflammatory effects of glaucocalyxin B in microglia cells vol.128, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphs.2015.04.005
  10. Natural Hirudin Increases Rat Flap Viability by Anti-Inflammation via PARs/p38/NF-κB Pathway vol.2015, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/597264
  11. No major role for the transcription factor NF-κB in bone marrow function during peritonitis in the mouse vol.100, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-014-1598-7
  12. Selenium Deficiency Deteriorate the Inflammation of S. aureus Infection via Regulating NF-κB and PPAR-γ in Mammary Gland of Mice vol.172, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0563-5
  13. Staphylococcus aureus regulates secretion of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 through activation of nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathway in human osteoblasts vol.15, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1413-8670(11)70173-8
  14. Leptin inhibitors from fungal endophytes (LIFEs): Will be novel therapeutic drugs for obesity and its associated immune mediated diseases vol.92, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.032
  15. A New Family of Synthetic Diterpenes that Regulates Cytokine Synthesis by Inhibiting IκBα Phosphorylation vol.6, pp.1, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200400089
  16. Effects of interleukin-10 on titanium particle-induced macrophage transcription factor activation and cytokine expressionin vitro vol.69A, pp.1, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.20097
  17. Attachment of Staphylococcus aureus is required for activation of nuclear factor kappa B in human osteoblasts vol.42, pp.12, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmq096
  18. Lipoxin A4 analog attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance, withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia, and glial reaction and cytokine expression in the spinal cord of rat vol.208, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.009
  19. Induction of ROS generation and NF-κB activation in MARC-145 cells by a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Southwest of China isolate vol.11, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0480-z
  20. Vascular E-Selectin Expression Correlates with CD8 Lymphocyte Infiltration and Improved Outcome in Merkel Cell Carcinoma vol.133, pp.8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.36
  21. Cellular Players in the Herpes Simplex Virus Dependent Apoptosis Balancing Act vol.1, pp.3, 2009, https://doi.org/10.3390/v1030965
  22. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) could be involved in a regulatory role in apoptosis and a link between apoptosis and insulin resistance vol.98, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.022
  23. The NF-κB signalling pathway is involved in the LPS/IL-2-induced upregulation of FoxP3 expression in human CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells vol.19, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00953.x