Ultrafiltration for Quality Improvement of Apple Wine

한외여과공정을 이용한 사과주의 품질개선

  • Chung, Jae-Ho (Division of Biotechnology, Kyungwon University) ;
  • Mok, Chul-Kyoon (Division of Biotechnology, Kyungwon University) ;
  • Lim, Sang-Bin (Department of Food Science and Engineering, Cheju National University) ;
  • Park, Young-Seo (Division of Biotechnology, Kyungwon University)
  • Published : 2003.08.30

Abstract

An apple wine was prepared by fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks using Saccha개myces cerevisiae KCCM 12224, followed by aging at $15^{\circ}C$ for 14 weeks, and its physicochemical and microbiological changes were investigated. The viable bacterial cell numbers, increased from $1.4{\times}10^3\;CFU/ml$ at the beginning of fermentation, to $2.8{\times}10^6\;CFU/ml$ after 2 weeks, but decreased to $1.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/ml$ after aging. The viable yeast cell numbers changed from $4.3{\times}10^4\;CFU/ml$ to $1.2{\times}10^7\;CFU/ml$ during the fermentation, and decreased to $1.2{\times}10^4\;CFU/ml$ after aging. Sugar content changed from $20.0^{\circ}Brix$ to $8.5{\circ}Brix$, and reducing sugar content was changed from 9.66% to 6.44%. Alcohol content and acidity increased to 7.0% and from 0.19% to 0.24%, respectively. No changes in acidity, pH, and sugar content were observed during the aging, but reducing sugar and solid contents decreased. When apple wine was fultered through $0.45\;{\mu}m$ nitrocellulose membrane followed by various ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-off values, the initial flux $(121.2\;liter/m^2/h)$ and the average flux of Biomax 100k membrane were the highest among the membranes used. These membrane filtration treatments resulted in complete removal of microorganisms as well as decrease in turbidity and solid content without changes in other chemical properties. No changes in the physicochemical properties of the apple wine and no microorganisms were detected during the storage at $156{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks.

사과 착즙액을 효모를 이용하여 발효시키는 과정에서 사과주의 발효패턴을 관찰하였으며 숙성과정 및 한외여과에 따른 미생물학적 변화와 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 사과 착즙액을 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 12224를 사용하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 14일간 발효시킨 후 $15^{\circ}C$에서 14주간 숙성시킨 결과 발효기간 중 총세균과 효모는 각각 $1.4{\times}10^3$ CFU/ml, $4.3{\times}10^4$ CFU/ml에서 $2.8{\times}10^6$ CFU/ml, $1.2{\times}10^7$ CFU/ml로 증가하였다. 숙성과정을 거친 후에는 총세균수는 $10{\times}10^5$ CFU/ml로, 효모수는 $1.2{\times}10^4$ CFU/ml로 감소하였다. 발효기간 중 당도는 $20.0^{\circ}Brix$에서 $8.5^{\circ}Brix$로, 환원당은 9.66%에서 6.44%로 감소한 반면, 알코올 함량은 7.0%로, 산도는 0.19%에서 0.24%로 증가하였다. 14주 동안 숙성하였을 때 pH, 산도, 당도는 큰 변화를 보이지 않은 반면, 환원당과 고형물 함량은 감소하였고 알코올 함량은 11.8%까지 증가하였다. 사과주를 $0.45\;{\mu}m$ nitrocellulose 미세여과막을 이용하여 여과한 후 재질과 공경이 서로 다른 한외여과막을 사용하여 한외여과한 결과 Biomax 100k 막의 초기 $flux(121.2\;liter/m^2/h)$와 평균 flux가 사용한 한외여과막 중에서 가장 높았다. 한외여과에 의해 사과주 내에 존재하는 미생물은 완벽하게 제거되었으며 탁도와 고형물 함량은 감소하였으나 그 이외의 이화학적 특성은 변화하지 않았다. 사과주를 $15^{\circ}C$에서 6주간 저장하였을 경우 저장기간동안 미생물이 전혀 검출되지 않았으며 이화학적 특성도 변화하지 않았다.

Keywords

References

  1. The Minister of Agiiculture and Forestey (2000) The main statistics related agriculture, USA
  2. Jung, Y. J., Seo, J. H., Lee, G. D., Park, N. Y. and Choi, T. H. (1999) The quality comparison of apple vinegar by two stage fermentation with commercial apple vinegar. Korean J. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 28, 353-358
  3. Hwang, O. S., Park, H. J., Chun, H. K. and Chang, C. M. (1990) A study on the manufacturing of vinegar from fallen apples. Res. Rep. RDA 32, 40-47
  4. Kim, S. D., Jang, K. S and Kim, M. K. (1994) Fermentation of apple vinegar in the farmhouse. J. East Asian Soc. Dietary Life 4, 75-86
  5. Yi, S. H., Ann, Y. G., Choi, J. S. and Lee, J. S. (1996) Development of peach fermented wine. Korea J. Food Nutr. 9, 409-412
  6. Ministry of Health and Welfare(1997) Official book of foods, experimental methods. Ministry of Health and Welfare, USA. p. 94
  7. Chen, C. S., Carter, R. D., Barros, S. M., Nagy, S. and Hemandez, B. (1991) Evaluation of citrus processing system for passion fruit juice concentration. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 104, 51-54
  8. Yonsei University (1975) Experiments in food science and enguneenng, Tamgudang Publishing Co, Seoul, Korea
  9. Miller, G. L. (1959) Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. AnaI. Chem. 31, 426-428 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030
  10. Lim, S., Jwa, M. K., Mok, C. and Park, Y. S. (2001) Quality change in Kochujang treated with high hydrostatic pressure Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 33, 444-450
  11. Kim J. S., Kim, S. H., Han, J. S., Yoon, B. T. and Yook, C. (1999) Effects of sugar and yeast addition on red wine fermentation using Campbell Early. Korean J. Food Sci. TechnoI. 31, 516-521
  12. Kim, D. H., Rhim, J. W. and Jung, S. T. (1999) Clarification and aging of fermented honey. Korean J. Food Sci. Techinol. 31 1330-1336
  13. Jung, S. T., Rhim, J. W. and Kim, D. H. (1999) Fermentation characteristics of honey wine. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 31 1044-1049
  14. Amar, B. R., Gupta, B. B. and Jaffrin, M. Y. (1990) Apple juice clarification using mineral membranes: Fouling control by backwashing and pulsating flow. J. Food Sci. 55, 1620-1625 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb03585.x
  15. Kang, H. A., Chang, K. S., Min, Y. K. and Choi, Y. H. (1998) Value addition of jujube wine using microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Korean J. Food Sci. TechnoI. 30, 1146-115
  16. Kang, M. Y, Park, Y. S., Mok, C. and Chang, H. G. (1998) Improvement of shelf-life of Yakju by membrane filtration. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 30, 1134-1139