Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Anticancer Effect of Persimmon Leaf Extracts on Korean Gastric Cancer Cell

감잎의 물 및 에탄올 추출물이 한국인 위암 세포주에 미치는 항암효과

  • Kim, Ho-Jung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Mi-Kyung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Womans University)
  • 김호정 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 김미경 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2003.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of persimmon leaf extracts on human gastric cancer cells. In vitro anticancer effects of persimmon leaf extracts (water extract at 8$0^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours, water extract at room temperature for 48 hours, 50% ethanol extract at 8$0^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours, 50% ethanol extract at room temperature for 48 hours, 75% ethanol extract at 8$0^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and 75% ethanol extract at room temperature for 48 hours) on SNU16 (Korean gastric cancer cell) were investigated by MTT assay. Persimmon leaf extracts exhibited strong in vitro anticancer effects. We found that the higher the ethanol content of the solvent, the stronger the in vitro anticancer effects. Extraction yields, contents of flavonoids, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E were measured. We found that the higher the ethanol content of the solvent, the higher the extraction yields and the contents of flavonoids, vitamin A and vitamin E. Among persimmon leaf extracts, 75% ethanol 8$0^{\circ}C$ extract showed the highest extraction yield, the highest contents of flavonoids, vitamin A and vitamin E and exhibitied the strongest in vitro anticancer effect on SNU16. Therefore, 75% ethanol 8$0^{\circ}C$ extract was chosen as the material to investigate in vivo anticancer effects. In vivo anticancer effect of persimmon leaf 75% ethanol 8$0^{\circ}C$ extract was investigated in SNU16 transplanted nude mice. Twenty five female nude mice (BALB/c) were blocked into five groups according to body weight and raised for 4 weeks with diets containing 4% (w/w), 8% (w/w) persimmon leaf 75% ethanol 8$0^{\circ}C$ extract, with IT (intratumoral) injection treatment with 1.65 mg/100 $\mu$1, 3.3 mg/100 $\mu$1 concentration every other day 3 weeks after SNU16 was transplanted. Persimmon 75% ethanol 8$0^{\circ}C$ extract significantly lowered tumor weight and tumor volume in SNU16 transplanted nude mice. Tumor weight and tumor volume in all experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. Helper T cell (CD4) levels of mice injected with 3.3 mg/100 $\mu$1 extract significantly increased. Cytotoxic T cell (CD8) levels in all experimental groups significantly increased and helper/cytotoxic T cell ratios in all experimental groups significantly decreased. Natural killer cell and MHC class II molecule in all experimental groups significantly increased. In conclusion, persimmon leaf 75% ethanol 8$0^{\circ}C$ extract exhibited strong in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects against SNU16 cells and it increased cytotoxic T cell, natural killer cell and MHC classII molecule in experimental groups in SNU16 transplanted nude mice.

Keywords

References

  1. Annual Report on the Cause of Death Statistics National Statistical Office
  2. Liv Sci of Tj Univ v.3 Dietary factors related with cancer Kim HJ;Wnag SK
  3. Lee SR
  4. Nutr Tod v.28 no.3 Diet, Nutrition, and cancer research: an overview Jacobs MM https://doi.org/10.1097/00017285-199305000-00004
  5. Toxicology: The basic science of poisons Casarett D
  6. Canc Res v.52 The lessons of life: keynote address to the nutrition and cancer conference Doll R
  7. Canc v.76 no.2 Ethnic differences in risk and prognostic factors for breast cancer Weiss SE;Tartter PI;Bratton J https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19950715)76:2<268::AID-CNCR2820760217>3.0.CO;2-1
  8. Ethn and Dis v.4 no.1 Differences in nutritional risk factors for breast cancer among New York City white, Hispanic, and black college students Zang EA;Cohen LA
  9. Freeman Immunology Janis Kuby
  10. Cellular and Molecular Immunology Abul KA;Andrew HL;Jordan SP
  11. Biochem Soc Trans v.24 no.3 Role of dietary flavonoids in protection against cancer and coronary heart disease Hollman PC;Hertog MG;Katan MB
  12. Nutr Canc v.32 no.3 Intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer in women in Barcelona, Spain Garcia CR;Riboli E https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589809514734
  13. Arch Intern Med v.155 Flavonoids intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study Michael GLH;Martijin BK https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.155.4.381
  14. J Natl Canc Inst v.86 Reduced risk of esophageal cancer associated with green tea consumption Gao YT;Mclaughlin JK;Dai Q;Fraumerni JF https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.11.855
  15. Nutr Rev v.56 no.11 Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance Laura B https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x
  16. Am J Clin Nutr v.74 Flavonids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications Nijveldt RJ;Nood E;Hoorn DE
  17. Anl Aller v.61 Some biological properties of plant flavonoids Middleton E Jr
  18. J Kor Soc F Nutr v.24 no.5 The chemical composition of persimmon (Disopyros kaki) leaf tea Joung SY;Lee SJ;Sung NJ;Jo JS;Kang SK
  19. Agric Biol Chem v.52 no.10 Supressing effect of tannic acid on UV and chemically induced chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian cells Yu FS;Hisako I;Toshihiro O;Mie W https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.52.2423
  20. F and Biotech v.5 Antioxidative properties of perimmon leaves Kang WW;Kim GY;Park MR;CHoi SW
  21. Antic Res v.15 no.5B Induction of DNA fragmentation by tannin and lignin related substances Sakagami H;Kuribayashi N;Kawazoe Y
  22. J Biol Chem v.273 no.20 Identification and characterization of a tannic acid responsive negative regulatory element in the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter Uchiumi F;Sato T;Tanuma S https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.20.12499
  23. FEMS Microbiol Lett v.172 no.1 Effect on cell surface hydrophobicity and susceptibility of helicobacter pylori to medicinal plant extracts Annuk H;Hirmo S;Wadstrom T https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13447.x
  24. Nutr Canc v.29 no.2 Prevention of photoimmunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis by tannic acid Gensler HL https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589709514618
  25. Life Sci v.64 no.21 Synergistic down-regluation of signal transduction and sytotoxicity by tiazofurin and quercetin in human ovarian carcinoma cells Shen F;Herenyiova M;Weber G https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00133-2
  26. Tumori v.83 no.4 Down-modulation of P210 bcr/abl induces apoptosis/differentiation in K562 leukemic blast cells Deora AB;Miranda MB;Rao SG
  27. Biochem Pharm v.54 no.9 Studies on the inhibitory effects of quercetin on the growth of HL-60 leukemia cells Kang TB;Liang NC https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00260-8
  28. Canc Let v.114 no.1-2 The effect of oral quercetin on UVB-induced tumor growth and local immunosuppression in SKH-1 Steerenberg PA;Garssen J;Dortant PM;Vliet H;Geerse E;Van LH https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(97)04659-4
  29. Biochem Pharm v.55 no.7 Flavonoid incued ability of minimally modified low density lipoproteins to support lymphocyte poliferation Carrero P;Ortega H;Martinez BJ;Gomez CD;Lasuncion MA https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00635-7
  30. J of Nat Prod v.55 no.10 Isolation and characterization of an antiviral flavonoid from Waldsteinia fragarioides Abou KM;Shier WT https://doi.org/10.1021/np50088a022
  31. J of Ethnopharm v.29 no.1 Analgesic activity of Cassia alata leaf extracts and kaempferol 3-o-soophoroside Palanichamy S;Nagarajan S https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(90)90099-F
  32. Bull of Environm Sci v.14 Adsorptivities of Cu (II) and Pb (II) ions in water by persimmon leaves Kwon EY;Kim MK;Jeon MH
  33. Environm Muta Carcino v.15 no.1 Effect of tannin from persimmon leaves on the growth inhibition and the synthesis of mRNA of type IV collagen in AZ-521 human gastric cancer cells Park KY;Moon SH;Rhee SH;Baek KA;Lim SY;Yi SY
  34. J Kor Soc F Sci Nutr v.25 no.5 Antitumor effect of persimmon leaves in vivo using sarcoma-180 cells Moon SH;Kim KH;Park KY
  35. J Kor Soc F Nutr v.22 no.3 Effect of selected persimmon leaf components against sarcoma 180 induced tumor in mice Kim BG;Rhew TH;Choe ES;Chung HY;Park KY;Rhee SH
  36. Oncol Rep v.5 no.2 Induction of apoptosis in human stomach cancer cells by green tea catechins Hibasami H;Komiay T;Achiwa Y;Ohnishi K;Kojima T;Nakanishi K;Akashi K;Hara Y
  37. Exp Lung Res v.24 no.4 Tea and tea polyphenols inhibit cell hyperproliferation, lung tumorigenesis, and tumor progression Yang CS;Yang GY;Landau JM;Kim S;Liao J https://doi.org/10.3109/01902149809087391
  38. Mol Biol Cell v.10 no.4 Epigallocatechin-3 gallate selectively inhibits the PDGF-BB-induced intracellular signaling transduction pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits transformation of sis-transfected NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and human gloiblastoma cells (A172) Ahn HY;Hadizadeh KR;Seul C;Yun YP;Vetter H;Sachinidis A
  39. Canc Lett v.129 no.2 Green tea epigallocatechin gallate shows a pronounced growth inhibitory effect on cancerous cells but not on their normal counterparts Chen ZP;Schell JB;Ho CT;Chen KY https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00108-6
  40. Poc Soc Exp Biol Med v.220 no.4 Inhibitory effect of green and black tea on tumor growth Conney AH;Lu YP;Lou YR;Xie JG;Huang MT https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-39.x
  41. J Kor Soc F Nutr v.25 no.3 Effects of pine needle extracts on serum and liver lipid contents in rats fed high fat diet Kang YH;Park YK;Ha TY;Moon KD
  42. The Industrial Dictionary of Foods
  43. J of Immun Meth v.94 Use of MIT colorimetric assay to measure cell activation Gerlier D;Thomasset N https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(86)90215-2
  44. Canc Res v.57 Antitumor and radiosensitizing effects of (E)-2'-Deoxy-2'-(fluoromethylene) cytidine, a novel inhibitor of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase on human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice Lin QS;Ye XL;Louis G;Rene OM;Philippe AC
  45. Hepatogastro v.48 no.41 Intratumoral injection of boiling carboplat in (BCBP) solution for treatment of liver cancer in the animal model Lu M;Yin X;Shen Q;Lu J
  46. AN-238 Int J Canc v.82 Inhibition of growth of MX-1, MCF-7-MIII and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts after administration of a targeted cytotoxic analog of somatostatin Zsuzsanna K;Attila N;Andrew VS;Francine H;Baodong S;Kate G;Gabor H https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990812)82:4<592::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-0
  47. J Surg Oncol v.31 no.4 Tumor measurement in the nude mouse Euhus DM;Hudd C;LaRegina MC;Johnson FE https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.2930310402
  48. J Nutr v.123 AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute Nutrition Ad Hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet Reeves PG;Nielsen FH;Fahey GC
  49. Am J Trop Med Hyg v.55 no.4 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in nude mice: studies with isolates differing in virulence and definition of their T cell-dependent and T cell-independent components Burger D;Vaz CC;Sano A;Calich VL;SingerVermes LM;Xidieh CF;Kashino SS;Nishimura K;Miyaji M
  50. Int J Infect Dis v.4 no.2 Food irradiation: a public health opportunity Steele JH https://doi.org/10.1016/S1201-9712(00)90095-X
  51. Nutr v.16 no.7-8 Food irradiation Tritsch GL https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00298-7
  52. Immun Lett v.78 no.1 Three-color flow cytometric assay for the study of the mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity Derby E;Reddy V;Kopp W;Nelson E;Baseler M;Sayers T;Malyguine A https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2478(01)00226-7
  53. Auris Nasus Laryn v.23 Inhibitory effects of selenium, vitamin A and butylated hydroxytoluene on growth of human maxillary cancer cells in vitro Yamamoto Y;Inoue I;Takasaki T;Takehashi H https://doi.org/10.1016/S0385-8146(96)80014-9
  54. Canc Biochem Biophys v.16 no.1-2 Effect of vitamin C on androgen independent prostate cancer cells in vitro Menon M;Maramag C;Malhotra RK;Seethalakshmi L
  55. Prost v.32 no.3 Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in virto Maramag C;Menon M;Balaji KC;Reddy PG;Laxmanan S https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19970801)32:3<188::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2-H
  56. Mol Carcinog v.19 no.3 Involvenment of activator protein-1 in induction of apoptosis by vitamin E succinate in human breast cancer cells Zhao B;Yu W;Kline K https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199707)19:3<180::AID-MC6>3.0.CO;2-I
  57. W J Gastroen v.7 no.1 Effect of vitamin E succinate on expression of TGF-beta 1, c-Jun and JNK in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells Wu K;Liu BH;Zhao Y
  58. Growth and maturation factors wiley and sons Retinoids and their modulatio of cell growth Jetten AM;G. Giroff(ed.)
  59. Faseb J v.5 Retinoids and thier receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia De Luca LM
  60. J Natl Canc Inst v.76 no.6 Vitamin A and other deficiencies in Linxian, a high esophageal cancer incidence area in northern China Yang CS;Sun Y;Yang QU;Li JY
  61. Am J Epid v.121 no.1 Dietary vitammin A deficiencies and stomach cancer Stehr PA;Gloninger MF;Kuller LH
  62. Natl Canc Inst Monogr v.69 Vitamin A and cancer incidence in a retirement community Paganini HA;Ross RK;Gray GE;Henderson BE
  63. Am J Clin Nutr v.44 no.3 The relationship of serum cholesterol and vitamin A in hospitalized patients with and without cancer Flaim E;Williford WO;Mullen JL;Crosby LO
  64. J Clin Oncol v.11 no.7 Adjuvant treatment of stage I Iung cancer with high dose vitamin A Istituto NT;Ospedale NM
  65. Prog Clin Biol Res v.130 Cancer control: X-ray induced C3HBA tumor regression and prevention of its regrowth by beta-carotene or vitamin A Seifter E;Padawer J;Rettura G;Goodwin P;Levenson SM
  66. Canc Epide Biom Prev v.11 no.1 Vitamin C, vitamin E, and multivitamin supplement use and stomach cancer mortality in the cancer prevention study II cohort Jacobs EJ;Connell CJ;Mccullough ML;Chao A;Thun MJ
  67. Carcinoge v.18 no.1 Ascorbic acid and β-carotene as modulators of oxidative damage Cozzi R;Aglitti T;Gatta V;Salvia R https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.1.223
  68. Int J Vitam Nutr Res no.SUP.27 Causes of gastric and esophageal cancer : Possible approach to prevention by vitamin C Weisburger JH
  69. J Natl Canc Inst v.92 no.19 Gastric dysplasia and gastric cancer: Helicobacter pylori, serum vitamin C, and other risk factors You WC;Zhang L;Gail MH;Xu GW https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.19.1607
  70. Nutr Rev v.60 no.1 Does vitamin C intake slow the progression of gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-infected populations? Feiz HR;Mobarhan S https://doi.org/10.1301/002966402760240345
  71. Br J Cancer v.56 no.2 Atrophic gastritis and vitamin C status in two towns with different stomach cancer death rates Burr ML;Samloff IM;Bates CJ;Holliday RM https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1987.178
  72. Br J Canc v.46 no.3 Seven hypovitaminosis C in lung cancer patients: the utilization of vitamin C in surgical repair and lymphocyte related hot resistance Anthony HM;Schorah CJ https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1982.211
  73. Nutr Rev v.44 no.1 A proposition : megadoses of vitamin C are valuable in the treatment of caner Pauling L;Moertel C https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1986.tb07553.x
  74. J Surg Res v.27 no.5 The influence of magnesium, calcium and vitamin C on tumor growth in mice with breast cancer Frazier TG;McGinn ME https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4804(79)90146-X
  75. Canc Res v.53 no.18 Reduced risk of colon cancer with high intake of vitamin E: the Iowa Women's health study Bostick RM;Potter JD;Folsom AR
  76. Int J Canc v.42 no.6 Serum vitamin E, serum selenium and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer Knekt P;Aromaa A;Maatela J https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910420609
  77. J Clin Pharm Ther v.20 no.3 Serum vitamin E level in patients with breast cancer Torun M;Akgul S;Sargin H https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1995.tb00645.x
  78. Ann N Y Acad Sci v.669 Effects of supplemental vitamin E on cancer growth and promotion during murine AIDS Watson RR;Odeleye OE;Eskelson CD;Mufti SI https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb17131.x
  79. Cell Mol Biol v.26 no.4 Several aspects of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in normal individuals and cancer patients Lotzova E
  80. Antic Res v.18 no.3A Natural killer cell activity depression in peripheral blood and ascites from gastric cancer patients with high TGF-beta 1 expression Yoon SJ;Heo DS;Kang SH;Kim NK
  81. Ind J Canc v.20 no.1A Natural killer cell activity in oral cancer patients. Correlation with tumor size and metastasis in regional lymph nodes Jamkar AV;Gore MM;Kedarnath N;Banerjea AC;Ghosh SN
  82. Eur J Canc v.31A no.12 Restorative effect of total parenteral nutrition on natural killer cell activity in malnourished cancer patients Bozzetti F;Cozzaglio L;villa ML;Ferrario E;Trabattoni D
  83. Eur J Canc v.30A no.11 Sudden tumour regression with enhanced natural killer cell accumulation in a patient with stage IV breast cancer Maiche AG;Jekunen A;Turunen JP
  84. Oncol v.42 no.2 T-cell subsets in patients with gastric cancer Watanabe T;Nakauchi H;Takakura K https://doi.org/10.1159/000226007
  85. Toh J Exp Med v.147 no.2 Imbalance of T cell subsets in cancer patients and its modification with bestatin, a small molecular immunomodifier Kumano N;Suzuki S;Wakui A https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.147.125
  86. Clin Canc Res v.7 no.SUP.3 Suppressed T-cell reseptor zeta chain expression and cytokine production in pancreatic cancer patients Schmielau J;Finn OJ
  87. Scand J Gastroen v.33 no.8 Impairment of phagocytic and T-cell-mediated antibacterial activity and plasma endotoxins in patients with untreated gastrointestinal cancer Amati L;Jirillo E https://doi.org/10.1080/00365529850171512
  88. J Immunol v.163 no.9 T cell-derived IL-10 promotes lung cancer growth by suppresing both T cell and APC function Sharma S;Dubinett SM
  89. Canc Gene Ther v.8 no.12 Rapid induction of cytotoxic T-cell response against cervical cancer cells by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 antigen gene delivery into human dendritic cells by an adeno-associated virus vector Liu Y;Hermonat PL https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7700391
  90. Int J Immunophar v.6 no.3 Immunoenhancing effect of flavonoids compounds on lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis Bratting NW;Berg PA https://doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(84)90018-3
  91. Immunophar v.7 no.2 Comparison of the effects of quercetin with those of other flavonoids on the generation and effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes Schwartz A;Middleton E https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3109(84)90061-4
  92. J Immunol v.140 no.9 Flavone-8-acetic acid augments systemic natural killer cell activity and synergizes with IL-2 for treatment of murine renal cancer Wiltrout RH;Hornung RL
  93. J Nutr v.129 no.8 Chronic marginal vitamin A status reduces natural killer cell number and function in aging Lewis rats Dawson HD;Li NQ;Decicco KL;Nibert JA;Ross AC
  94. Am J Clin Nutr v.64 no.5 Natural killer cell activity in elderly men is enhanced by beta-carotene supplementation Santos MS;Gaziano JM
  95. In Vivo v.11 no.1 Beta-carotene enhances natural killer cell activity in athymic mice Carlos TF;Favier A
  96. Oncol v.34 no.5 Stimulation of immune response in lung cancer patients by vitamin A therapy Micksche M;Wrba H https://doi.org/10.1159/000225231
  97. Nature v.302 no.5906 T cell mediated enhancement of host versus garft reactivity in mice fed a diet enriched in vitamin A acetate Malkovsky M;Medawar PB https://doi.org/10.1038/302338a0
  98. Exp Gerontol v.23 no.5 Effects in vitro of several antioxidants on the natural killer function of aging mice Ferrandew DM;Fuente M
  99. Kr J of Nutr v.31 no.8 Effects of vitamin C supplementation on immune status in smoking and nonsmoking male college students Kim WK
  100. Int J Vitam Nutr Res v.54 no.4 Vitamin C and immunity: influence of ascorbata on prostaglandin E2 synthesis and implications for natural killer cell activity Siegel BV;Morton JI
  101. Int J Dev Neurosci v.18 no.4-5 Dietary vitamin E and T cell mediated function in the elderly: effectiveness and mechanism of action Serafini M https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00016-2
  102. Biofac v.7 no.1-2 The role of vitamin E in T cell differentiation and the decrease of cellular immunity with aging Moriguchi S https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520070111
  103. Scand J Immunol v.14 no.5 Studies of the mode of action vitamin E in stimulating T cell mitogenesis Corwin LM;Shloss J