Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Effect of Different Part of Mandarin Intake on Antioxidative Capacity in 15-month-old Rats

감귤의 부위별 섭취가 노령흰쥐의 항산화능에 미치는 영향

  • 김지혜 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 김미경 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2003.07.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the effect of whole mandarin, peel, and pulp intake of Citrus unshiu Marc on the antioxidative capacity of 15-month-old rats. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 621.9 $\pm$ 10.1 g were separated into four groups according to body weight. The rats were raised with diets containing 5% (w/w) dried mandarin powder for four weeks. Three powders were used, consisting of mandarin peel, pulp, and the entire fruit. Total flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins and dietary fiber was highest in the mandarin peel powder, followed by the whole mandarin powder and the mandarin pulp. The body weight gains of the whole mandarin and mandarin pulp groups were higher, while that of the mandarin peel group was lower than that of the control group. Food intake and ratios of liver, kidney and epididymal fat pad (EFP) weights to body weight were not significantly different among the groups, but ratios of EFP weights per body weight of the experimental groups tended to be lower than that of the control animals. Plasma and liver TBARS concentrations decreased in all the mandarin groups compared to the control group. Plasma and liver xanthine oxidase (XO) activity decreased in all of the mandarin diet groups. Erythrocyte and liver SOD activity in all of experimental groups was not significantly different from the control group. Plasma vitamin A concentration increased significantly in all of the mandarin diet groups. That of the mandarin peel group was 4 times higher than that of the control group. Plasma total carotenoids and vitamin C level also increased in the mandarin peel group. Plasma vitamin I level was not significantly different among the groups.

Keywords

References

  1. National Statistical Office. Life table, 1999
  2. National Statistical Office. The estimation of future population, 2001
  3. Kim KB, Lee BM. Oxidative stress to DNA, protein, and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in rats treated with benzo [α] pyrene. Cancer Lett 113: 205-212, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(97)04610-7
  4. Ames BN. Endogenous oxidative DNA damage, aging, and cancer. Free Radical Res Commun 7: 121-128, 1989 https://doi.org/10.3109/10715768909087933
  5. Sun Y. Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis. Free Radical Biol Med 8: 583-599, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90156-D
  6. Laura B. Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutrition Reviews 56 (11): 317-333, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x
  7. Catherine F, Odile T, Christine M, Claudine M, Augustin S, Francoise R, Christian R. Bioavailability of the flavanone naringenin and its glycosides in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 279: G1148-G1154, 2000
  8. Mouly PPM, Arzouyan CG, Gaydou EM, Estienne JM. Differentiation of Citrus juices by factorial discriminant analysis using liquid chromatography of flavanone glycosides. J Agric Food Chem 42: 70-79, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00037a011
  9. Cha JY, Kim SY, Jeong SJ, Cho YS. Effects of hesperetin and naringenin on lipid concentration in orotic acid treated mice. Kor J Life Science 9: 389-394, 1999
  10. Hertog MGL, Reske, EJM, Hollman PCH, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant fravonoids and risk of coronary heart disease the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 342: 1007-1011, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-U
  11. Yoon KR, Hwang HJ. Carotenoid pigment of Citrus fruits cultivated in Korea. Korean J Food Sci Technol 27(6) : 950-957, 1995
  12. Crystal NH, Dominique SM, Rachael SS, Susan TM, Pirjo P, Philip RT, Jarmo V, Demetrius A. Dietary carotenoids, serum β-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the α-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study. Am J epidemiol 156(6) : 536-547, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf072
  13. The Korean Nutrition Society, Recommended dietary allowances for Koreans. 7th Revision, pp.316-317, 2000
  14. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Annual products of fruits, 2002
  15. Jeong TS, Choi MS, Park YB, Bok SH. Cholesterol-lowering or antiatherogenic effects of citrus bioflavonoids and their mechanisms. Food indus & Nutr 5 (2): 21-26, 2000
  16. Cheju mandarina marketing organization. Analysis of circulation and handling of mandarin, 2000
  17. Kang YH, Park YK, Ha TY, Moon KD. Effects of pine needle extracts on serum and liver lipid contents in rats fed high fat diet. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 25(3): 367-373, 1996
  18. Kang YH, Moon KD, Park YK, Ha TY. Effects of pine needle extracts on enzyme activities of serum and liver, and liver morphology in rats fed high fat diet. J Korean Sac Food Nutr 25(3) : 374-378, 1996
  19. The industial dictionary of foods. Department of health and welfare. Republic of Korea, 1997
  20. Nelis HJ, De Leenheer AP. Isocratic nonaqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography of carotenoids. Anal Chem 55: 270-275, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00253a021
  21. The Guide to Hygienic Experimental Method. Japan Drug Association Kumwon Press, Japan, 1995
  22. Official methods of analysis. 16th Ed. AOAC international USA, 1995
  23. Lee SC, Prosky L, DeVries JW. Determination of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in food-enzymetic gravimatric method. MES-TRIS buffer: Collaborative study. J Assoc off Anal Chem 75: 395-416, 1992
  24. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute Nutrition Ad Hoc Wrighting Committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 123: 1939-1951, 1993
  25. Yagi K. Assay for blood plasma or serum. In: method in enzymolozy academic press Inc. NY 105: 328-331, 1984
  26. Buckingham KW. Effect of dietary polysaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio and dietary vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in the rat. J Nutr ll5: 1425-1435, 1985
  27. Yoon CG. A modified colorimetric assay for xanthine oxidase in rat liver extracts. Keimyung Research Journal (Keimyung Junior College) 2: 295-308, 1984
  28. Flohe L, Becker R, Brigelius R, Lengfelder E, Otting F. Convenient Assays for superoxide dismutase. CRC Handbook of free radicals and antioxidants in biomedicine 287-293, 1992
  29. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL and Randall RJ. Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193: 265-275, 1951
  30. Bieri G, Tolliver JJ, Catignani GL. Simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol and retinol in plasma or red cells by high pressure liquid chromatography. Am J Clin Nutr32: 2143-2149
  31. Kaplan LA. Carotenes. In: Methods in clinical chemistry (Pesce AJ, Kaplan LA, eds. ), The C.V. Mosby Company, St Louispp, pp.513-519, 1987
  32. Sim JE. Seoul National Univ, Graduate Sch. Master's thesis, 1996
  33. Pierre M, Emile MG, Alain A. Simultaneous separation of flavanone glycosides and polymethoxylated flavones in citrus juices using liquid chromatography. J Chromatography A 800: 171-179. 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01131-X
  34. Baik SO, Bock JY, Chun HJ, Han SI, Kim IK. Quantitative distribution and analysis of methoxylated flavonoids in citruses and Korean Chung-pi. Anal Sci & Technol 14(4): 331-339, 2001
  35. Kohno H, Yoshitani S, Tsukio Y, Murakami A, Koshimizu K, Tano M, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Ohigashi H, Tanaka T. Dietary administration of citrus nobiletin infibits azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Life Sci 69: 901-913, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01169-9
  36. Kunizane H, Ueda H, Yamazaki M. Screening of phagocyte activities in plant; enhancement of TNF production by flavonoids. Yakugaku Zasshi 115: 749-755, 1995
  37. Gerald F. Combs Jr. The vitamins. In: Vitamin A (D.S. McLaren), Academic Press, p.138, 1998
  38. Ko KC, Kim CS, Lee NH, Lee SP, Moon DK. Determination of β-cryptoxanthin in peel and flesh of citrus fruits produced in Cheju island. Food Sci Biotechnol 9 (5): 288-291, 2000
  39. Eun JB, Jung YM, Woo GJ. Identification and determination of dietary fibers and flavonoids in pulp and peel of Korean tangerine (Citrus aurantium var.). Kor J Food Sci Technol 28 (2): 371-377, 1996
  40. Choi JH, Lee KM, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kim HS, Ro JS, Oh KW, Lee KS. The effects of dried orange peel compound intaking and exercise training on the physique, body fat, and concentration of blood lipid in obese women. Kor J Pharmacogn 33(1) : 57-63, 2002
  41. Carlon MC, Douglas SK, Georgeann CT, Theresa P, Chris S. Effects of Citrus aurantium extract, caffeine, and St. John's wort on body fat loss, lipid levels, and mood states in overweight healthy adults. Current Therapeutic Research 60(3): 145-153, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-393X(00)88523-9
  42. Douglas SK, Carlon MC, Qivhu S, Melissa AS. Effects of a weight-loss aid in healthy overweight adults: Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Current Therapeutic Research 61(4): 199-205, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-393X(00)89034-7
  43. Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoom DE, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PA. Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr 74: 418-425, 2001
  44. Gray CJ. Enzyme-catalysed reactions. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1971
  45. Kontos HA. Role of products of univalent reduction of oxygen in hypertensive vascular injury. In: Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. New York. Raven Press, Ltd, pp. 667-675, 1990
  46. Fred L, David A, Gouch GW, Schmid S. Role of xanthine oxidase in hydrogen peroxide production. Free Radical Biology & medicine 25(6): 720-727, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00154-3
  47. Lina CMC, Chenb CS, Chenc CT, Lianga YCC, Lin JKA. Molecular modeling of flavonoids that inhibits xanthine oxidase. Biochem & Biophysical Res Commun 294(1) : 167-172, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00442-4
  48. Chistoph R. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and its relationship to ageing. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 27(7): 647-653, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/1357-2725(95)00025-K
  49. Costantino L, Rastelli G, Albasini A. Inhibitory activity of flavonols towards the xanthine oxidase enzyme. Int J Pharmaceutics 86(1): 17-23, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(92)90026-X
  50. Han DS, Kim SJ. The SOD-like activity and development of functional food. Bulletin of Food Technology 7(4): 41-49, 1994
  51. Park GY, Rhee SJ. Effect of diatary polyunsaturated fatty acid and α-tocopherol on lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Kor J Nutr 21(5) : 295-304, 1988
  52. Kellogg EW III, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase in the rat and mouse as a function of age and longevity. J Gerontol 31: 405, 1976 https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/31.4.405
  53. Sohn JS, Kim MK. Effects of hesperidin and naringin on antioxidative capacity in the rat. Kor Nutr Sci 31(4) : 687-696, 1998
  54. Rho KA, Kim MK. Effects of grapes intake on antioxidative and antithrombogenic capacity of Cd-administered rats during Ageing. Kor Nutr Sci 35(3) : 279-290, 2002
  55. Kim HJ, Bae KH, Lee HJ, Eun JB, Kim MK. Effects of hesperidin extracted from tangerine peel on Cd and lipid metabolism, and antioxidative capacity in rats. Kor Nutr Sci 32(2): 137-149, 1999
  56. Chen Y, Zheng R, Jia Z, Ju Y. Flavonoids as superoxide scavengers and antioxidants. Free Radical Biology & medicine 9: 19-21, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90110-5
  57. Son HS, Kim HS, Kwon TB, Ju JS. Isolation, purification and hypotensive effect of bioflavonoids in Citrus sinensis. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 21(2): 136-142, 1992
  58. Karl EM, Kjersti MR. Inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase from orange peel. J Agric Food Chem 48: 5576-5580, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000613v
  59. Ahn YJ, Park HY, Levels and factors affecting serum carotenoids concentrations of adults living in rural area of Korea. Kor J Nutr 30(5):489-498, 1997
  60. Gerald FC Jr. The vitamins. In: Vitamin A (D.S. McLaren), Academic Press, p.138, 1998
  61. Gerald FC Jr. The vitamins. In: Vitamin E (A.L. Tappel), Academic Press, p.203, 1998
  62. Gerald FC Jr. The vitamins. In: Vitamin C (A. Szent-Gyorgyi), Academic Press, p.255, 1998
  63. Heidi F, Violet L. Van Antwerpen, Guy AR, Denys R. Van der Westhuyzen, Neil D, Renee Van der Walt, Carel A. Van der Merwe, Ronald A. Increased levels of autoantibodies to cardiolipin and oxidised low density lipoprotein are inversely associated with plasma vitamin C status in cigarette smokers. Atherosclerosis 124: 75-81, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(96)05820-0