The Relationship of Stress, Social Support and Depression in the Elderly

노인의 스트레스, 사회적 지지와 우울간의 관계

  • Published : 2004.06.01

Abstract

Purpose: This study was to identify the relationship between stress, social support and depression in the elderly. Method: The subjects were 283 elderly adults over 60 in Seoul. Data was collected by questionnaire surveys using convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study are the ELSI developed by Aldwin(1990), the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List developed by Cohen & Hoberman (1983), and the Geriatric Depression Scale by Yesavage & Brink(l982). Data was analyzed by the SAS program, using descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, t-test, ANOVA and progressed Multiple Regression. Result: The relationship between stress and depression had a positive correlation (r=0.33), but the relationship between stress and social support had no significant correlations. The relationship between social support and depression had a negative correlation (r=-0.38). The most powerful predictor of depression was the economic status and then a combination of stress, and social support account for 39% of the variance in depression in the elderly. Conclusion: These results suggested that stress and social support deficits can be potential risk factors in old age depression. Therefore, these findings give useful information for constructing an intervention program focused on depression in the elderly.

Keywords

References

  1. Aldwin, E. (1990). The elders life stress inventory: in M.Stephens, J. Crowther, S. Hobfoll & D. Tennenbaum(Eds),Stress and Coping in later-life FamiUes, NewYork,Hemisphere_. Publishing Co
  2. Bae, Y. S. (1993). A Study Social Support and Ego Integrityin the Elderly, Journal of Korean Academy Adutt Nursine,5(1), 18-32
  3. Brown, G. W., Harris, T., Adler, Z., & Bridge, L. (1986).Social Support, self-esteem and depression, Psychological Medicine, 16, 813-831
  4. Burvil, P. W., & Hall, W. D. (1994). Predictors of increasedmortality in elderly depressed Patients, InternationalJownat of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 219-227
  5. Chang, S. 0., Park, Y. J., & Youn, J. W. (2003). Study onRelations of Variables ; Attributions of SomaticSymptoms, Fatigue, Chronic Pain and Depression in theElderly. Journat of Korean Academy Nursing, 33(1),26-31
  6. Cho, B. L., Ou, S. W., Lee, E. S., Seo, S. Y., Yoo, T. W.,& Huh, B. Y. (1998). factors related with Amount ofStress in the Elderly. The Gerontotogicat Disease, 2(1),72-81
  7. Cho, E. H., Chun, J. H., & LEE, S. W. (2000). A Model forthe factors Affecting Depression in the Elderly withChronic Disease, The GerontoIogicaI Disease, 4(3),148-163
  8. Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. (1983). Positive events and socialsupports of buffer of life change stress, JournaI ofApptied Sociat Psychology, 13, 99-125
  9. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Social support and thebuffering hypothesis, Psychological bulletin, 98, 310-357
  10. Cutrona, C. E. (1984). Social support and stress in thetransition to parenthood. Journat of Abnormal Psychology,93, 378-390 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.93.4.378
  11. Garrigan, D., & Murphy, E. (1995). Social support amongelderly in two community programs. Journat ofGerontologicat Nursing, 27(2), 31-38
  12. Hur, J. S., & Yoo, S. H. (2002) Influencing Factors onDepression of Elderly. Mentat Health & Social Work, 13,7-35
  13. Hwang, M. H., & Doh, B. N. (2000). A study of PerceivedHealth Status, Social Support and Self Care Agency ofthe Aged, Kyungpook Nursing Science, 4(1), 43-58
  14. Jarvik, L. F. (1976). Aging and Depression, Journal of Gerontology, 31, 324-326
  15. Kim, B. H., & Nam, C. H. (1999). A Study on the Factorsaffected with Depressive Scale among the Korean ElderlyWho Lives with Spouse, Journal of the KoreaGerontological Society, 19(2), 173-192
  16. Kim, J. H. (1994). Depressive characteristics of the young and the old by comparison of GDS and BDI. Unpublished master dissertation, Korea University of Korea, Seoul
  17. Kim, J. S. (1987). A study on life satisfaction of the Korean elderly. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ewha University of Korea, Seoul
  18. Kim, J. S. (1998). A study on Self-Esteem, IADL, and Life Satisfaction in the Elderly. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 28(1), 148-158
  19. Koenig, H. G. K., & Blazer, D. G. (1996). Minor depression in late life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4(suppl. 1), S14-S21
  20. Lee, J. W., K. I., Lee, S. M., Eun, H. J., & Kim D. I. (1997). Life Events, Coping Styles, Social Support, and Family Relationships of Middle-Aged Depressed Women. Journal Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 36(4), 620-629
  21. Lee, Y. J., & Kim, T. H. (1999). A Study on the Buffering Effect of Social Support on the Stress of the Elderly who lives alone. Journal of the Korea Gerontological society, 19(3), 79-93
  22. Mitchell RE, Moos RH. (1984). Deficiencies in social support among depressed patients: antecedents or consequences of stress?. Journal Health Social Behavior, 25(4), 438-452
  23. Murphy, E. (1982). Social origins of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry 141, 135-142 https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.141.2.135
  24. Norris, F. H., & Murrell, S. A. (1984). Protective function of resources related to life events, global stress, and depression in older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 424-437 https://doi.org/10.2307/2136380
  25. Orrel, M. W., & Davies, A. D. M. (1994). Life events in the elderly. international Review of Psychiatry, 6, 59-71 https://doi.org/10.3109/09540269409025243
  26. Park, I. S., Oh, K. O., & Kim, J. I. (1989). The correlation of social support, satisfaction of life and depression of elderly. The Journal of Chungnam Medicine, 16(1)
  27. Shin, M. H., & Ko, S. H. (1996). Loneliness and Social Support in the Elderly. Journal of Korean Academy Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5(1), 78-87
  28. Won, J. M., Kang, Y. G., Bae, C. Y., Lee, H. T., Lee, S. K., & Lee, Y. J. (1998). Prevalence of Depressive Mood and its associated Factors in the elderly. Journal of Korean Academy Family Medicine, 19(1), 77-85
  29. Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M. & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 83