The Korean Journal of Physical Education (한국체육학회지)

Korean Alliance for Health: Physical Education: Recreation:and Dance (한국체육학회)
권호 표지

The effect of skill level to intrasubject repeatability of golf swing kinematics

골프 스윙에 있어서 기술수준이 운동학적 요인의 일관성에 미치는 영향

Lee, Ki-Kwang;Nam, Ki-Jeong
이기광;남기정

  • Published : 2005.11.30
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of intrasubject repeatability on the kinematic variables during different skill levels of golf swing. 33 subjects (skilled: 19, unskilled: 14) performed each 10 swings with using a iron (number 7) and a driver. FastTrak electromagnetic tracking system (Polheus Inc., Colchester, VT) was used to collect the kinematic data in real time. We analyzed the time to backswing and downswing, wrist release point, head lift to backswing and downswing, hip sway to backswing and downswing, hip and shoulder rotational angle, x-factor, and hip and shoulder rotational velocity during impact. The statistical analysis was used with Internal Consistency Reliability and two-way mixed ANOVA to get Internal Consistency Constant(ICC). The unskilled subjects showed less consistency in the time to backswing and wrist release point. Specially, the low consistency was found for the wrist release point with using a driver while the unskilled subjects performed. The consistency of the wrist release point is the most important problem to improve golf skill for unskilled subjects. The hip sway showed relatively less consistency while the unskilled subjects performed. In order to increase the consistency of the hip sway, resistance training was necessary to improve stability of the lower extremity. The swing consistency is less related with the range of motion and the rotational velocity of joint. It is more related with time variable such as the timing of movement.

Keywords

References

  1. An, K., Kaufman, K.R. & Chao, E.Y (1995) Estimation of Muscle and Joint Forces. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Human Movement, pp. 201-204. Human Kinetics. Campaign. IL
  2. Andrews, J.G. (1995) Euler's and Lagrange's Equations for Linked Rigid-Body Models of Three- Dimensional Human Motion. ThreeDimensional Analysis of Human Movement, pp. 145-158. Human Kinetics. Campaign. IL
  3. Bartlett, R., Muller, E., Undinger, S., Brunner, F., & Morriss, C. (1996) Three-dimensional evaluation of the kinematic release parameters for javelin throwers of different skill levels. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12, pp. 58-71 https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.12.1.58
  4. Budney, D.R. & Bellow, D.G. (1982) On the swing mechanics of a matched set of golf club. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, Vol. 53, No.3, pp. 185-192 https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1982.10609338
  5. Burden, A.M., Grimshaw, P.N., & Wallace, E.S. (1998) Hip and shoulder rotations during the golf swing of sub-10 handicap players. Journal of Sports Science, Vol. 16, pp. 165-176 https://doi.org/10.1080/026404198366876
  6. Campbell, K.R. & Reid, R.E. (1985) The Application of Optimal Control Theory to Simplified Models of Complex Human Motions: The Golf Swing. Biomechanics. Vol.(5B), pp. 527-532. Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Campaign. IL
  7. Campbell, K.R. (1983) The Application of Optimal Control Theory to Simplified Models of Complex Human Motions: The Golf Swing. University of Illinois, PhD Dissertation
  8. Carlsoo, S. (1967) A Kinetic analysis of the golf swing. Journal of sports medicine, 7, pp. 66-72
  9. Cochran, A.J. & Stobbs, J. (1968) The Search for the Perfect Swing. Journal of Biomechanics, Lippincott, PH
  10. Cochran, A.J. (1990) Science, Equipment Development and Standards. Science and Golf, Proceedings of The First World Scientific Congress on Golf, pp. 177-186
  11. Fujimoto, K. (1995) Determining the essential elements of golf swings used by elite golfers. Oregon State University, PhD Dissertation
  12. Greaves, J.O.B. (1995) Instrumentation in Video-Based Three-Dimensional Systems. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Human Movement, pp. 41-55. Human Kinetics. Campaign, IL
  13. Hosea, T.M., Gatt, C.J., Galli, K.M. & Langrana,N.A. (1995) Science and Golf, Proceedings of The First World Scientific Gongress on Golf, pp. 43-48
  14. Iwatsubo, T. & Kawamura, S. (1998) Numerical analysis of golf club head at various restitution conditions. Sports Engineering. pp. 507-514, Blackwell Science Ltd
  15. Jorgensen, T.P. (1970) On the Dynamics of the Swing of a Golf Club. American Journal of Physics, Vol 38, pp. 644-651 https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1976419
  16. Jorgensen, T.P. (1993) The Physics of Golf. AIP Press, NY
  17. Kreighaurn, E. & Barthels, K.M. (1990) Biomechanics. A Qualitative Approach for Studying Human Movement, pp. 452-461. Macmillan, NY
  18. Ladin, Z. (1995) Three-Dimensional Instrumentation. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Human Movement, pp. 3-12. Human Kinetics. Campaign, IL
  19. Lampsa, M.A. (1975) Maximizing Distance of the Golf Drive: An Optimal Control Study. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Transaction of A.S.M.E. 97G : pp. 362-367
  20. Masuda, K., Yataka, K., Chudo, Y., Kondo, K. & Iijima, K. (1994) Measurement of Initial Conditions of a Flying Golf Ball. IEEE Conference Proceeding on Instrumentation and Measurement Technology, Vol 1, pp. 344-347
  21. Mather, J.S.B. & Jowett, S. (1998) The effect of centrifugal stiffening on the bending stiffness of a golf shaft. Sports Engineering. pp. 515-522, Blackwell Science Ltd
  22. McKirdy, A.S. (1995) Professor P.G. Tait and the Physics of Golf. Science and Golf, Proceedings of The First World Scientific Gongress on Golf, pp. 213-218
  23. Milburn, P.D. (1981) Summation of segmental velocities in the golf swing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 60-64
  24. Nesbit, S.M., Hartzell, T.A., Nalevanko, J.C., Starr, R.M., White, M.G., Anderson, J.R. & Gerlacki, J.N. (1996) A discussion of iron golf club head inercia tensors and their effects on the golfer. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12, pp.449-469 https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.12.4.449
  25. Nicol, K. (1987) Approach to a General Model for Sport Movement. Biomechanics(X-B), pp. 1151-1155. Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Campaign, IL
  26. Owens D., Bunker L. & Gansneder B. (1984) Validation of electronic golf swing analyzer in terms of distance and accuracy measures from field test data. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 305-307 https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1984.10609371
  27. Pedotti, A. & Ferrigno, G. (1995) Optoelectronic-Based Systems. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Human Movement, pp. 66-71. Human Kinetics. Campaign, IL
  28. Pickering, W.M. (1998) A computational study of the double pendulum model of the golf swing. Sports Engineering, pp. 353-360, Blackwell Science Ltd
  29. Plagenhoef, S., Evans, F.G .& AbdeInour, T. (1983) Anatomical data for analyzing human motion. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, Vol. 54, pp. 169-178 https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1983.10605290
  30. Richard, J., Farrell, M., Kent, J. & Kraft, R. (1985) Weight transfer patterns during the golf swing. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 361-365 https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1985.10605341
  31. Sanders, R.H. & Owens, P.C.(1992) Hub Movement during the swing of elite and novice golfers. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics, 8, pp. 320-330 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.8.4.320
  32. Simonian, C. (1981) Fundamentals of Sports Biomechanics. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs. NJ
  33. Twigg, M.J. & Buttler, J.H. (1996) Determining the Central Principle Inertia Dyadic of Golf Club Head. Experimental Techniques, Vol. 20(5), pp.13-17 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1996.tb00457.x
  34. Vaughan, C.L. (1981) A Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Forces and Torques Applied by a Golfer during the Downswing. International Series on Biomechanics, Vol. 3B (VII-B), pp. 325-331. University Park Press, Baltimore
  35. WilIams, D. (1967) The Dynamics of the Golf Swing. Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 20(2), pp. 247-264 https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmam/20.2.247
  36. WilIams, K.R. & Cavangh, P.R. (1983) The mechanics of foot action during the golf swing and implications for shoe design. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 15, pp. 247-255
  37. Winfield, D.C. & Tan, T.E (1994) Optimization of Clubhead Loft and Swing Elevation Angles for Maximum Distance of a Golf Drive. Computers and Structures, Vol. 53(1), pp. 19-25 https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(94)90125-2