Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

A Study on Calcium and Iron Status of Lactating Women

수유기 여성의 칼슘과 철 영양상태 연구

  • Yoon Jin-Sook (Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University) ;
  • Jang Ree-Kyung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University) ;
  • Park Jung-A (Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University)
  • 윤진숙 (계명대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 장희경 (계명대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 박정아 (계명대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2005.07.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was intended to investigate the nutritional status between lactating and non- lactating women, especially calcium and iron. The subjects were 84 lactating women and 20 non-lactating women visiting a public health center and hospital in Daegu. Each subject was interviewed to collect the information on dietary intake for 2 consecutive days. Biochemical assessment of iron status and bone mineral density (BMD) measurement were conducted. Dietary intake of carbohydrate, potassium, Vit $B_1,\;B_2$, Vit C were significantly higher in women during lactating period (p<0.05). However, relative intake as expressed by percentage of Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) was not significantly different between the two groups. The dietary intake of iron and calcium were 58.8%, 60.4% of Korean RDA respectively in women during lactating period. The current food habit score of these women was significantly higher than that of non-lactating women (p<0.05). When we compared the quality of nutritional status, the Index of nutritional quality (INQ) was significantly higher for vitamin $B_2$, P in lactating women than in non-lactating women (p<0.1). Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was not significantly different between two groups. Dietary variety score (DVS) was significantly higher in women during the lactating period (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in biomarkers (Hb, Hct, Serum ferritin, Transferrin) related to iron status between the two groups. No significant difference in bone mineral density (BMD) T-score was not observed. However, it appeared that BMD of lactating women was lower than that of non-lactating women.

Keywords

References

  1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Report on 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey: Nutrition Survey (I), pp.202-242, 2002
  2. Affinito P, Tommaselli GA, Dicarlo C, Guida F, Nappi C. Changes in bone mineral density and calcium metabolism in breast-feeding women: A one year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 2314-2318, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.81.6.2314
  3. Cross NA, Hillman LS, Allen SH, Krasue GF. Change in bone mineral density and markers of bone remodeling during lactation and postweaning in women consuming high amounts of calcium. J Bone Miner Res 10: 1312-1320, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650100907
  4. Kreiger N, Kelsey JL, Holford TR, O'Connor T. An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 116: 141-148, 1982
  5. Sowers M, Corton G, Shapiro B, Jannaush ML, Randolph JF, Hollis B. Changes in bone density with lactation. J Am Med Assoc 269: 3130-3135, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.269.24.3130
  6. Hayslip CC, Klein TA, Wray HL, Duncan WE. The effects of lactation on bone mineral content in healthy postpartum women. Obstet Gynecol 73 (4) : 588-592, 1988
  7. Wardlaw GM, Pike AM. The effect of lactation on peak adult shaft and ultra-distal forearm bone mass in women. Am J Clin Nutr 44 (2) : 283-286, 1986
  8. Krebs NF, Reidinger CJ, Roberson AD, Brenner M. Bone minerai density changes during lactation: Maternal, dietary and biochemical correlates. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 1738-1746, 1997
  9. Kent GN, Price RL, Gutteridge DH, Allen JR. Acute effects of an oral calcium load in pregnancy and lactation: Findings on renal calcium conservation and biochemical indices of turnover. Miner Electrol Metab 17: 1-7, 1991
  10. Specker BL, Vieira NE, O'Brien KO. Calcium kinetics in lactating women with low and high calcium intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 59(3): 593-599, 1994
  11. Kalkwarf HJ. The effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during lactation and after weaning. N Engl J Med 337: 523-528, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199708213370803
  12. The committee of mother and child nutrition. The nutrition of pregnant, lactation and infant period. Kyomoonsa, pp.117-144, 2000
  13. The Korean Nutrition Society. Recommended dietary allowances for Koreans. 7th revision. Seoul, pp.157-245, 2000
  14. Kim EK, Nam HW, Park YS, Mung CO, Lee KW. Nutrition across the life span. Shinkwang Press, pp.76-110, 2002
  15. Moon SJ, Kang JS, Lee MJ, Lee JH, Ahn HS. A longitudinal study of macro-mineral concentrations in human milk. Korean J Nutrition 26(9): 1098-1109, 1993
  16. Vaughan LA, Weber CW, Kemberling SR. Longitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 32 (11) : 2301-2306, 1979
  17. Seol MY, Lee JS, Kim ES. A longitudinal study on calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contents of breast milk from lactating women in Seoul area. Korean J Nutrition 23 (2): 115-123, 1990
  18. Albert S. Zinc, calcium and magnesium concentrations in milk from American and Egyptian women throughout the first 6 months of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 47 (4): 642-648, 1988
  19. Kye SH, Paik HY. Iron nutriture and related dietary factors in apparently healthy young korean women (1): Comparison and evaluation of blood biochemical indices for assessment of iron nutritional status. Korean J Nutrition 26 (6) : 692-702, 1993
  20. Kim EK, Lee KH. A study on dietary iron intake, absorption rate and nutrition knowledge of pregnant women. Korean J Nutrition 3 (1): 53-61, 1998
  21. Kye SH, Paik HY. Iron nutriture and related dietary factors in apparently healthy young korean women (2): Analysis of iron in major food items and assessment of intake and availability of dietary iron. Korean J Nutrition 26 (6) : 703-714, 1993
  22. Park JA, Yoon JS. A screening tool for identifying high-risk pregnant women of Fe dificiency anemia: Process I. Korean J Community Nutrition 6(5): 734-743, 2001
  23. Lee JI, Lim HS. A longitudinal study on maternal iron and folate status during and after pregnancy in korean women. Korean J Community Nutrition 6 (2): 182-191, 2001
  24. Chang NS, Kang MH, Paik HY, Kim IH, Cho YW, Park SC, Shin YW. Serum folate and iron levels of pregnant, lactating and non-pregnant, non-lactating women. Korean J Nutrition 26(1): 67-75, 1993
  25. Liya Van, Ann Prentice, Bakary Dibba. The effect of long-term calcium supplementation on indices of iron, zinc and magnesium status in lactating Gambian women. British Journal of Nutrition 76: 821-831, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19960089
  26. Lee MJ. A study on the influencing factors of macronutrient concentrations in human milk. Korean J Nutrition 30(6): 715-726, 1997
  27. Yang SO. Measuring methods of bone mineral density and clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis. Practical Manual for Diagnosing and Monitoring for Osteoporosis, pp.20-26, 1995
  28. Shim JE, Paik HY, Moon HK, Kim YO. Comparative analysis and evaluation of dietary intakes of koreans by age groups: (2) food and food group intakes. Korean J Nutrition 34 (5) : 568-579, 2001
  29. Ahn HS, Choi MK. Influence of maternal diet on mineral and trace element contents of human milk and relationships between level of these milk constituents. Korean J Nutrition 26 (6): 772-782, 1993
  30. Yu YH, Lee JE, Youm SH, Kim HS. Analysis of anthropometric measurements, eating habits and dietary intake of women with child-bearing experiences and different body fat contents. Korean J Nutrition 30(2): 201-209, 1997
  31. Chang YK, lung YJ, Moon HK, Yoon JS, Park HR. Dietary assessment Shinkwang Press, pp.132-352, 2001
  32. Son SM, Lee YN. Bone densities of the middle aged women residing in the city and related factors: 2. study on the factors affecting bone densities of middle aged women. Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 27(6): 1279-1284, 1998
  33. Seo JY, Kim WK, Choi BS. The effects of regular exercise on nutrients intake and pregnancy outcome of pregnant women in Daegu area. Korean J Nutrition 34 (8) : 929-935, 2001