Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회지)

Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Spatial Distribution of Macropore Flow Percentage and Macroporosities in the Gwangneung Forest Catchment

광릉 산림 소유역에서의 대공극흐름율과 유효대공극부피분율의 공간 분포

  • Gwak, Yong-Seok (Department of Environmental Engineering, Water resource and Environmental Laboratory, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kim, Su-Jin (Department of Atmospheric Sciences/Global Environment Laboratory, Yonsei University) ;
  • Kim, Joon (Department of Atmospheric Sciences/Global Environment Laboratory, Yonsei University) ;
  • Lim, Jong-Hwan (Korea Forest Research Institute) ;
  • Kim, Sang-Hyun (Department of Environmental Engineering, Water resource and Environmental Laboratory, Pusan National University)
  • 곽용석 (부산대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 김수진 (연세대학교 대기과학과/지구환경연구소) ;
  • 김준 (연세대학교 대기과학과/지구환경연구소) ;
  • 임종환 (국립산림과학원) ;
  • 김상현 (부산대학교 환경공학과)
  • Published : 2007.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The role of macropore in the hydrological processes is important at the hillslope scale. Developments and distribution of macropores have not been investigated in conjunction with the characteristics of the hillslope such as topography, soil property, and soil moisture. In this study, macropore properties, such as macropore flow and saturation hydraulic conductivity were measured at a hillslope located in Gwangneung Research Forest, Pochun-gun, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. An intensive field survey provided a refined Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for surface and subsurface topography. Spatial distributions of upslope area and topographic index were obtained through the digital terrain analysis. The total number of monitoring points was 22, and the selected points were distributed along the transect of the digital contour map. Vertical fluxes through macropores were measured using a tension infiltrometer at the depth of 0.1 m from the surface. Spatial and temporal distributions of soil moisture were obtained using an on-line measurement system, TRASE, installed in the study area. Soil moisture for the aforementioned points was measured at 0.1 and 0.3m depths below the surface. The results from tension infiltrometer experiments present that the macropore flows ranged between 21 and 94%, and the measured macroporosities varied from 1.4 to 47%. Macropore flows and macroporosities tended to increase as the measurement location moved to downslope. The ability for water conduction through macropores becomes increasingly developed as the location approaches the outlet of the hillslope.

대공극은 불포화대에서 토양으로의 침투와 유출에 상당한 기여를 한다. 본 연구에서는 광릉 슈퍼사이트 내 산림 소유역을 대상으로 사면에서의 대공극의 공간적 발달에 대해 알아보았다. 장력 침투계를 이용하여 침투과정 중 대공극의 상대적인 중요성을 대공극흐름율과 유효 대공극부피분율을 기준으로 평가하였다. 체계적인 공간적 분석을 하기위해 대상사면의 수치지형도를 구하여 등지형지수지도를 기준으로 실험 지점을 선정하였다. 토양의 물리적 특성은 공간적으로 고르게 분포되어 있었지만 흐름선이 원두부로 접근하고, 기여사면 면적이 증가할수록 대공극흐름율과 유효대공극부피분율이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 대공극형성요인 중에 지중침식, 생물학적 활동, 수리적 환경, 토양층의 발달 및 기반암의 구조의 영향으로 생각된다. 본 연구의 결과는 광릉 산림과 같은 복잡 경관에서 강우사상에 따른 토양수분의 공간분포 및 이송, 유출과정이 물순환에 미치는 영향을 이해하고 정량화할 수 있는 자료 기반을 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ankeny, M. D., T. C. Kaspar, and R. Horton, 1988: Design for an automated tension infiltrometer. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, 893-896 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200030054x
  2. Ankeny, M. D., M. Ahmed., T. C. Kaspar, and R. Horton, 1991: Simple field method for determining unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, 467-470 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500020028x
  3. Baird, A. J., 1997: Field estimation of macropore functioning and surface hydraulic conductivity in a fen peat. Hydrological Processes 11, 287-295 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970315)11:3<287::AID-HYP443>3.0.CO;2-L
  4. Bear, J., 1972: Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, New York
  5. Beven, K., and P. Germann, 1982: Macropores and water flow in soil. Water Resources Research 18(5), 1311-1325 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i005p01311
  6. Beven, K. J., and M. J. Kirkby, 1979: A physically-based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Sciences-Bulletin 24, 43-69 https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667909491834
  7. Beven, K. J., and R. T. Clarke, 1986: On the variation of infiltration into a homogeneous soil matrix containing a population of macropores. Water Resources Research 22(3), 383-388 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i003p00383
  8. Bodhinayake, W., B. C. Si, and C. Xiao, 2004: New method for determining water-conducting macro-and mesoporosity from tension infiltrometer. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68, 760-769 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.7600
  9. Buttle, J. M., and D. J. McDonald, 2000: Soil macroporosity and infiltration characteristics of a forest podzol. Hydrological Processes 14, 831-848 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000415)14:5<831::AID-HYP974>3.0.CO;2-T
  10. Casanova, M., I. Messing, and A. Joel, 2000: Influence of aspect and slope gradient on hydraulic conductivity measured by tension infiltrometer. Hydrological Processes 14, 155-164 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(200001)14:1<155::AID-HYP917>3.0.CO;2-J
  11. Clothier, B. E., and I. White, 1981: Measurement of sorptivity and soil water diffusivity in the field. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45, 241-245 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500020003x
  12. Elkins, N., G. Sabol., T. Ward, and W. Whitford, 1986: The influence of subterranean termites on the hydrological characteristics of a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. Oecologia 68, 521-528 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378766
  13. Gardner, W. R., 1958: Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with application to evaporation from a water table. Soil Science 85, 228-232 https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195804000-00006
  14. Jabro, J. D., 1996: Variability of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity in a hagerstown soil as affected by initial water content. Soil Science 161(11), 735-739 https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199611000-00002
  15. Larsson, M. H., 1999: Quantifying macropore flow effects on nitrate and pesticide leaching in a structed clay soil, field experiments and modelling with th MACRO and SOILN Models. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria 164, 34
  16. Luxmoore, R. J., P. M. Jardine, G. V. Wilson, J. R. Jones, and L. W. Zelany, 1990: Physical and chemical controls of preferred path flow through a forested hillslope. Geoderma 46, 139-154 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(90)90012-X
  17. Luxmoore, R. J., and L. A. Ferrand, 1993: Towards a porescale analysis of preferential flow and chemical transport. Water Flow and Solute Transport in Soils Developments and Applications, D. Russo and G. Dagan (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 45-60
  18. McDonnell, J. J., 1990: A rationale for old water discharge through macropores in a steep, humid catchment. Water Resources Research 26, 2821-2832 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i011p02821
  19. Messing, I., and N. J. Jarvis, 1993: Temporal variation in the hydraulic conductivity of a tilled clay soil as measured by tension infiltrometers. Journal of Soil Science 44, 11-24 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1993.tb00430.x
  20. Mosley, S. P., 1979: Streamflow generation in a forested watershed, New Zealand. Water Resources Research 15, 795-806 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i004p00795
  21. Noguchi, S., Y. Tsuboyama, R. C. Sidle, and I. Hosoda, 1997: Spatially distributed morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soils of Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed, Japan. Journal of Forest Research 2, 207-215 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02348317
  22. Noguchi, S., Y. Tsuboyama, R. C. Sidle, and I. Hosoda, 1999: Morphological characteristics of macropores and the distribution of preferential flow pathways in a forested slope segment. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 1413-1423 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6351413x
  23. O'Callaghan, J. F., and D. M. Mark, 1984: The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image processing 28, 323-344 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-189X(84)80011-0
  24. Perret, J. S., S. O. Prasher, A. Kantzas, and C. Langford, 1999: Three-dimensional quantification of macropore networks in undisturbed soil cores. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 1530-1543 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6361530x
  25. Quinn, P. F., K. J. Beven, and R. Lamb, 1995: The ln(a/ tanB) index, How to calculate it and how to use it within the TOPMODEL framework. Hydrological Processes 9, 161-182 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360090204
  26. Reynolds, W. D., and D. E. Elrick, 1991: Determination of hydraulic conductivity using a tension infiltrometer. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, 633-639 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500030001x
  27. Sullivan, M., J. J. Warwick, and S. W. Tyler, 1996: Quantifying and delineating spatial variations of surface infiltration in small watershed. Journal of Hydrology 181, 149-168 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02908-7
  28. Terajima, T., T. Sakamoto, Y. Nakai, and K. Kitamura, 1996: Subsurface discharge and suspended sediment yield interactions in a valley head of a small forested watershed. Journal of Forest Research 1, 131-137 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02348190
  29. Thomas, G. W., and R. E. Phillips, 1979: Consequences of water movement in macropores. Journal of Environmental Quality 8, 149-152 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800020002x
  30. Tsuboyama, Y., R. C. Sidle, S. Noguchi, and I. Hosoda, 1994: Flow and solute transport through the soil matrix and macropores of a hillslope segment. Water Resources Research 30, 879-890 https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03245
  31. Tsukamoto, Y., and T. Ohta, 1988: Runoff process on a steep forested slope. Journal of Hydrology 102, 165-178 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90096-0
  32. Uchida, T., K. Kosugi, and T. Mizuyama, 2001: Effects of pipeflow on hydrological process and its relations to landslide, a review of pipeflow studies in forested headwater catchments. Hydrological processes 15, 2151-2174 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.281
  33. Vandervaere, J. P., M. Vauclin, and D. E. Elrick, 2000: Transient flow from tension infiltromters. I. The twoparameter equation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 1263-1272 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6441263x
  34. Ventrella, D., N. Losavio, A. V. Vonella, and F. J. Leij, 2005: Estimating hydraulic conductivity of a fine-textured soil using tension infiltrometry. Geoderma 124, 267-277 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.05.005
  35. Watson, K. W., and R. J. Luxmoore, 1986: Estimating macroporosity in a forest watershed by use of a tension infiltrometer. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, 578-582 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030007x
  36. Wilson, G. V., and R. J. Luxmoore, 1988: Infiltration, macroporosity, and mesoporosity distributions on two forested watersheds. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, 329-335 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200020005x
  37. Wooding, R. A., 1968: Steady infiltration from a shallow circular pond. Water Resources Research 4, 1259-1273 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR004i006p01259

Cited by

  1. Seasonal Characteristics of Pore Development and Hydraulic Properties of Surface Soil in Two Forested Watershed vol.11, pp.4, 2009, https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2009.11.4.151
  2. Transfer Functional Modeling Using Soil Moisture Measurements at a Steep Forest Hillslope vol.22, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2013.22.4.415
  3. Estimation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Il-Gwang Watershed Using Water Budget Analysis and Rn Mass Balance vol.20, pp.9, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2011.20.9.1165
  4. Evaluation of multiple surface soil moisture for Korean regional flux monitoring network sites: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer E, land surface model, and ground measurements vol.26, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8160