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The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (한국생물공학회)
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A Trend in Research and Development of Natural Gardenia Pigments

천연 치자 색소의 연구개발 동향

  • Shin, Hyun-Jae (Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University)
  • 신현재 (조선대학교 공과대학 생명화학공학과)
  • Published : 2007.10.30
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Abstract

Natural pigments have many applications like colouring agent, pigments, food additives, and antiseptics. At present, instead of synthetic pigments that have contributed to the development of industry, many kinds of natural pigments have been developed. The constituents of gardenia fruits, Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS, are traditionally known as herb medicine and natural dyes/pigments due to the customer is needs. The fruits produce yellow carotenoid pigments and iridoid compounds. The two main components in the yellow pigments are called crocin and crocetin. The extraction mode of yellow pigment from Gardenia is depended upon the extraction time, temperature, and volume of solvent. Red pigments or blue pigments formed from geniposide and amino acids have been reported a lot. Geniposide, the principal iridoid glucoside contained in gardenia fruit, was hydrolyzed to genipinic acid or genipin as a precursor for the pigment by enzymatic or chemical reaction. These red or blue pigments prepared with materials hydrolyzed of geniposide and amino acid and had properties governed by the electrostatic character of the amino acid. The pigments showed good stability to heat and pH but were gradually bleached by light while the other natural pigments are unstable in light, heat, acid, and base solution. The safety of the pigments was considered to be of little virulences in comparison to synthetic pigments.

치자나무 (Gardenia jasminoides)는 우리나라 남부 지방에 널리 분포하는 이리도이드 (iridoid)계 꼭두서니과의 수목으로서 그 열매인 치자는 예로부터 옷감의 염료, 식용 색소 및 한방 약재로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 치자에 함유된 주요성분으로는 치자 과실에 이리도이드 배당체인 제니핀 (genipin: $C_{11}H_{14}O_5$)과 제니포사이드 (geniposide: $C_{17}H_{24}O_{10}$) 및 겐티오비오시드 (gentiobioside), 크로신 (crocin), 노나코산, 기르네노시드, 만니톨 등이 있고 잎에는 가데오시드 (gardeoside)가 포함되어 있다. 치자색소중 가장 대표적인 치자황색소는 매염처리에 따라 색상이 거의 변하지 않는 단색성 염료이면서 매염처리를 하지 않고도 면직물 등의 식물섬유에 염색이 되는 직접 염료로서 그 시장가치가 높다. 현재 치자황색소는 가격경쟁의 격화에 따라 금액 기준으로 약간 감소하고 있으나 수요 그 자체는 라면 등 식품을 중심으로 광범위한 시장을 형성하고 있다. 다음으로 치자청색소는 치자추출물을 효소반응이나 미생물 배양을 통한 가수분해에 의해 다량의 제니핀으로 전환하여 여러 아미노산과 함께 생산이 이루어지게 된다. 치자청색소는 단백질 섬유에 염색한 결과 매염제 없이도 우수한 착색을 보였으며, 견뢰도도 우수하게 나타났다. 또한 냉과류의 합성착색료 대체품으로 신장하고 있는 스피룰리나 청색소와 가격경쟁력이 있어서 앞으로의 수요는 더 커질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 치자적색소는 520-540 nm에서 최대흡광도를 나타내며, 이는 청색소와 마찬가지로 이리도이드 배당체를 효소 및 미생물로 가수분해한 구성물과 일차 아미노 그룹을 포함한 기질과 함께 반응함으로써 형성된다. 치자 색소는 식품 뿐만 아니라 섬유의 염색에도 우수한 천연색소로서 가치가 있다고 사료된다. 따라서 앞으로 식품에 있어서 천연색소로의 대체가 당면한 과제이며 이를 위해 식용색소로서 조건들을 만족시킬 수 있는 기술개발은 계속 이루어져야 할 것이다. 천연색소의 안정성 문제는 식품 뿐만 아니라 화장품, 섬유 염색 등 거의 모든 부분에서 제약이 되므로 추후 천연염료 (특히 치자 염료)의 안정성을 증가시킬 수 있는 품질 개발과 생산 코스트 다운을 위한 연구는 전체 천연색소 시장의 성장에 필수불가결하다.

Keywords

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