Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

The Korea Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine (대한기생충학·열대의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Inhibitory Effects of Iranian Thymus vulgaris Extracts on in Vitro Growth of Entamoeba histolytica

  • Behnia, Maryam (Laboratory Complex, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University) ;
  • Haghighi, Ali (Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University (Medical Campus)) ;
  • Komeylizadeh, Hossein (Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University (M.C)) ;
  • Tabaei, Seyyed-Javad Seyyed (Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University (Medical Campus)) ;
  • Abadi, Alireza (Department of Health and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University (M.C))
  • Published : 2008.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

One of the most common drugs used against a wide variety of anaerobic protozoan parasites is metronidazole. However, this drug is mutagenic for bacteria and is a potent carcinogen for rodents. Thymus vulgaris is used for cough suppression and relief of dyspepsia. Also it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate antiamebic effect of Thymus vulgaris against Entamoeba histolytica in comparison with metronidazole. One hundred gram air-dried T. vulgaris plant was obtained and macerated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 14 days using n-hexane and a mixture of ethanol and water. For essential oil isolation T. vulgaris was subjected to hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hr. E. histolytica, HM-1: IMSS strain was used in all experiments. It was found that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic, hexanic extracts, and the essential oil after 24 hr was 4 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, and 0.7 mg/mL, respectively. After 48 hr the MIC for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts was 3 and 3 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Iranian T. vulgaris is effective against the trophozoites of E. histolytica.

Keywords

References

  1. John DT, Petri WA Jr. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology, 9th ed, USA. Saunders Elsevier. 2006, p 23
  2. Reed SL. Amebiasis and infection with free-living amebas. In Harrison TR, Fauci AS, Braunwald E eds, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th ed. New York, USA. McGraw-Hill. 2001, p 1199-1202
  3. Tanyuksel M, Petri WA Jr. Laboratory diagnosis of Amoebiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16: 713-729 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.4.713-729.2003
  4. Petri WA Jr, Singh U. Diagnosis and management of amebiasis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1117-1125 https://doi.org/10.1086/313493
  5. Suwatana O. Acute diarrhea in under five-year-old children admitted to King Mongkut Prachomklao hospital Phetchaburi Province. J Med Assoc Thailand 1997; 80: 26-33
  6. Petri WA Jr, Haque R, Lyerly D, Vines RR. Estimating the impact of amoebiasis on health. Parasitol Today 2000; 16: 320-321 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4758(00)01730-0
  7. Upcroft JA, Campbell RW, Benakli K, Upcroft P, Vanelle P. Efficacy of new 5-nitroimidazoles against metronidazole- susceptible and -resistant Giardia, Trichomonas, and Entamoeba spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 73-76
  8. Upcroft P, Upcroft JA. Drugs targets mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 150-164 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001
  9. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, USA. John Wiley & Sons. 1996
  10. Schaffer S. Understanding local Mediterranean diets: a multidisciplinary pharmacological and ethnobotanical approach. Pharmacol Res 2005; 52: 353-366 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2005.06.005
  11. Goodner KL, Mahattanatawee K, Plotto A, Sotomayor JA, Jord' an MJ. Aromatic profiles of Thymus hyemalis and Spanish T. vulgaris essential oils by GC-MS/GC-O. Indust Crops Prod 2006; 24: 264-268 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.06.006
  12. Diamond LS, Harlow DR, Cunnick CC. A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978; 72: 431-432 https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(78)90144-X
  13. Bingham AK, Jarroll EL Jr, Meyer EA, Radulescu S. Giardia SP; physical factors of excystation invitro and excystation VS eosin exclusion as determination of viability. Exp Parasitol 1979; 47: 284-291 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(79)90080-8
  14. Taran M, Rezaeian M, Izaddoost M. In vitro antitrichomonas activity of Allium hirtifolium (Persian shallot) in comparison with metronidazole. Iranian J Public Health 2006; 35: 92-94
  15. Muelas-Serrano S, Nogal JJ, Martinez-Diaz RA, Escario JA, Martinez- Fernandez AR, Gomez-Barrio A. In vitro screening of American plant extracts on Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71: 101-107 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00185-3
  16. Fujita M, Shiota S, Kuroda T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Mizushima T, Tsuchiya T. Remarkable synergies between baicalein and tetracycline, and baicalein and beta-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 391-396 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03732.x
  17. Mikus J, Harkenthal M, Steverding D, Reichling J. In vitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. Planta Med 2000; 66: 366-368 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8548
  18. Santoro GF, das Gracas Cardoso M, Guimaraes LG, Salgado AP, Menna-Barreto RF, Soares MJ. Effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils on Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) growth and ultrastructure. Parasitol Res 2007; 100: 783-790 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0326-5
  19. Calzada F, Yepez-Mulia L, Aguilar A. In vitro susceptibility of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia to plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 108: 367-370 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.025
  20. Lee SJ, Umano K, Shibamoto T, Lee KG. Identification of volatile components in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their antioxidant properties. Food Chemistry 2005; 91: 131-137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.056

Cited by

  1. Laboratory determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts for parasites control vol.105, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1405-1
  2. Evaluation of Amoebicidal Potential of Paneth Cell Cryptdin-2 against Entamoeba histolytica vol.5, pp.12, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001386
  3. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of extracts from three plants of the Labiatae family and isolation of the active compound(s) vol.8, pp.4, 2008, https://doi.org/10.3109/1547691x.2011.590828
  4. In Vitro Effects of Some Herbs Used in Egyptian Traditional Medicine on Viability of Protoscolices of Hydatid Cysts vol.49, pp.3, 2008, https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.255
  5. Screening for feeding deterrent activity of herbal extracts against the larvae of malaria vector Anopheles subpictus Grassi vol.109, pp.3, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2306-7
  6. Immunomodulatory activity of the water extract of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus daenensis, and Zataria multiflora on dendritic cells and T cells responses. vol.33, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/15321819.2012.655822
  7. Evaluation of cytotoxicity of a new hemostatic agent Ankaferd Blood Stopper® using different assays vol.31, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327111434949
  8. Amoebicidal activity of the rhizomes and aerial parts of Allium sivasicum on Entamoeba histolytica vol.111, pp.1, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2801-x
  9. Efficacy of Essential Oils of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare on Echinococcus granulosus vol.2014, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/693289
  10. Amoebicidal Activity of Essential Oil of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants in an Amoebic Liver Abscess Hamster Model vol.2014, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/930208
  11. Effects of Thymus vulgaris ethanolic extract on chronic toxoplasmosis in a mouse model vol.115, pp.7, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5041-2
  12. Extraction, optimisation and characterisation of phenolics from Thymus vulgaris L.: phenolic content and profiles in relation to antioxidant, antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties vol.51, pp.3, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12944
  13. Potential Use of Mexican Oregano Essential Oil against Parasite, Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens vol.19, pp.3, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2015.1116413
  14. Antiprotozoal Constituents from Annona cherimola Miller, a Plant Used in Mexican Traditional Medicine for the Treatment of Diarrhea and Dysentery vol.13, pp.49, 2008, https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.197636
  15. Antiprotozoal Activities of Tiliroside and other Compounds from Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don vol.9, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.204644
  16. In Vitro Testing of Potential Entamoeba histolytica Pyruvate Phosphate Dikinase Inhibitors vol.97, pp.4, 2008, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0132
  17. Antiprotozoal Activity of a <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> Methanol Extract and Its Fractions vol.9, pp.7, 2008, https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2017.97079
  18. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil as an alternative for antibiotic in quail diet1 vol.97, pp.7, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz179