References
- Dodson VN, Zenz C. Lead and Its Compounds. In: Zenz C (eds) Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. Year Book Medical Pub, Inc. Chicago. 1994. pp 547-82
- Fischbein A, Hu H. Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Lead. In: Rom WN (eds) Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pub. Philadelphia. 2006. pp 954-90
- Cheng Y, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Aro A, Weiss ST, Hu H. Bone lead and blood lead levels in relation to baseline blood pressure and the prospective development of hypertension: the normative aging study. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153(2):164-71 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.2.164
- Harlan WR. The relationship of blood lead levels to blood pressure in the U.S. population. Environ Health Perspect 1988;78:9-13 https://doi.org/10.2307/3430492
- Hertz-Picciotto I, Croft J. Review of the relation between blood lead and blood pressure. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15(2):352-73 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036125
- Hu H, Aro A, Payton M, Korrick S, Sparrow D, Weiss ST, et al. The relationship of bone and blood lead to hypertension. the normative aging study. JAMA 1996a;275(15): 1171-6 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.275.15.1171
- Kopp SJ, Barron JT, Tow JP. Cardiovascular actions of lead and relationship to hypertension: a review. Environ Health Perspect 1988;78:91-9 https://doi.org/10.2307/3430507
- Lin JL, Lin-Tan DT, Hsu KH, Yu CC. Environmental lead exposure and progression of chronic renal diseases in patients without diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(4):277-86 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021672
- Martin D, Glass TA, Bandeen-Roche K, Todd AC, Shi W, Schwartz BS. Association of blood lead and tibia lead with blood pressure and hypertension in a community sample of older adults. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163(5):467-78 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj060
- Moller L, Kristensen TS. Blood lead as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136(9):1091-100 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116574
- Nash D, Magder L, Lustberg M, Sherwin RW, Rubin RJ, Kaufmann RB, Silbergeld EK. Blood lead, blood pressure, and hypertension in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. JAMA 2003;289(12):1523-32 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.12.1523
- Jain NB, Potula V, Schwartz J, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Wright RO, Nie H, Hu H. Lead levels and ischemic heart disease in a prospective study of middle-aged and elderly men: the VA normative aging study. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:871-5 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9629
- Pirkle JL, Schwartz J, Landis JR, Harlan WR. The relationship between blood lead levels and blood pressure and its cardiovascular risk implications. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121(2):246-258 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113995
- Schwartz J. Lead, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease in men and women. Environ Health Perspect 1991;91:71-5 https://doi.org/10.2307/3430985
- Schwartz J. Lead, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease in men. Arch Environ Health 1995;50:31-7 https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1995.9955010
- Tsaih SW, Korrick S, Schwartz J, Amarasiriwardena C, Aro A, Sparrow D, Hu H. Lead, diabetes, hypertension, and renal function: the normative aging study. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:1178-82 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7024
- Lustberg M, Silbergeld E. Blood lead levels and mortality. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2443-9 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.21.2443
- Muntner P, Menke A, DeSalvo KB, Rabito FA, Batuman V. Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Arch Intern Med 2005;165: 2155-61 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.18.2155
- Pirkle JL, Brody DJ, Gunter EW, Kramer RA, Paschal DC, Flegal KM, Matte TD. The decline in blood lead levels in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). JAMA 1994;272: 284-91 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.272.4.284
- Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Walker M, Wale CJ, Clayton B, Delves HT, Hinks L. Effects of alcohol and smoking on blood lead in middle-aged British men. Brit Med J 1982;284:299-302 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.284.6312.299
- Alessio L, Apostoli P, Crippa M. Influence of individual factors and personal habits on the levels of biological indicators of exposure. Toxicol Lett 1995;77:93-103 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03277-0
- Ministry of Environment. A Study & Survey on the Heavy Metal of the Public Health. Ministry of Environment, Gwacheon. 2005, pp 1-143. (Korean) (translated by Park JU)
- Shin HR, Kim JY. A study on the normal values of lead exposure indices. Korean J Prev Med 1986;19:167-76. (Korean)
- Kim DI, Kim YK, Kim JM, Jung KY, Kim JY, Chang HS, Lee YH, Choi AH. The levels of blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin for healthy urban population in Korea. Korean J Prev Med 1992;25:287-302. (Korean)
- Kim H, Cho SH. Estimation of the geometric means and the reference values of blood lead levels among Koreans. J Kor Med Sci 1994;9:304-12 https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.1994.9.4.304
- Yang JS, Kang SK, Park IJ, Rhee KY, Moon YH, Sohn DH. Lead concentrations in blood among the general population of Korea. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1996;68:199-202 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381632
- Chung Y, Yang JY, Lee JH, Hwang MS, Jo SJ. Determination of blood lead levels in adolescents in Korea. J Environ Toxicol 1999;14(4):189-201. (Korean)
- Hwangbo Y, Kim YB, Lee GS, Lee SS, Ahn KD, Lee BK. A study on liver function indices in male lead workers. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2002;14(3) 270-9. (Korean)
- Kim HH, Lim YW, Yang JY, Ho MK, Shin DC. Distribution of inorganic metals in blood of adults in urban area of Seoul, Korea. J Environ Toxicol 2004;19(4):327-34. (Korean)
- Chung JH, Kang PS, Kim CY, Lee KS, Hwang TY, Kim GT, Park JS, Park SY, Kim DS, Lim OT, Sakong J. Blood Pb, urine Cd and health assement of residents in the vicinity of abandoned mines in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2005;17(3):225-37. (Korean)
- Bono R, Pignata C, Scursatone P, Rovere R, Natale P, Gilli G. Updating about reductions of air and blood lead concentrations in Turin, Italy, following reductions in the lead content of gasoline. Environ Res 1995;70:30-4 https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1995.1043
- Pirkle JL, Kaufmann RB, Brody DJ, Hickman T, Gunter EW, Paschal DC. Exposure of the U.S. population to lead, 1991-1994. Environ Health Perspect 1998;106:745-50 https://doi.org/10.2307/3434264
- Zhang ZW, Moon CS, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Nakatsuka H, Matsuda-Inoguchi N, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M. Further reduction in lead exposure in women in general populations in Japan in the 1990s, and comparison with levels in east and south-east Asia. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000;73:91-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050013
- Paul M, Andy M, Karen BD, Felicia AR, Vecihi B. Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Arch Int Med. 2005;165:2155-61 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.18.2155
- Qu JB, Xin XF, Li SX, Ikeda M. Blood lead and cadmium in a general population in Jinan City, China. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1993;65(suppl 1):201S-204S https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381156
- Wu TN, Shen CY, Liou SH, Yang GY, Ko Kn, Chao SL, Hsu CC, Chang PY. The epidemiology and surveillance of blood lead in Taiwan (ROC) : a report on the PRESS-BLL project. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997;69:386-91 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050165
- Leroyer A, Hemon D, Nisse C, Bazerques J, Salomez JL, Haguenoer JM. Environmental exposure to lead in a population of adults living in northern France : lead burden levels and their determinants. Sci Total Environ 2001; 267:87-99 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00762-2
- Apostoli P, Baj A, Bavazzano P, Ganzi A, Neri G, Ronchi A, Soleo L, Di LL, Spinelli P, Valente T, Minoia C. Blood lead reference values: the results of an Italian polycentric study. Sci Total Environ 2002;287:1-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00975-5
- Fertmann R, Hentschel S, Dengler D, Janssen U, Lommel A. Lead exposure by drinking water: an epidemiological study in Hamburg, Germany. Int J Hygiene Environ Health 2004;207(3):235-44 https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00285
- Okan D, Elan DL, Lulufer T, Ozgur U, Arda Y, Hakan K. Elevated blood lead concentrations in essential tremor: A case-control study in Mersin, Turkey. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115(11):1564-8 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10352
- Weyermann M, Brenner H. Alcohol consumption and smoking habits as determinants of blood lead levels in a national population sample from Germany. Arch Environ Health 1997;52(3):233-9 https://doi.org/10.1080/00039899709602892
- Watanabe T, Kasahara M, Nakatsuka H, Ikeda M. Cadmium and lead contents of cigarettes produced in various areas of the world. Sci Total Environ 1987;66:29-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(87)90074-X
- Sherlock JC, Pickford CJ. White GE lead in alcoholic beverages. Food Add Contam 1986;3:347-54 https://doi.org/10.1080/02652038609373601
- Hwang HJ, Moon DH, Park MH, Kim JH, Hwang YS, Lee YH, Park SK, Han YS. A study on concentration of five heavy metals in tobacco on the market. Inje Medical Journal 1998;19(2):713-21. (Korean)
- Chung GR, Kim BG, Hong YS, Lee YE, Kim JY. The level of blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin for healthy urban and rural population in Korea. The Dong-A Journal of Medicine 1996;8(1):53-62
- Ministry of Environment. Lead (Pb) Concentrations in Major Cities. Environmental Statistics Yearbook 2007, Ministry of Environment, Gwacheon, 2007, pp 219. (Korean) (translated by Park JU)