Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (한국공업화학회)
권호 표지

Permeable reactive barrier for groundwater remediation

Thiruvenkatachari, R.;Vigneswaran, S.;Naidu, R.

  • Published : 20080300
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This article aims to provide an overview of the upcoming technology of permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation. A comprehensive list of references and web-links are also provided for further in-depth understanding. A brief discussion on the Australian perspective on this emerging technology is also included. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.

Keywords

References

  1. UK Environmental Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/, 2005
  2. S.S.D. Foster, in: O. Sililo (Ed.), Groundwater-Past Achievements and Future Challenges, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2000, p. 27
  3. UNEP, Groundwater and its susceptibility to degradation: a global assessment of the problem and options for management, early warning and assessment report series, UNEP/DEWA/RS. 03-3, joint publication from United Nations Environment Programme, Department for International Development and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), 2003
  4. Land and Water Australia, Australian Water Resource Assessment 2000 - Surface Water and Groundwater - Availability and Quality, Land and Water Resource Audit, Commonwealth of Australia, 2001
  5. Australia State of Environment Report, Inland Waters, Commonwealth of Australia, 2001
  6. Water and Rivers Commission, Water Facts, Department of Western Australia, 1998
  7. Ministry of Land and Water Conservation, The NSW State Government Policy Framework Document, NSW Government, Australia, 1997
  8. P.B. Bedient, H.S. Rifai, C.J. Newell, Groundwater Contamination: Transport and Remediation, PTR Prentice Hall, Inc., USA, 1994
  9. USEPA, Evaluation of Groundwater Extraction Remedies, vols. 1 and 2, EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Responses, Washington, DC, 1989
  10. USEPA, Evaluation of Groundwater Extraction Remedies: Phase II, vol. 1, Summary Report, Publication 9355.4-05, EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Responses, Washington, DC, 1992
  11. National Research Council (NRC), Alternatives for Groundwater Cleanup, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994
  12. NRC, Contaminants in the Subsurface: Source Zone Assessment and Remediation, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2005
  13. J. Ball, InlandWaters-Theme Report, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001 (Theme Report), CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Commonwealth of Australia, Website: http://www.deh.gov.au/soe/2001/inland/, 2001
  14. SKM, Impact of Logging Practices on Water Yield and Quality in the Otway Forests, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Australia, 2000
  15. LWRRDC, Contamination of Australian Groundwater Systems with Nitrate, Occasional Paper No. 03/99, Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, 1999
  16. NHMRC/ARMCANZ, Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, National Health and Medical Research Council & Agricultural and Resource Management, Council of Australia and New Zealand, Canberra, 1996
  17. N.J. Schofield, B.W. Simpson, Aust. J. Water Resour. 1 (2) (1996) 91
  18. K.E. Roehl, T. Meggyes, F.G. Simon, D.I. Stewart, Long-term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers, Elsevier Publishers, 2005
  19. A. Xenidis, A. Moirou, I. Paspaliaris, J. Miner. Wealth 123 (2002) 35
  20. A.R. Gavaskar, N. Gupta, B.M. Sass, R.J. Janosy, D. O'Sullivan, Permeable Barriers for Groundwater Remediation: Design, Construction, and Monitoring, Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1998
  21. R.D. Vidic, Permeable Reactive Barriers: Case Study Review, Technology Evaluation Report TE01-01, Groundwater Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, 2001
  22. R.D. Vidic, F.G. Pohland, Treatment wells, Technology Evaluation Report TE 96-01. GWRTAC, Pittsburg, USA, 1996
  23. A.R. Gavaskar, J. Hazard. Mater. 68 (1999) 41 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00031-X
  24. T. Meggyes, F.-G. Simon, J. Land Contam. Remediat. 8 (3) (2000) 1
  25. Golder Associates Ltd., Active Containment: Combined Treatment and Contaminant Systems, Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, ISBN 1851121145, London, 1998
  26. ITRC, Permeable Reactive Barriers: Lessons Learned/New Directions. Technical/Regulatory Guidelines, ITRC, Washington, DC, 2005
  27. F.-G. Simon, T. Tu¨nnermeier, T. Meggyes, in: G. Prokop (Ed.), Proceedings 1st IMAGE-TRAIN Cluster Meeting, Karlsruhe, November 7-9, 2001, (2002), p. 145, Vienna (Umweltbundesamt)
  28. PEREBAR, 5th Framework Programme Research and Technology Development Project on Long-term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Used for the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater. PEREBAR EVK1-CT-1999-00035, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2002
  29. USEPA, Permeable reactive barrier technologies for contaminant remediation, Report number EPA/600/R-98/125, Washington, DC, 1998
  30. P.G. Tratnyek, M.M. Scherer, T.L. Johnson, L.J. Matheson, in: M.A. Tarr (Ed.), Chemical Degradation Methods for Wastes and Pollutants: Environmental and Industrial Application, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2003, p. 371
  31. M.M. Scherer, S. Richter, R.L. Valentine, P.J.J. Alvarez, Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (3) (2000) 363 https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380091184219
  32. I. Han, M.A. Schlautman, B. Batchelor, Water Environ. Res. 72 (1) (2000) 29 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143000X137086
  33. S.G. Benner, D.W. Blowes, W.D. Gould, R.B. Herbert, C.J. Ptacek, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 2793 https://doi.org/10.1021/es981040u
  34. R.S. Hedin, G.R. Watlaf, in: Proceedings, International Land Reclamation and Mine Drainage Conference and Third International Conference on the Abatement of Acid Drainage, 1, Pittsburg, Pensylvania, (1994), p. 184
  35. W. Admassu, T. Breese, J. Hazard. Mater. B 69 (1999) 187
  36. M. Fuhrman, D. Aloysius, H. Zhou, J.Waste Manage. 15 (7) (1995) 485 https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(96)00003-7
  37. P. Misaelides, A. Godelitsas, D. Filippidis, D. Charistos, I. Anousis, Sci. Total Environ. 173/174 (1995) 237
  38. P. Huttenlock, K.E. Roehl, K. Czurda, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 4260 https://doi.org/10.1021/es010131f
  39. C.L. Ake, K. Mayura, H. Huebner, G.R. Bratton, T.D. Phillips, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 63 (2001) 459 https://doi.org/10.1080/152873901300343489
  40. M.J. Baker, D.W. Blowes, C.J. Ptacek, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 2308 https://doi.org/10.1021/es970934w
  41. R. Wilson, D.M. Mackay, K.M. Scow, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2) (2002) 190 https://doi.org/10.1021/es015562c
  42. A. Abdelouas,W. Lutze, W. Gong, E.H. Nuttall, B.A. Strietelmeier, B.J. Travis, Sci. Total Envrion. 250 (1-3) (2000) 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00549-5
  43. ITRC, A Systematic Approach to In situ Bioremediation in Groundwater, Including Decision Tree on In situ Bioremediation for Nitrates, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Perchlorate, ITRC, USA, 2002
  44. USEPA, Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications. EPA 542-R-00-008, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office, USEPA, Washington, DC, 2000
  45. F. Caruso, D. Trau, H. Mohwald, R. Renneberg, Langmuir 16 (2000) 1485 https://doi.org/10.1021/la991161n
  46. PEREBAR, 5th Framework Programme Research and Technology Project on Long-term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Used for the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater, University of Leeds, UK, 2003
  47. T. Shimotori, E. Nuxoll, E. Cussler,W.A. Arnold, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 2264 https://doi.org/10.1021/es034601c
  48. J.A. Sacre, Treatment Walls: A Status Update, Groundwater Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, TP-97-02, Pitsburg, PA, Homepage: http://www.gwrtac.org, 1997
  49. USEPA, Fiels Applications of In situ Remediation Technologies: Permeable Reactive Barriers, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Technology Innovation Office, Washington, DC, 2002
  50. A. Agarwal, P.G. Tratnyek, Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (1) (1996) 153 https://doi.org/10.1021/es950211h
  51. L.J. Matheson, P.G. Tratnyek, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28 (1994) 2045 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00061a012
  52. R.W. Gillham, S.F. O'Hannesin, Ground Water 32 (6) (1994) 958 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00935.x
  53. T.L. Johnson, M.M. Scherer, P.G. Tratnyek, Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (8) (1996) 2634 https://doi.org/10.1021/es9600901
  54. D.R. Burris, T.J. Campbell, V.S. Manoranjan, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 (11) (1995) 2850 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00011a022
  55. R.A. Holser, S.C. McCutcheon, N.L. Wolfe, in: Mass Transfer Effect on the Dehalogenation of Trichloroethene by Iron/pyrite Mixtures. Extended Abstracts from the 209th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim, CA 35(1) p. 788, Division of Environmental Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1995
  56. K.J. Cantrell, D.I. Kaplan, T.J. Gilmore, J. Environ. Eng. 123 (8) (1997) 786 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:8(786)
  57. D.I. Kaplan, K.J. Cantrell, T.W. Wietsma, M.A. Potter, J. Environ. Qual. 25 (1996) 1086 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050023x
  58. H.-L. Lien, W.-X. Zhang, J. Environ. Eng. 125 (11) (1999) 1042 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:11(1042)
  59. S.H. Joo, et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 2242 https://doi.org/10.1021/es035157g
  60. C.-B. Wang, W.-X. Zhang, Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (7) (1997) 2154 https://doi.org/10.1021/es970039c
  61. J. Quinn, et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 1309 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0490018
  62. R. Muftikian, Q. Fernando, N. Korte, Water Res. 29 (1995) 2434 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00102-Q
  63. N.E. Korte, L. Liang, J. Clausen, Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VII, Extended Abstract for the Special Symposium, Atlanta, GA, (1995), p. 45
  64. E.L. Appleton, Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (12) (1996) 536A https://doi.org/10.1021/es950290x
  65. T.M. Sivavec, D.P. Horney, in: Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethenes by Iron Metal. Presented at the 209th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, April 2-6, 1995
  66. N. Ott, Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics, USEPA,Washington, DC, Report obtained from website http://www.clu-in.org, 2000
  67. C.L. Geiger, C.A. Clausen, D.R. Reinhart, N. Ruiz, K. Farrell, A.S. Sonawane, Using Ultrasound for Restoring Iron Activity in Permeable Treatment Walls. 221st National Meeting, American Chemical Society. San Diego, CA, 2001, p. 1167 (Preprint Extended Abstracts, Division of Environmental Chemistry 41, No. 1)
  68. R.T.Wilkin, R.W. Puls, G.W. Sewell, Long-term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Using Zero-valent Iron: An evaluation at Two Sites, Environmental Research Brief, EPA/600/S-02/001, 2002
  69. R.M. Atlas, R. Bartha, Microbial Ecology, third ed., Benjamin Cummings, New York, 1993
  70. K. Ritter, M.S. Odziemkowski, R.W. Gillham, J. Contam. Hydrol. 55 (2002) 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00187-5
  71. T. Kohn, S.R. Kane, D.H. Fairbrother, A.L. Roberts, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (24) (2003) 5806 https://doi.org/10.1021/es034495e
  72. G.F. Parkin, P.J. Alvarez, M.M. Scherer, J.L. Schnoor, Role of Microbes in Remediation with Fe0 Reactive Barriers, Ground Water Currents USEPA 542-N-00-002 issue no. 35, p. 2, website http://www.clu-in. org/products/newsltrs/gwc/gwc0300.htm, 2000
  73. B.A. Till, L.J. Weathers, P.J.J. Alvarez, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (5) (1998) 634 https://doi.org/10.1021/es9707769
  74. ARS Technologies Inc., http://www.arstechnologies.com/, Website visited January 2005, 2005
  75. B.-T. Oh, C.L. Just, P.J. Alvarez, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 4341 https://doi.org/10.1021/es010852e
  76. K.R. Waybrant, C.J. Ptacek, D.W. Blowes, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002) 1349 https://doi.org/10.1021/es010751g
  77. B. Wrenn, Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination through Biological Interaction with Zero-valent Iron, Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Meeting, Arlington, Virginia, USA, Website: http://www.frtr.gov/ pdf/meetings/summary_09jun04.pdf, 2004
  78. M.O. Corapcioglu, C.P. Huang, Carbons 25 (1987) 569 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(87)90200-4
  79. P. Leglize, Bacteria-phenanthrene-activated Carbon Interactions Studies for PRB Process Evaluation, Dissertaion, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Nancy, France, ADEME, Research Programme Planning, Cedex, France, Website: http://www.ademe.fr/anglais/thesis/thesis04/ vath201204.htm, 2004
  80. H. Schad, P. Gratwohl, in: H. Burmier (Ed.), Treatment Walls and Permeable Reactive Barriers, vol. 229, pp. 56065, NATO CCMS, Vienna, 1998
  81. G. Gottardi, E. Galli, Natural Zeolites, Springer, Berlin, 1985, p. 409
  82. M. Loizidou, R.P. Townsend, Zeolites 7 (2) (1987) 153 https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(87)90078-9
  83. D. Lepperd, J. Mining Eng. (1990) 604 (June Issue)
  84. W.D. Robertson, J.A. Cherry, Ground Water 33 (1995) 99 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00266.x
  85. W.J. Hunter, R.F. Follett, J.W. Cary, Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 40 (1997) 345 https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.21279
  86. S.G. Benner, D.W. Blowes, C.J. Ptacek, Groundwater Monit. Remediat. 17 (4) (1997) 99 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1997.tb01269.x
  87. W.D. Robertson, D.W. Blowes, C.J. Ptacek, J.A. Cherry, Ground Water 38 (5) (2000) 99 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00206.x
  88. R.D. Vidic, F.G. Pohland, Treatment Wells, Technology Evaluation Report TE 96-01, GWRTAC, Pittsburg, USA, 1996
  89. A.M. Moore, C.H. De Leon, T.M. Young, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (14) (2003) 3189 https://doi.org/10.1021/es026007t
  90. D.W. Blowes, C.J. Ptacek, S.G. Benner, C.W.T. McRae, T.A. Bennett, R.W. Puls, J. Contam. Hydrol. 45 (2000) 123 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00122-4
  91. J. Klausen, P.J. Vikesland, T. Kohn, D.R. Burris,W.P. Ball, A.L. Roberts, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 1208 https://doi.org/10.1021/es025965s
  92. D.H. Phillips, B. Gu, D.B. Watson, Y. Roh, L. Liang, S.Y. Lee, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 4169 https://doi.org/10.1021/es001005z
  93. J. Farrell, M. Kason, N. Melitas, T. Li, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 514 https://doi.org/10.1021/es990716y
  94. O. Schlicker, M. Ebert, M. Fruth, M. Weidner, W. Wu¨ st, A. Dahmke, Ground Water 38 (3) (2000) 403 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00226.x
  95. I. Snape, C.E. Morris, C.M. Cole, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 32 (2-3) (2001) 157 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(01)00027-1
  96. G.B. Davis, C. Barber, T.R. Power, J. Thierrin, B.M. Patterson, J.L. Rayner, Q. Wu, J. Contam. Hydrol. 36 (1999) 265 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00148-X
  97. ITRC, Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs): Review of Emerging Characterization and Remedial Technologies. Technology Overview, ITRC Work Group DNAPLs/Chemical Oxidation Work Team, USA, 2000
  98. S. Fiorenza, C.L. Oubre, C.H. Ward, Sequenced Reactive Barriers for Groundwater Remediation, Lewis Publishers, New York, NY, 2000
  99. J.P. Kaszuba, P. Longmire, B.A. Strietelmeier, T.P. Taylor, D. Counce, P.S. den Baars, T. Cota, J. Myers, R.S. Johnson, Demonstration of a Multi-Layered Permeable Reactive Barrier in Mortandad Canyon at Los Alamos National Laboratory. LA-UR-03-7320. Los Alamos, N.M., Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2003
  100. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Technology Status Review In situ Oxidation, USA, 1999
  101. USEPA, A Citizen's Guide to Chemical Oxidation, EPA 542-F-01-013, April 2001, Washington, DC, 2001
  102. S.S. Suthersan, F.C. Payne, In situ Remediation Engineering, CRC Press, USA, 2005
  103. ITRC, Technical and Regulatory In situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, Technical/Regulatory Guidelines, ITRC Work Group and In situ Chemical Oxidation Work Team, USA, 2001
  104. B.S. Tunnicliffe, N.R. Thomson, J. Contam. Hydrol. 75 (2004) 91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.04.006
  105. L.K. Mackinnon, N.R. Thomson, J. Contam. Hydrol. 56 (2002) 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00203-0
  106. M.H. Schroth, M. Oostrom, T.W.Wietsma, J.D. Istok, J. Contam. Hydrol. 50 (2001) 79 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00098-5
  107. B.V. Moran, P. Babaian, C.P. Young, Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils, University of Massachusetts, 1998
  108. R.J. Watts, D.R. Haller, A.P. Jones, A.L. Teel, J. Hazard. Mater. 76 (1) (2000) 73 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00173-4
  109. R.J. Watts, P.C. Stanton, Water Res. 33 (6) (1999) 1405 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00343-1
  110. S.M. Arnold, W.J. Hickey, R.F. Harris, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 (8) (1995) 2083 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00008a030
  111. R. Mecozzi, L.D. Palma, C. Merli, Chemosphere 62 (9) (2006) 1481 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.011
  112. I. Casero, D. Sicilia, S. Rubio, D. Perez-Bendito, Water Res. 31 (8) (1997) 1985 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00344-2
  113. L. Lunar, D. Sicilia, S. Rubio, D. Pe'rez-Bendito, U. Nickel, Water Res. 34 (6) (2000) 1791 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00339-5
  114. C.M. Kao, M.J. Wu, J. Hazard. Mater. 74 (3) (2000) 197 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00161-8
  115. C.K.J. Yeh, Y.A. Kao, C.P. Cheng, Chemosphere 46 (1) (2002) 67 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00110-2
  116. C. Liang, C.J. Bruell, M.C. Marley, K.L. Sperry, Chemosphere 55 (2004) 1213 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.029
  117. USEPA, NATO/CCMS Pilot Study, Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater (Phase III), 1998 Special Session, Treatment Walls and Permeable Reactive Barriers, Number 229, EPA 542-R-98-003, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Vienna, Austria, 1998
  118. H.-N. Lim, H. Choi, T.-M. Hwang, J.-W. Kwang, Water Res. 36 (2002) 219 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00239-1
  119. Y. Zeng, P.K.A. Hong, D.A. Wavrek, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 854 https://doi.org/10.1021/es990817w
  120. A. Goi, N. Kulik, M. Trapido, Chemosphere 63 (10) (2006) 1754 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.023
  121. C.D. Johnston, J.L. Rayner, B.M. Patterson, G.B. Davis, J. Contam. Hydrol. 33 (1998) 377 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00079-5
  122. T.F. Guerin, S. Horner, T. McGovern, B. Davey,Water Res. 36 (2002) 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00233-0
  123. A.D. Cohen, M.S. Rollings,W.M. Zunic, J.D. Durig,Water Resour. Res. 25 (9) (1991) 1047 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(91)90198-Y
  124. R. Naidu, R.S. Kookana, D.P. Oliver, S. Rogers, M.J. Mclaughlin, Contaminants and the soil environment in the Australian-Pacific Regions. Proceedings of the Australasia-Pacific conference on contaminants and soil environment in the Australasia-Pacific regions, held in Adelaide, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Australia, 18-23, 1996
  125. J.M. Duran, J. Vogan, J.R. Stening, Reactive Barrier Performance in a Complex Contaminated and Geochemical Environment. II International Conference on Remediation of Recalcitrant Compounds, Montery, CA, Columbus, May 22-25, 2000
  126. B.M. Patterson, M.E. Grassi, B.S. Robertson, G.B. Davis, A.J. Smith, A.J. Mckinley, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 6846 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0497781
  127. L.A. Schipper, M. Vojvodic-Vukovic, Water Res. 35 (14) (2001) 3473 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00052-5
  128. B.M. Patterson, P.D. Franzmann, G.B. Davis, J. Elbers, L.R. Zappia, J. Contam. Hydrol. 54 (2002) 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00178-4