Tourism and Cultural Landscape at the Tengger, East Java, Indonesia: The Implications for Ecotourism Planning

인도네시아 동자바의 텡거마을의 문화경관과 관광 -생태관광계획에 대한 영향-

  • Hakim, Luchman (Department of Biology, Brawijaya Univ., Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima Univ.) ;
  • Hong, Sun-Kee (Institute of Islands Culture, Mokpo National Univ.) ;
  • Kim, Jae-Eun (Institute of Islands Culture, Mokpo National Univ.) ;
  • Nakagoshi, Nobukazu (Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima Univ.)
  • ;
  • 홍선기 (국립목포대학교 도서문화연구소) ;
  • 김재은 (국립목포대학교 도서문화연구소) ;
  • Published : 2008.06.30

Abstract

Tourism in the natural environment grows significantly and in many tropical countries it becomesthe important earning of the nations. Nevertheless, tourism impact to environment and cultural values has become the threats to the sustainability and competitiveness of such industry. Therefore, the appropriate planning and management of tourism destination sites where environmentally and culturally fragile are needed in order to increase economic benefits, sustain local culture and conserve environment in balance. The aims of the paper are to examine tourism practices, to determine socio-cultural and natural resources, and to assess local people perception to cultural landscape and its future tourism development in order to formulate the appropriate strategies to achieve sustainable tourism. A case study was carried out at Tengger highland, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park(BTSNP) East Java. Official documents were gathered and interviews with several key persons had conducted to determine recent status of tourism, resources capital and the existence of local people. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were carried out at Tenggerese villages to explore local people perspectives to tourism development, culture preservation, and cultural landscape conservation issues. It is followed by descriptive analysis of vegetation to assess the recent status of environments based on vegetation information. Our findings reveals that tourism grows significantly at BTSNP, and Tengger Caldera as spiritual and cultural sites for local people become the centre for tourism activities. The abundance cultural and natural resources are the significant capital for sustainable tourism. Tenggerese argues that tourism should be planned to provide benefits to local people, preserve tradition and able to conserve nature in order to ensure the living sustainability of Tenggerese. The overall result of the study provide general feature of recent status of the cultural and natural resources as well as positive society perception in order to establish a strategy for sustainable tourism in cultural landscape.

자연 환경을 이용한 관광은 많은 열대 지역 국가에서 활성화되고 있으며 중요한 국가의 수익이 되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 환경과 문화 자원에 미치는 관광의 영향은 관광산업의 지속 가능성과 경쟁력을 위협하고 있다. 그러므로 환경과 문화적으로 민감한 관광 지역에 대한 적합한 계획과 관리는 지역의 경제적 수익과 더불어 지역 문화와 환경을 균형 있게 유지하기 위해서 필수적인 사항이다. 이 논문의 목적은 사화문화자원과 자연 자원을 결정하기 위한 관광사업의 관행을 탐구하는 것이다. 또한 문화 경관에 대한 주민 인식을 평가함과 더불어 지속 가능한 관광을 성취하기 위한 적절한 전략을 수립하기 위하여 미래의 관광자원 개발에 대한 논의를 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 인도네시아 East Java지역의 Bromo Tengger Semeru국립공원(BTSNP)에 있는 Tengger 고산 마을에서 진행되었다. 문헌 자료와 주민 인터뷰를 통하여 최근 관광 현황과 자원 활용에 관한 내용을 파악하였다. 관광 개발에 대한 주민의 관점, 문화 보전, 문화 경관 보호에 관한 사항을 주민 인터뷰와 설문지를 이용하여 얻었다. 식생 정보를 이용하여 최근 환경의 상황도 파악하였다. 조사 결과 BTSNP와 지역 주민의 정신적 문화 자원인 Tengger Caldera지역의 관광은 현저하게 증가하고 있었다. 문화와 자연 자원의 풍부성은 지속 가능한 관광을 위한 중요한 자본이다. 주민들은 관광 사업이 주민들에게 이익을 주고, 자연을 보전하고, 마을 주민들의 지속 가능한 전통적 생활을 보장하도록 계획되어야 함을 주장하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 문화 경관의 지속 가능한 관광을 위한 전략을 수립하기 위해서는 긍정적인 사회적 인식과 자연 문화자원에 대한 고유적인 특성의 보전이 필요함을 설명하고 있다. 끝으로 이러한 관점에서 지역 주민의 이익을 높이고 문화와 문화 경관을 균형 있게 보호하기 위한 생태적 장치가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Brown, J., Mitchell, N. and Beresford, M.(2005) The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community. IUCN, 268pp
  2. Cochrane, J.(2006) Indonesian national parks: understanding leisure users. Annals of tourism Research 33(4): 979-997 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.03.018
  3. Dudley, N., Higgins-Zogib, L. and Mansourin, S.(2005) Beyond Belief: Linking faiths and protected areas to support biodiversity conservation. World Wide Fund for Nature, 143pp
  4. ErbM.(2000) Understanding tourist: interpretation from Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research 27: 709-736 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00102-4
  5. GoEJ.(2005) Government of East Java: Annual Report of East Java Tourism. Culture and Tourism Agency of East Java. Surabaya, 119pp
  6. Gunn, C.A. and Var, T.(2002) Tourism planning: Basic, concepts and cases. Fourth edition. Roudledge, 44 p
  7. Hakim, L., Leksono, A.S., Purwaningtyas, D. and Nakagoshi, N.(2005) Invasive plant species and the competitiveness of wildlife tourism destination: A case of Sadengan feeding area at Alas Purwo National Park. Journal of International Development and Cooperation 12(1): 35-45
  8. Hakim, L., Hong, S.K., Kim, J.E. and Nakagoshi, N.(2007a) Nature-based tourism in small island adjacent to Jakarta City, Indonesia: A case study from Kepulauan Seribu. Journal of Korean Wetland Society 9(1): 31-46
  9. Hakim, L. and Nakagoshi, N.(2007b) Plant species composition in home gardens in the Tengger highland(East Java, Indonesia) and itsimportance for regional ecotourism planning. Hikobia 15(1): 23-36
  10. Hefner, R.W.(1985) Hindu Javanese: Tengger tradition and Islam. Princeton University Press. Princeton New Jersey, 303pp
  11. Honey, M.(1999) Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? Island Press. Washington DC, 416pp
  12. Hong, S.K., Nakagoshi, N., Fu, B.J. and Morimoto, Y.(2007) Landscape Ecological Applications in Man-Influenced Areas: Linking Man and Nature Systems. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 535pp
  13. Iswantoro, S.(1998) Rural tourism: the impact on rural communities in Indonesia. Paper presented at FFTC International Seminar on Rural Tourism. Korean Academy of Tourism and Agriculture. Choonchun
  14. Pannell, S.(2006) Reconciling nature and culture in a global context? Lesson learned from the World Heritage list. Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and management. Rainforest CRC. Cairns, Australia, 91pp
  15. Plachter, H and Rossler, M.(1995) Cultural landscape: Reconnecting culture and nature. p 15-18. In: von Droste, B(Eds.) Cultural landscapes of universal value: components of a global strategy. Gustav Fischer in cooperation with UNESCO
  16. Ross, S. and Wall, G.(1999) Evaluating ecotourism: The case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tourism Management 20: 673-682 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00040-0
  17. Simon, F.J.G., Naranganjavana, Y. and Marques, D.P.(2004) Carrying capacity in the tourism industry: A case study of Hengisbury Head. Tourism Management 25: 275-283. 10pp https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00089-X
  18. Supribadijo, D.(2005) Potency and strategy for Ranupani Village Development, Lumajang, East Java. Paper presented at Ranupani Special Meeting, August 2005. Ranupani, Lumajang, East Java
  19. Timothy, D.J.(1999) Participatory planning: A view of tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research 26: 371-391 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00104-2
  20. TNBTS.(2001) A study for nature-based tourism in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. Book one: data and analysis. Directorate General for Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, BromoTengger Semeru National Park, Malang, 105pp
  21. The Mountain Institute.(2000) Community-based tourism for conservation and development: A resource kit, The Mountain Institute, 116pp
  22. Walker, J.L., Mitchel, B. andWismer, S.(2000) Impact during project anticipation inMolas, Indonesia: Implication for social impact assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 20: 513-535 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-9255(99)00040-2
  23. Wall, G.(1996) Perspectives on tourism in selected Balinese village. Annals of Tourism Research 23: 123-137 https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00056-9
  24. Walpole, M.J. and Goodwin, H.J.(2000) Local economic impact of dragon tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research 27: 559-576 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00088-2
  25. Whitten, T., Soeriaatmadja, R.E. and Afiff, S.A.(1996) The ecology of Indonesia series. Volume II: The Ecology of Java and Bali. Periplus Ltd. Singapore, 1004pp