Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology (한국미생물·생명공학회)
권호 표지

Evaluation of a Chromogenic Medium Supplemented with Glucose for Detecting Enterobacter sakazakii

  • Song, Kwang-Young (JIFSAN, University of Maryland 0220 Symons Hall, College Park) ;
  • Hyeon, Ji-Yeon (Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University) ;
  • Shin, Ho-Chul (Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University) ;
  • Park, Chan-Kyu (Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University) ;
  • Choi, In-Soo (Department of Infectiions Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University) ;
  • Seo, Kun-Ho (Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University)
  • Published : 2008.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

A commercial chromogenic agar medium (DFI) was supplemented with glucose (mDFI) to enhance the specificity of Enterobacter sakazakii (E. sakazakit) detection. Escherichia vulneris (E. vulneris), a putative false-positive strain on the DFI medium, produces ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. The enzyme ${\alpha}$-glucosidase hydrolyzes a substrate, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-${\alpha}$, D-glucopyranoside $(X{\alpha}Glc)$, producing green colonies. E. sakazakii strains produced green colonies on both DFI and mDFI agar, whereas E. vulneris produced green colonies on DFI agar but small white colonies on mDFI agar. E. sakazakii and E. vulneris were also readily differentiated by colony color when the mixed culture of the two strains was plated on mDFI agar and incubated for 24 h at $37^{\circ}C$. The results indicate that the selectivity of the commercial chromogenic agar medium could be improved by a simple supplementation with glucose.

Keywords

References

  1. van Acker, J., F. De Smet, G. Muyldermans, A. Bougatef, A. Naessens, and S. Lauwers. 2001. Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk formula. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 293-297 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.1.293-297.2001
  2. Adamson, D. H. and J. R. Rogers. 1981. Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis with sepsis. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 3: 19-20 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-4399(81)80039-6
  3. Arseni, A., E. Malamou-Ladas, C. Koutsia, M. Xanthou, and E. Trikka. 1987. Outbreak of colonization of neonates with Enterobacter sakazakii. J. Hosp. Infect. 9: 143-150 https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(87)90052-1
  4. Bar-Oz, B., A. Preminger, O. Peleg, C. Block, and I. Arad. 2001. Enterobacter sakazakii infection in the newborn. Acta Paediatr. 90: 356-358 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00319.x
  5. Biering, G., S. Karlsson, N. C. Clark, K. E. Jonsdottir, P. Ludvigsson, and O. Steingrimsson. 1989. Three cases of neonatal meningitis caused by Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 2054-2056
  6. Farmer, J. J., B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, et al. 1985. Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21: 46-76
  7. Guillaume-Gentil, O., V. Sonnard, M. C. Kandhai, J. D. Marugg, and H. Joosten. 2005. A simple and rapid cultural method for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples. J. Food Prot. 68: 64-69 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-68.1.64
  8. Himelright, I., E. Harris, V. Lorch, et al. 2002. Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the use of powdered infant formula-Tennessee, 2001. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51: 297-299
  9. Iversen, C., P. Druggan, and S. Forsythe. 2004. A selective differential medium for Enterobacter sakazakii, a preliminary study. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 96: 133-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.01.024
  10. Jung, S. J., H. J. Kim, and H. Y. Kim. 2005. Quantitative detection of Salmonella typhimurium contamination in milk, using real-time PCR. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15: 1353-1358
  11. Kang, E. S., Y. S. Nam, and K. W. Hong. 2007. Rapid detection of Enterobacter sakazakii using TaqMan real-time PCR assay. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17: 516-519
  12. Kim, S. B., H. J. Lim, W. K. Lee, I. G. Hwang, G. J. Woo, and S. R. Ryu. 2006. PCR-based detection and molecular genotyping of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens isolates from swine diarrhea in Korea. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16: 291-294
  13. Kim, S. H. and J. H. Park. 2007. Thermal resistance and inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii isolates during rehydration of powdered infant formula. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17: 364-368
  14. Lehner, A. and R. Stephan. 2004. Microbiological, epidemiological, and food safety aspects of Enterobacter sakazakii. J. Food Prot. 67: 2850-2857 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-67.12.2850
  15. Lehner, A., S. Nitzsche, P. Breeuwer, B. Diep, K. Thelen, and R. Stephan. 2006. Comparison of two chromogenic media and evaluation of two molecular based identification systems for Enterobacter sakazakii detection. BMC Microbiol. 6: 15-22 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-6-15
  16. Muytens, H. L., J. van der Ros-van de Repe, and H. A. M. van Druten. 1984. Enzymatic profiles of Enterobacter sakazakii and related species with special reference to the $\alpha$-glucosidase reaction and reproducibility of the test system. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 684-686
  17. Muytjens, H. L., H. Roelofs-Willemse, and G. H. Jaspar. 1988. Quality of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26: 743-746
  18. Nazarowec-White, M. and J. M. Farber. 1997. Enterobacter sakazakii: A review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 34: 103-113 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(96)01172-5
  19. Oh, S. W. and D. H. Kang, 2004. Fluorogenic selective and differential medium for isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 5692-5694 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.9.5692-5694.2004
  20. Oxoid(R) Product Manual. 2006. Chromogenic Enterbacter sakazakii agar (DFI formulation). Available at: http://www.oxoid.com. Accessed 17 August 2006
  21. Park, S. H., H. J. Kim, and H. Y. Kim. 2006. Simultaneous detection of Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella spp. in lettuce using multiplex PCR method. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16: 1301-1305
  22. Restanio, L., E. W. Frampton, W. C. Lionberg, and R. J. Becker. 2006. A chromogenic plating medium for the isolation and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients, and environmental sources. J. Food Prot. 69: 315-322 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-69.2.315
  23. Seo, K. H. and R. E. Brackett. 2005. Rapid, specific detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula using a real-time PCR assay. J. Food Prot. 68: 59-63 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-68.1.59
  24. Simmons, B. P., M. S. Gelfand, M. Hass, L. Metts, and J. Ferguson. 1989. Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 10: 398-401 https://doi.org/10.1086/646060
  25. Song, K. Y., K. H. Seo, G. Thammasuvimol, and R. E. Brackett. 2005. Development of selective media for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii by using ferrioxamine E and alphaglucosidase substrates. The 11th Annual FDA Science Forum, US FDA. April 27-28 Washington DC, U.S.A.
  26. van Wijk, R. 1968. Alpha-glucosidase synthesis, respiratory enzymes and catabolitic repression in yeast. I. The effects of glucose and maltose on inducible alpha-glucosidase synthesis in protoplasts of S. carlsbergensis. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. C 71: 60-71
  27. van Wijk, R. 1968. Alpha-glucosidase synthesis, respiratory enzymes and catabolitic repression in yeast. II. The effects of glucose on inducible and on constitutive alpha-glucosidase synthesis in whole yeast cells. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. C 71: 72-79