DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Depression and Self-care Behavior in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

당뇨병환자의 우울증과 자가 관리

Kim, Su-Yoen;Lee, Jae-Ho;Kim, Ha-Neul;Kim, Dong-Kyu;Na, Young;Kim, Guil-Sun;Kim, Mee-Kyoung;Baek, Ki-Hyun;Kang, Moo-Il;Lee, Kwang-Woo;Song, Ki-Ho
김수연;이재호;김하늘;김동규;나영;김길선;김미경;백기현;강무일;이광우;송기호

  • Published : 20091000

Abstract

Background: Depression is known to be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conversely, diabetes is also a risk factor for depression, and patients with diabetes have nearly twice the risk of comorbid depression as the general population. Depression in patients with diabetes may cause poor clinical outcomes through lower adherence to self-care activities such as exercise, diet control, and glucose monitoring. Furthermore, diabetic patients with depression are more likely to suffer from microvascular or macrovascular complications. We explored the prevalence of major depressive disorder in Korean diabetic patients and its impact on self-care activities and glucose control. Methods: We surveyed depressive symptoms and self-care activities in 191 type 2 diabetic patients from the outpatient clinic of the St. Mary's hospital. Two questionnaires were used for assessment, the Harvard Department of Psychiatry/National Depression Screening Day Scale (HANDS) and the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA). Results: Of the 191 respondents who completed questionnaires, 39 (20.4%) patients were categorized as having major depressive disorder. Among the depressed patients, only six (15.3%) had been previously evaluated and managed for their psychiatric problems. The incidence of depression was significantly higher in female diabetic patients compared to patients without depression (74.4% vs. 45.4%, P < 0.001). Patients with depression showed significantly poorer diet control (18.5 vs. 15.9, P = 0.046) and less glucose monitoring (4.1 vs. 2.7, P = 0.047). However, there were no differences in exercise, foot care, or smoking status between the two groups. Additionally, metabolic parameters such as HbA1C and lipid profile were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Many diabetic patients are suffering from depression and exhibit poorer self-care activities than patients without depression. Identifying and managing depressed diabetic patients may help improve their self-care activities.

연구배경: 당뇨병환자들에서 우울증의 유병률이 높고 이는 환자들이 생활 개선 요법을 적절히 수행하는데 지장을 주어 혈당 조절을 악화시키거나 합병증의 발생을 증가시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 두 가지 설문 조사를 통해 우리나라 당뇨병환자들의 우울증의 빈도 및 자가 관리 정도에 관해 조사하고자 하였다. 방법: 2008년 7월에서 2008년 12월 사이에 제2형 당뇨병 치료를 위해 성모병원 외래를 방문한 환자들을 대상으로 Harvard Department of Psychiatry/National Depression Screening Day Scale (HANDS)와 Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA)를 이용하여 이들의 우울증 여부와 식사 조절, 운동, 혈당 체크, 발 관리, 금연 등의 자가 관리 수행 정도를 조사하였다. 또한 당뇨병의 유병 기간, 만성 합병증, HbA1c, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤, 저밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤을 측정하였다. 위의 결과들을 토대로 당뇨병환자들의 우울증 빈도 및 우울증과 자가 관리, 우울증과 혈당 조절 정도와의 관계를 Two-tailed t tests, chi-square analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient 방법으로 조사하였다. 통계적 유의수준은 0.05 미만으로 정의하였다. 결과: 총 191명의 환자들이 설문 조사를 완료 하였고 이중 39명(20.4%)의 환자가 주요 우울 장애에 이환되어 있는것으로 나타났다. 그러나 우울증이 있는 환자 39명 중 6명(15.3%)만이 이에 대해 전문가의 진단 또는 치료를 받은 기왕력이 있었다. 우울증이 없는 군과 있는 군 사이의 자가 관리 정도를 비교해 보았을 때 적절한 식사 요법과(평균점수:18.54 vs 15.94, P = 0.046) 자가 혈당 측정은(평균점수:4.05 vs 2.69, P = 0.047) 우울증이 있는 환자군에서 통계적으로 유의하게 그 수행 정도가 떨어졌다. 그러나 규칙적 운동, 매일의 발 관리, 금연 여부 등은 두 환자군 사이에 의미있는 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 당화혈색소, 총 콜레스테롤이 나 중성지방, 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤, 저밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤 수치도 우울증이 있는 군과 없는 군 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 결론: 당뇨병이 있는 환자들은 건강한 성인에 비해서 우울증이 동반되는 경우가 더 흔하며 이들 중 상당수가 적절히 진단되지 않고 있다. 우울증이 있는 당뇨병환자들은 식사 조절이나 혈당 체크와 같은 자가 관리의 수행 정도가 우울증이 없는 당뇨병환자에 비해 낮으며 따라서 당뇨병환자들의 우울증 동반 여부에 대해 적절히 진단하고 치료하는것이 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Eaton W, Armenian H, Gallo J, Pratt L, Ford E:Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes: A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care 22:1097-102, 1996 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.19.10.1097
  2. Fisher L, Skaff MM, Chesla CA, Kanter RA, Mullan JT: Contributors to depression in Latino and European-American patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 24:1751-7, 2001 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.10.1751
  3. Peyrot M, Rubin RR: Levels and risks of depression and anxiety symptomatology among diabetic adults. Diabetes Care 20:585-90, 1997 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.4.585
  4. Rush WA, Whitebird RR, Rush MR, Solberg LI, O'Connor PJ: Depression in Patients with Diabetes:Does It impact clinical goals? J Am Board Fam Med 21: 392-7, 2008 https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2008.05.070101
  5. Katon W, von Korff M, Ciechanowski P, Russo J, Lin E, Simon G, Ludman E, Walker E, Bush T, Young B: Behavioral and clinical factors associated with depression among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:914-20, 2004 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.4.914
  6. Clouse RE, Lustman PJ, Freedland KE, Griffith LS, McGill JB, Carney RM: Depression and coronary heart disease in women with diabetes. Psychosom Med 65:376-83, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000041624.96580.1F
  7. Rugulies R: Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. a review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 23:51-61, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00439-7
  8. de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ: Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 63: 619-30, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200107000-00015
  9. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O: The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 289:3095-105, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
  10. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ: The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 24:1069-78, 2001 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069
  11. Noh JH, Park JK, Lee HJ, Kwon SK, Lee SH, Park JH, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Lim KH, Kim DJ: Depressive symptoms of type 2 diabetics treated with insulin compared to diabetics taking oral anti-diabetic drugs: a Korean study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 69:243-82, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2004.10.009
  12. Katon WJ, Rutter C, Simon G, Lin EH, Ludman E, Ciechanowski P: The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:2668-72, 2005 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.11.2668
  13. Egede LG, Zheng D, Simpson K: Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:464-70, 2002 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.3.464
  14. Baer L, Jacobs DG, Meszler-Reizes J, Blais M: Development of a brief screening instrument: the HANDS. Psychother Psychosom 69:35-41, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1159/000012364
  15. Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE: Assessing diabetes self-management: the summary of diabetes self-care activities questionnaire. p.351-75, In Handbook of Psychology and Diabetes. Harwood Academic, 1994
  16. Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Glasgow RE: The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure Results from 7 studies and a revised scale Diabetes Care 23:943-50, 2000 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.7.943
  17. Eigenmann CA, Colagiuri R, Skinner TC, Trevena L:Are current psychometric tools suitable for measuring outcomes of diabetes education? Diabet Med 26:425-36, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02697.x
  18. Musselman DL, Betan E, Larsen H, Phillips LS: The relationship of depression to diabetes-Type 1 and Type 2: Epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 54:317-29, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00569-9
  19. Yoo HJ: Pharmachotherapy for depressive disorder in patients with diabetes mellitus. Korean Diabetes J 301-8, 2008
  20. Milano AF, Singer RB: Mortality in co-morbidity (II)-excess death rates derived from a follow-up study on 10025 subjects divided into groups with or without depression and diabetes mellitus. J Insur Med 39:160-6, 2007
  21. Zhang X, Norris SL, Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Beckles G, Kahn HS: Depressive symptoms and mortality among persons with and without diabetes. Am J Epidemiol 161:652-60, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi089
  22. Jeffrey S, Steven A, Enrico C: Depression, Self-Care, and Medication Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes: Relationships across the full range of symptom Severity. Diabetes Care 30:2222-7, 2007 https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0158
  23. Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE: Impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch Intern Med 160:3278-85, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.21.3278
  24. Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Hirsch IB: The relationship of depressive symptoms to symptom reporting, selfcare and glucose control in diabetes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 25:246-52, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-8343(03)00055-0
  25. Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Rutter C: Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventative care. Diabetes Care 27:2154-60, 2004 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.9.2154
  26. Park HS, Hong YS, Lee HJ, Ha EH, Sung YA: Individuals with type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms exhibited lower adherence with self-care. J Clin Epidemiol 57:978-84, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.01.015
  27. Kalsekar ID, Madhaven SS, Amonkar MM, Makela EH, Elswick BL: Depression in patients with type 2 diabetes: impact on adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents. Ann Pharmacother 40:605-11, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1G606
  28. Kilbourne AM, Reynolds CF, Good CB, Sereika SM, Justice AC, Fine MJ: How does depression influence diabetes medication adherence in older patients? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 13:202-10, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200503000-00005
  29. Lustman P, Anderson R, Freedland K: Depression and Poor Glycemic Control A meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care 23:934-42, 2000 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.7.934
  30. Winkley K, Ismail K, Landau S, Eisler I: Psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 333:65, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38874.652569.55
  31. Halford K, Goodall TA, Nicholson JM: Diet and diabetes (II): A controlled trial of problem solving to improve dietary selfmanagement in patients with insulin-depenedent diabetes. Psychology and Health 12:231-8, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449708407401
  32. Stenstrom U, Goth A, Carlsson C, Andersson PO: Stress management training as related to glycemic control and mood in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 60:147-52, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00018-4
  33. van der Ven NC, Hogenelst MH, Tromp-Wever AM: Short-term effects of cognitive behavioural group training (CBGT) in adult type 1 diabetes patients in prolonged poor glycaemic control. Diabet Med 22:1619-23, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01691.x
  34. Okamura F, Tashiro A, Utumi A: Insulin resistance in patients with depression and its changes during the clinical course of depression: minimal model analysis. Metab Clin Exp 49:1255-60, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2000.9515

Cited by

  1. Effects of a Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Intervention With Psychobehavioral Strategies for Korean Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome vol.26, pp.2, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1097/jcn.0b013e3181ec02ae
  2. 당뇨 유·무에 따른 VO2peak가 복부둘레, 혈중지질 및 혈압에 미치는 영향 vol.12, pp.12, 2009, https://doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2012.12.12.363
  3. Associations between Smoking, Drinking and Depression among Korean Adults: The 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey vol.16, pp.2, 2009, https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2016.16.2.111
  4. Association of Resilience and Depression with Self-care Competence in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus vol.30, pp.5, 2009, https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.5.555
  5. 한국 성인에서 인슐린 저항성과 우울증의 연관성 vol.26, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.22722/kjpm.2018.26.2.86
  6. The Effects of the 2030 Diabetes Camp Program on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Diabetic Patients vol.20, pp.3, 2009, https://doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2019.20.3.194