Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Freeze-dried Citrus Peel on Feed Preservation, Aflatoxin Contamination and In vitro Ruminal Fermentation

  • Nam, I.S. (Department of Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hankyong National University,Korea Livestock HACCP Accreditation Service) ;
  • Garnsworthy, P.C. (Division of Animal Sciences, University of Nottingham) ;
  • Ahn, Jong Ho (Department of Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hankyong National University)
  • Received : 2008.07.28
  • Accepted : 2008.12.08
  • Published : 2009.05.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity, during the storage period, of animal feed and any effects on in vitro rumen digestion by supplementing different levels (5.55, 11.1, and 22.2 g/kg) of freeze dried citrus peel (FDCP) to the feed compared to untreated feed and feed treated with an antifungal agent (AA) at 0.05 g/kg. In a preservation test, feed supplemented with FDCP showed no deterioration over 21 days. Untreated feed and AA-treated feed, however, showed signs of deterioration after 16 days storage. Yellow colour and red colour, measured by spectro chromameter, decreased in the untreated and AA-treated feeds, but not in feed supplemented with FDCP. Aflatoxin was detected in untreated and AA-treated feeds at 16 days (8 ppb and 2 ppb) and 21 days (8 ppb and 4 ppb), but aflatoxin was not detected in the feed supplemented with FDCP. In a second experiment, fermentation by rumen microorganisms of FDCP (22.2 g/kg) and AA (0.05 g/kg) supplemented feeds was studied in vitro. Feeds were incubated with buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were affected by treatment, but ammonia-N, total, and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not adversely affected by treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that FDCP might be useful for inhibiting microbial growth of animal feed during storage without disrupting rumen fermentation.

Keywords

References

  1. Ashbell, G. and E. Donahaye. 1984. Losses in orange peel silage. Agric. Wastes. 11:73-77 https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(84)90056-8
  2. Brackett, R. E. 1989. Strategies for dealing with aflatoxins in peanuts. In: Trends in food product development (Ed. T. C. Yam and C. Tan), Singapore Institute of Food Science and Technology, Singapore, pp. 83-91
  3. Briggs, P. K., P. J. Hogen and R. C. Reid. 1957. Effect of volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and ammonia on rumen pH in sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 8:674-681 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9570674
  4. Caccioni, D. R. L., S. G. Deans and G. Ruberto. 1995. Inhibitory effect of citrus oil components on Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum. Petria. 5:177-182 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00099-3
  5. Caccioni, D. R. L. and M. Guizzardi. 1994. Inhibition of germination and growth of fruit and vegetables post-harvest pathogenic fungi by essential oil components. J. Essen. Oil Res. 6:173-179 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1994.9698349
  6. Caccioni, D. R. L., M. Guizzardi, D. M. Biondi, A. Renda and G. Ruberto. 1998. Relationship between volatile components of citrus fruit essential oils and antimicrobial action on Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 43:73-79 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00099-3
  7. Chamberlain, D. G., P. C. Thomas, W. Wilson, C. J. Newbold and J. C. MacDonald. 1985. The effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminal concentrations of ammonia in animals given diets of grass silage. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge). 104:331-340 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600044002
  8. Chaney, A. L. and E. P. Marbach. 1962. Modified reagent for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8:130-132
  9. Deans, S. G. 1991. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of essential (volatile) oils. In: Modern methods of plant analysis, New series, (Ed. H. F. Linskens and J. F. Jackson), Vol. 12, Essential Oils and Waxes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 310-320
  10. Diener, U. L., R. E. Pettit and R. J. Cole. 1982. Aflatoxin and other mycotoxins in peanuts. In: Peanut science and technology (Ed. H. E. Patte and C. T. C.Young). American Peanut Research and Education Society, TX: Yoakum, pp. 486-519
  11. Elakovich, S. D. 1988. Terpenoids as models for new agrochemicals. In: Biologically active natural products - potential use in agriculture (Ed. H. G. Cutler). American Chemical Society, Symposium Series 380, Washington DC, pp. 250-261
  12. Erickson, L. C. 1968. The general physiology of citrus. In: The Citrus industry (Ed. W. Reuther., L. D. Batchelor and H. J. Webber). University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 86-126
  13. Gradel, C. M. and B. A. Dehority. 1972. Fermentation of isolated pectin and pectin from intact forages by pure cultures of rumen bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. 23:332-340
  14. Hatfield, R. D. and P. J. Weimer. 1995. Degradation characteristics of isolated and in situ cell-wall Lucerne pectic polysaccharides by mixed ruminal microbes. J. Sci. Food Agric. 69:185-196 https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740690208
  15. Karabulut, A., O. Canbolat, C. O. Ozkan and A. Kamalak. 2007. Determination of nutritive value of citrus tree leaves for sheep using in vitro gas production. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 20:529-535
  16. Lanza, A. 1982. Dried citrus pulps in animal feeding. In: Food Industry and the Environment. International Symposium, Budapest, Hungry
  17. Laster, O. P., J. R. Samuel, J. B. Michael, C. W. John and B. W. John. 2005. Processing cotton gin trash to enhance in vitro dry matter digestibility in reduced time. Bioreso. Technolo. 96:47-53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.02.031
  18. Massey, T. E., R. K. Stewart, J. M. Daniels and L. Ling. 1995. Biochemical and molecular aspects of mammalian susceptibility to aflatoxin B1 carcinogenicity. Proceed. Soc. Exp. Bilo. Med. 208:213-227 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00038-X
  19. McDougall, E. J. 1948. Studies of ruminant saliva. 1. The composition of output of sheep's saliva. Biochem. J. 43:99-109
  20. Moore, J. E. and G. O. Mott. 1974. Recovery of residual organic matter from in vitro digestion of forages. J. Dairy Sci. 57:1258-1259 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(74)85048-4
  21. Nam, I. S., P. C. Garnsworthy and J. H. Ahn. 2006. Supplementation of essential oil extracted from citrus peel to animal feeds decreases microbial activity and aflatoxin contamination without disrupting in vitro ruminal fermentation. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19:1617-1622
  22. Rihani, N., F. Guessous and J. W. Johnson. 1986. Nutritive value of dried citrus and beet pulps produced in Morocco. J. Anim. Sci. 63:428 (Abst.)
  23. SAS User's Guide: Statistics 1996. Version 6.12 Edition. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary., NC
  24. Schaibly, G. E. and J. M. Wing. 1974. Effect of roughage concentrate ratio on digestibility and rumen fermentation of corn silage citrus pulp rations. J. Anim. Sci. 38:697-701
  25. Shi, Y. H., Z. R. Xu, J. L. Feng, M. S. Xia and C. H. Hu. 2005. Effects of modified montmorillonite nanocomposite on growing/finishing pigs during aflatoxicosis. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18:1305-1309 https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-0702-32
  26. Silva, A. G., R. C. Wanderley, A. F. Pedroso and A. Ashbell. 1997. Rumen digestion kinetics of citrus peel. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 68:247-257 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00056-4
  27. Viquez, O. M., M. E. Castell Perez, R. A. Shelby and G. Brown. 1994. Afltoxin contamination in cone samples due to environmental conditions, aflatoxin-producing strains, and nutrients in grain growth in Costa Rica. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:533-539

Cited by

  1. Kinnow madarin (Citrus nobilis lour × Citrus deliciosa tenora) fruit waste silage as potential feed for small ruminants vol.8, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.19-23
  2. Nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and growth performance in buffalo calves fed citrus pulp as a concentrate source vol.11, pp.29, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.10900
  3. Influence of varying levels of dried citrus pulp on nutrient intake, growth performance and economic efficiency in lambs vol.46, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1294540
  4. Mycotoxins and Their Biotransformation in the Rumen: A Review vol.23, pp.9, 2009, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.r.06