References
- Korea National Statistical Office. Annual report on the cause of death statistics 2007 : Nation Wide. Daejeon, Korea National Statistical Office, 2007
- Marrie TJ, Lau CY, Wheeler SL, Wong CJ, Vandervoort MK, Feagan BG. A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. CAPITAL Study Investigators. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin. JAMA 283:749-55, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.6.749
- Waterer GW, Wunderink RG. The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures. Respir Med 95:78-82, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2000.0977
- Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM Jr, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG; Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Thoracic Society. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 44 Suppl 2:S27-72, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1086/511159
- Jefferson H, Dalton HP, Escobar MR, Allison MJ. Transportation delay and the microbiological quality of clinical specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 64:689-93, 1975
- Yzerman EP, den Boer JW, Lettinga KD, Schellekens J, Dankert J, Peeters M. Sensitivity of three urinary antigen tests associated with clinical severity in a large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in The Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol 40:3232-6, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.9.3232-3236.2002
-
Ros
$\acute{o}$ n B, Fern$\acute{a}$ ndez-Sab N, Carratal J, Verdaguer R, Dorca J, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Contribution of a urinary antigen assay (Binax NOW) to the early diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 38:222-6, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1086/380639 - Kim S, Sung H, Kim DJ, Kim MN. Clinical relevance of positive NOW(TM) legionella urinary antigen test in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea. Korean J Lab Med 26:93-7, 2006 https://doi.org/10.3343/kjlm.2006.26.2.93
- van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, Groot T, Bronsveld W, Jansen HM, Boersma WG. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broad spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomised study. Thorax 60:672-8, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2004.030411
- Lee JS, Chung JW, Koh Y, Lim CM, Jung YJ, Oh YM, Shim TS, Lee SD, Kim WS, Kim DS, Kim WD, Hong SB. The etiologies and initial antimicrobial therapy outcomes in one tertiary hospital ICU-admitted patient with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Tuberc Respir Dis 59:522-9, 2005
- Campbell SG, Marrie TJ, Anstey R, Dickinson G, Ackroyd-Stolarz S. The contribution of blood cultures to the clinical management of adult patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study. Chest 123:1142-50, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.4.1142
- Hahn TH, Jang MK, Kim SG, Lee JY, Lee JM, Kim DK, Choi JE, Mo EK, Park MJ, Lee MG, Hyun IG, Jung KS. The usefulness of quantitative culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. Korean J Med 54:820-6, 1998
- Smith MD, Derrington P, Evans R, Creek M, Morris R, Dance DA, Cartwright K. Rapid diagnosis of bacteremic pneumococcal infections in adults by using the Binax NOW Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test: a prospective, controlled clinical evaluation. J Clin Microbiol 41:2810-3, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.7.2810-2813.2003
- Murdoch DR, Laing RT, Cook JM. The NOW S. pneumoniae urinary antigen test positivity rate 6 weeks after pneumonia onset and among patients with COPD. Clin Infect Dis 37:153-4, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1086/375610
- Labarere J, Stone RA, Obrosky DS, Yealy DM, Meehan TP, Fine JM, Graff LG, Fine MJ. Comparison of outcomes for low-risk outpatients and inpatients with pneumonia: A propensity-adjusted analysis. Chest 131:480-8, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.06-1393
- Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, Samama MM, Desjardins L, Eldor A, Janbon C, Leizorovicz A, Olsson CG, Turpie AG; MEDENOX Study. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness: analysis of the MEDENOX Study. Arch Intern Med 164:963-8, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.9.963
- Minogue MF, Coley CM, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, Kapoor WN, Singer DE. Patients hospitalized after initial outpatient treatment for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Emerg Med 31:376-80, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70350-6
- Neill AM, Martin IR, Weir R, Anderson R, Chereshsky A, Epton MJ, Jackson R, Schousboe M, Frampton C, Hutton S, Chambers ST, Town GI. Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission. Thorax 51:1010-6, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.51.10.1010
- Labarere J, Stone RA, Scott Obrosky D, Yealy DM, Meehan TP, Auble TE, Fine JM, Graff LG, Fine MJ. Factors associated with the hospitalization of lowrisk patients with community-acquired pneumonia in a cluster-randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 21: 745-52, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00510.x
- Bae JH, Lee MJ, Oh DR, Lee WJ, Kim SK. Modified triage method by pneumonia severity Index for patients with community: acquired pneumonia. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 13:129-34, 2002
- Choi SO, Park MS, Kang MH, Lee MK. Evaluation of risk factors for hospitalization and comparison of empiricregimens for efficacy and toxicity to treat community - acquired pneumonia. J Kor Soc Health-Syst Pharm 22:36-45, 2005
- Bont J, Hak E, Hoes AW, Schipper M, Schellevis FG, Verheij TJ. A prediction rule for elderly primarycare patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 29:969-75, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00129706
- Fine MJ, Hough LJ, Medsger AR, Li YH, Ricci EM, Singer DE, Marrie TJ, Coley CM, Walsh MB, Karpf M, Lahive KC, Kapoor WN. The hospital admission decision for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 157:36-44, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.157.1.36
- Yealy DM, Auble TE, Stone RA, Lave JR, Meehan TP, Graff LG, Fine JM, Obrosky DS, Mor MK, Whittle J, Fine MJ. Effect of increasing the intensity of implementing pneumonia guidelines: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 143:881-94, 2005
- Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, Boersma WG, Karalus N, Town GI, Lewis SA, Macfarlane JT. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 58:377-82, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.5.377
- Teramoto S, Yamamoto H, Yamaguchi Y, Hanaoka Y, Ishii M, Hibi S, Kume H, Ouchi Y. Lower respiratory tract infection outcomes are predicted better by an age >80 years than by CURB-65. Eur Respir J 31:477-8, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00120807
- Aujesky D, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Stone RA, Obrosky DS, Meehan TP, Graff LG, Fine JM, Fine MJ. Prospective comparison of three validated prediction rules for prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 118:384-92, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.006
- Foley SC, Kelly EM, O'Neill SJ. Audit of the management of patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. Ir Med J 99:138-40, 2006
- Angus DC, Marrie TJ, Obrosky DS, Clermont G, Dremsizov TT, Coley C, Fine MJ, Singer DE, Kapoor WN. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society Diagnostic criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:717-23, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2102084
- Ananda-Rajah MR, Charles PG, Melvani S, Burrell LL, Johnson PD, Grayson ML. Comparing the pneumonia severity index with CURB-65 in patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 40:293-300, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540701663381
- Marrie TJ, Huang JQ. Admission is not always necessary for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in risk classes IV and V diagnosed in the emergency room. Can Respir J 14:212-6, 2007
- Valencia M, Badia JR, Cavalcanti M, Ferrer M, Agusti C, Angrill J, Garcia E, Mensa J, Niederman MS, Torres A. Pneumonia severity index class v patients with community-acquired pneumonia: characteristics, outcomes, and value of severity scores. Chest 132:515-22, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-0306
- Ewig S, Ruiz M, Mensa J, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, Niederman MS, Torres A. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Assessment of severity criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1102-8, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9803114
- Ramirez JA. Switch therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 22:219-23, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0732-8893(95)00088-R
- Ramirez JA, Vargas S, Ritter GW, Brier ME, Wright A, Smith S, Newman D, Burke J, Mushtaq M, Huang A. Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics and early hospital discharge: a prospective observational study of 200 consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 159:2449-54, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.20.2449
- Ramirez JA, Bordon J. Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics in hospitalized patients with bacteremic community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 161:848-50, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.6.848
-
Castro-Guardiola A, Viejo-Rodriguez AL, Soler-Simon S, Armengou-Arx
$\acute{e}$ A, Bisbe-Company V, Pe$\tilde{n}$ arroja-Matutano G, Bisbe-Company J, Garcia-Bragado F. Efficacy and safety of oral and earlyswitch therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 111:367-74, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00868-3 - Rhew DC, Riedinger MS, Sandhu M, Bowers C, Greengold N, Weingarten SR. A prospective, multicenter study of a pneumonia practice guideline. Chest 114:115-9, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.114.1.115
- Halm EA, Fine MJ, Kapoor WN, Singer DE, Marrie TJ, Siu AL. Instability on hospital discharge and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 162:1278-84, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.11.1278
- Capelastegui A, EspaCa PP, Bilbao A, Martinez-Vazquez M, Gorordo I, Oribe M, Urrutia I, Quintana JM. Pneumonia: criteria for patient instability on hospital discharge. Chest 134:595-600, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-3039
- Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, Coley CM, Kapoor WN, Obrosky DS, Singer DE. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA 279:1452-7, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.18.1452
- Jasti H, Mortensen EM, Obrosky DS, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ. Causes and risk factors for rehospitalization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 46:550-6, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1086/526526
- El Moussaoui R, Opmeer BC, de Borgie CA, Nieuwkerk P, Bossuyt PM, Speelman P, Prins JM. Long-term symptom recovery and health-related quality of life in patients with mild-to-moderate-severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 130:1165-72, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.4.1165
- Chang J. Community acquired pneumonia. Korean J Med 58:129-44, 2000
- Hyun I. Treatment of Outpatient community-acquired pneumonia. Korean J Med 64:139-43, 2003
- Bruns AH, Oosterheert JJ, Hak E, Hoepelman AI. Usefulness of consecutive C-reactive protein measurements in follow-up of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 32:726-32, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00003608
- Siegel RE, Halpern NA, Almenoff PL, Lee A, Cashin R, Greene JG. A prospective randomized study of inpatient iv. antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia. The optimal duration of therapy. Chest 110:965-71, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.110.4.965
-
L
$\acute{e}$ ophonte P, File T, Feldman C. Gemifloxacin once daily for 7 days compared to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid thrice daily for 10 days for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia of suspected pneumococcal origin. Respir Med 98:708-20, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2004.04.007 -
Rovira E, Mart
$\acute{i}$ nez-Morag$\acute{o}$ n E, Belda A, Gonzalvo F, Ripoll$\acute{e}$ s F, Pascual JM. Treatment of communityacquired pneumonia in outpatients: randomized study of clarithromycin alone versus clarithromycin and cefuroxime. Respiration 66:413-8, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1159/000029424 - Omidvari K, de Boisblanc BP, Karam G, Nelson S, Haponik E, Summer W. Early transition to oral antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: duration of therapy, clinical outcomes, and cost analysis. Respir Med 92:1032-9, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-6111(98)90351-1
- O'Doherty B, Dutchman DA, Pettit R, Maroli A. Randomized, double-blind, comparative study of grepafloxacin and amoxicillin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 40 Suppl A:73-81, 1997
- Bruns AH, Oosterheert JJ, Prokop M, Lammers JW, Hak E, Hoepelman AI. Patterns of resolution of chest radiograph abnormalities in adults hospitalized with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 45:983-91, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1086/521893
- Woo JH, Kang JM, Kim YS, Shin WS, Ryu JH, Choi JH, Kim YR, Cheong HJ, Uh ST, Park CS, Chung MH, Chung KS, Lee CJ, Ryu J. A prospective multicenter study of community-acquired pneumonia in adults with emphasis on bacterial etiology. Korean J Infect Dis 33:1-7, 2001
- Chung MH, Shin WS, Kim YR, Kang MW, Kim MJ, Jung HJ, Park SC, Pai H, Choi HJ, Shin HS, Kim EC, Choe KW, Kim S, Peck KR, Song JH, Lee K, Kim JM, Chong Y, Han SW, Lee KM. Etiology of communityacquired pneumonia surveyed by 7 university hospitals. Korean J Infect Dis 29:339-59, 1997
- Yu CW, Park CW, Hwang BY, Song JY, Park O, Sohn JW, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ, Kim MJ, Park SC. Clinical features and prognosisof community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly patients. Korean J Infect Dis 32:212-8, 2000
- Sohn JW, Park SC, Choi YH, Woo HJ, Cho YK, Lee JS, Sim HS, Kim MJ. Atypical pathogens as etiologic agents in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Korea: a prospective multi-center study. J Korean Med Sci 21:602-7, 2006 https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2006.21.4.602
- Song JH, Oh WS, Kang CI, Chung DR, Peck KR, Ko KS, Yeom JS, Kim CK, Kim SW, Chang HH, Kim YS, Jung SI, Tong Z, Wang Q, Huang SG, Liu JW, Lalitha MK, Tan BH, Van PH, Carlos CC, So T; Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens Study Group. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Asian countries: a prospective study by the Asian network for surveillance of resistant pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31:107-14, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.09.014
- Lee DD, Song EJ, Lee SM, Lee EY, Kim YS, Lee MK, Kim JM, Lee HK, Chang CL. Frequency of legionella infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Korean J Lab Med 25:416-20, 2005
- Joo CH, Yoon HJ, Nam JH, Moon MS, Cho YK, Woo JH, Shin WS, Kim MJ, Lee HJ, Kim YK. A prospective multicenter study on the etiological analysis of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in korea: detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae Infections. Korean J Infect Dis 33:15-24, 2001
- Kim MJ, Cheong HJ, Sohn JW, Shim HS, Park DW, Park SC, Woo JH, Kang JM, Kim YK, Shin WS, Kim YR, Lee HJ, Kim JH. A prospective multicenter study of the etiological analysis in adults with communityacquired pneumonia: Legionella, Leptospira, Hantaan virus and orientia tsutsugamushi. Korean J Infect Dis 33:24-31, 2001
- Song HS, Suh JH, Ahn JH, Yoon BI, Lee SJ, Lee MG, Jun MJ, Kang MJ, Lee JM, Kim DG, Son JW, Park MJ, Hyun IG, Jung KS. The etiological role of legionella pneumophila in patients with community-acquired pneumonia in korea.Tuberc Respir Dis 50:409-14, 2001
- Lee SJ, Lee MG, Jeon MJ, Jung KS, Lee HK, Kishimoto T. Atypical pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia in Korea. Jpn J Infect Dis 55:157-9, 2002
- Kim JH, Kwak YH, Na BK, Lee JY, Shin GC, Jung HS, Hong JY, Oh MD, Cheong HJ, Kim MJ, Pai HJ, Kim YR, Shin WS, Kang JM, Woo JH, Uh ST, Lee HJ. Viral etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Korean Adults. Korean J Infect Dis 33:8-14, 2001
- Lew WJ, Lee EG, Bai JY, Kim HJ, Bai GH, Ahn DI, Lee JK, Kim SJ. An Internet-based surveillance system for tuberculosis in Korea. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10:1241-7, 2006
- Lee SH, Hur GY, Jung KH, Lee SY, Lee SY, Kim JH, Park SM, Shin C, Shim JJ, In KH, Kang KH, Ryu SH. Clinical investigation of tuberculous pneumonia. Tuberc Respir Dis 57:19-24, 2004
- Park SD, Chung MH, Lee HM, Kim MK, Kang JS. A Case of scrub typhus in summer presenting as atypical pneumonia. Infect Chemother 40:241-5, 2008 https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2008.40.4.241
- Kim BN, Bae LG, Kim MN, Park SJ, Woo JH, Ryu J, Kim YS. Risk factors for penicillin resistance and mortality in Korean adults with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21:35-42, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-001-0650-8
- Lee NY, Song JH, Kim S, Peck KR, Ahn KM, Lee SI, Yang Y, Li J, Chongthaleong A, Tiengrim S, Aswapokee N, Lin TY, Wu JL, Chiu CH, Lalitha MK, Thomas K, Cherian T, Perera J, Yee TT, Jamal F, Warsa UC, Van PH, Carlos CC, Shibl AM, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Carriage of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci among Asian children: a multinational surveillance by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP). Clin Infect Dis 32: 1463-9, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1086/320165
- Farrell DJ, Morrissey I, Bakker S, Felmingham D. Molecular characterization of macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from the PROTEKT 1999-2000 study. J Antimicrob Chemother 50 Suppl S1:39-47, 2002
- Schito GC, Felmingham D. Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin, azithromycin and telithromycin (PROTEKT 1999-2003). Int J Antimicrob Agents 26:479-85, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.04.022
- Song JH, Jung SI, Ko KS, Kim NY, Son JS, Chang HH, Ki HK, Oh WS, Suh JY, Peck KR, Lee NY, Yang Y, Lu Q, Chongthaleong A, Chiu CH, Lalitha MK, Perera J, Yee TT, Kumarasinghe G, Jamal F, Kamarulzaman A, Parasakthi N, Van PH, Carlos C, So T, Ng TK, Shibl A. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:2101-7, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.6.2101-2107.2004
- Lee K, Lim CH, Cho JH, Lee WG, Uh Y, Kim HJ, Yong D, Chong Y. High prevalence of ceftazidimeresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and increase of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in Korea: a KONSAR program in 2004. Yonsei Med J 47:634-45, 2006 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2006.47.5.634
- Shin JH, Jung HJ, Kim HR, Jeong J, Jeong SH, Kim S, Lee EY, Lee JN, Chang CL. Prevalence, characteristics, and molecular epidemiology of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae at five tertiary-care hospitals in Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2625-7, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00107-07
- Kim IS, Ki CS, Kim S, Oh WS, Peck KR, Song JH, Lee K, Lee NY. Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:453-60, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00960-06
- Chang MW, Kim KH, Park ID, Kang KH, Kong EH, Jung MH, Song GY, Jo SH, Cho DW, Han BH, Kim SW, Oh CH, Lee EY, Kim MC, Cho MH, Kim KE, Park SY, Cho HJ, Choi CE. Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of the M. pneumoniae Isolates. J Bacteriol Virol 33:183-91, 2003
- Morozumi M, Iwata S, Hasegawa K, Chiba N, Takayanagi R, Matsubara K, Nakayama E, Sunakawa K, Ubukata K; Acute Respiratory Diseases Study Group. Increased macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in pediatric patients with community- acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:348-50, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00779-07
- Arnold FW, Summersgill JT, Lajoie AS, Peyrani P, Marrie TJ, Rossi P, Blasi F, Fernandez P, File TM Jr, Rello J, Menendez R, Marzoratti L, Luna CM, Ramirez JA; Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) Investigators. A worldwide perspective of atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:1086-93, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200603-350OC
- Robenshtok E, Shefet D, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L. Empiric antibiotic coverage of atypical pathogens for community acquired pneumonia in hospitalized adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD004418.
- Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillinallergic patients. Pediatrics 115:1048-57, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1276
- Granizo JJ, GiThe efficacy of cefditoren pivoxil in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, with a focus on the per-pathogen bacteriologic response in infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae: a pooled analysis of seven clinical trials. Clin Ther 28:2061-9, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.12.010
- Lee MY, Ko KS, Oh WS, Park S, Lee JY, Baek JY, Suh JY, Peck KR, Lee NY, Song JH. In vitro activity of cefditoren: antimicrobial efficacy against major respiratory pathogens from Asian countries. Int J Antimicrob Agents 28:14-8, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.02.014
- Yi J, Lee JK, Kim EC. In vitro antimicrobial activity of cefditoren pivoxil, an oral cephalosporin, against major clinical isolates. Infect Chemother 35:211-4, 2003
- Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH, Klugman KP, Mabry LR, Musher DM, Plouffe JF, Rakowsky A, Schuchat A, Whitney CG. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Arch Intern Med 160:1399-408, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.10.1399
- Lautenbach E, Larosa LA, Kasbekar N, Peng HP, Maniglia RJ, Fishman NO. Fluoroquinolone utilization in the emergency departments of academic medical centers: prevalence of, and risk factors for, inappropriate use. Arch Intern Med 163:601-5, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.5.601
- Noreddin AM, Marras TK, Sanders K, Chan CK, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG. Pharmacodynamic target attainment analysis against Streptococcus pneumoniae using levofloxacin 500 mg, 750 mg and 1000 mg once daily in plasma (P) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of hospitalized patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Int J Antimicrob Agents 24:479-84, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.06.010
- File TM Jr, Milkovich G, Tennenberg AM, Xiang JX, Khashab MM, Zadeikis N. Clinical implications of 750 mg, 5-day levofloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Med Res Opin 20:1473-81, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1185/030079904X2556
- File TM Jr, Mandell LA, Tillotson G, Kostov K, Georgiev O. Gemifloxacin once daily for 5 days versus 7 days for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, multicentre, double-blind study. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:112-20, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm119
- Gleason PP, Meehan TP, Fine JM, Galusha DH, Fine MJ. Associations between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 159: 2562-72, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.21.2562
- Dudas V, Hopefl A, Jacobs R, Guglielmo BJ. Antimicrobial selection for hospitalized patients with presumed community-acquired pneumonia: a survey of nonteaching US community hospitals. Ann Pharmacother 34:446-52, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.19174
- Brown RB, Iannini P, Gross P, Kunkel M. Impact of initial antibiotic choice on clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of a hospital claims-made database. Chest 123:1503-11, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.5.1503
- Mufson MA, Chan G, Stanek RJ. Penicillin resistance not a factor in outcome from invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia in adults when appropriate empiric therapy is started. Am J Med Sci 333:161-7, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3180312cd5
- Cardoso MR, Nascimento-Carvalho CM, Ferrero F, Berezin EN, Ruvinsky R, Camargos PA, Sant'anna CC, Brandileone MC, de Fatima P March M, Feris-Iglesias J, Maggi RS, Benguigui Y; CARIBE Group. Penicillin-resistant pneumococcus and risk of treatment failure in pneumonia. Arch Dis Child 93:221-5, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.111625
- Song JH, Jung SI, Ki HK, Shin MH, Ko KS, Son JS, Chang HH, Kim SW, Lee H, Kim YS, Oh WS, Peck KR, Chongthaleong A, Lalitha MK, Perera J, Yee TT, Jamal F, Kamarulzaman A, Carlos CC, So T; Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens Study Group. Clinical outcomes of pneumococcal pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant strains in asian countries: a study by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 38:1570-8, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1086/420821
- Hong JH, Lee HS, Jung SH, Kim GW, Eom KS, Lee JM, Jang SH, Kim DG, Hyoen IG, Lee MK, Park YB, Jung KS, Lee YK. Prevalence and clinical outcome of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia. Tuberc Respir Dis 54:295-303, 2003
- Hwangbo B, Yoon HI, Lee SM, Choi SH, Yoo CG, Lee CT, Kim YW, Han SK, Min KU, Kim YY, Shim YS. Clinical characteristics of pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: the effect of penicillin resistance on the mortality of patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Tuberc Respir Dis 47:184-94, 1999
- Torres A, Garau J, Arvis P, Carlet J, Choudhri S, Kureishi A, Le Berre MA, Lode H, Winter J, Read RC; MOTIV (MOxifloxacin Treatment IV) Study Group. Moxifloxacin monotherapy is effective in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: the MOTIV study--a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 46:1499-509, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1086/587519
- Bhavnani SM, Ambrose PG. Cost-effectiveness of oral gemifloxacin versus intravenous ceftriaxone followed by oral cefuroxime with/without a macrolide for the treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60:59-64, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.07.006
- Shorr AF, Khashab MM, Xiang JX, Tennenberg AM, Kahn JB. Levofloxacin 750-mg for 5 days for the treatment of hospitalized Fine Risk Class III/IV community-acquired pneumonia patients. Respir Med 100:2129-36, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.019
- Khashab MM, Xiang J, Kahn JB. Comparison of the adverse event profiles of levofloxacin 500 mg and 750 mg in clinical trials for the treatment of respiratory infections. Curr Med Res Opin 22:1997-2006, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1185/030079906X132505
- File TM. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 362:1991-2001, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15021-0
- Torres A, Serra-Batlles J, Ferrer A, Jimenez P, Celis R, Cobo E, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Epidemiology and prognostic factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:312-8, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/144.2.312
-
Leroy O, Saux P, B
$\acute{e}$ dos JP, Caulin E. Comparison of levofloxacin and cefotaxime combined with ofloxacin for ICU patients with community-acquired pneumonia who do not require vasopressors. Chest 128:172-83, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.1.172 - Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP, Feldman C, Ortqvist A, Rello J, Morris AJ, Luna CM, Snydman DR, Ko WC, Chedid MB, Hui DS, Andremont A, Chiou CC; International Pneumococcal Study Group. Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal baceremia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:440-4, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200311-1578OC
- Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderink RG. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 161:1837-42, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.15.1837
- Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, Mensa J, Gonzalez J, Niederman MS, Torres A. Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 162:1849-58, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.16.1849
- Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Huchon G, Ieven M, Ortqvist A, Schaberg T, Torres A, van der Heijden G, Verheij TJ. European Respiratory Society; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 26:1138-80, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00055705
- Committee for The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of respiratory infections. Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults, revised edition. Respirology 11 Suppl 3:S79-133, 2006
- Craig WA. Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials: general concepts and applications. In: Nightingale CH, Ambrose PG, Drusano GL, Murakawa T, eds. Antimicrobial phamacodynamics in theory and clinical practice. 2nd ed. p1-19, New York, Informa healthcare, 2007
- Rizzato G, Montemurro L, Fraioli P, Montanari G, Fanti D, Pozzoli R, Magliano E. Efficacy of a three day course of azithromycin in moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 8:398-402, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.95.08030398
- Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP, Smith LG, Tennenberg AM, Khashab MM, Wiesinger BA, Xiang JX, Zadeikis N, Kahn JB. High-dose, short-course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia: a new treatment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis 37:752-60, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1086/377539
- Schonwald S, Skerk V, Petricevic I, Car V, Majerus-Misic L, Gunjaca M. Comparison of threeday and five-day courses of azithromycin in the treatment of atypical pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 10:877-80, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01975847
- Menendez R, Torres A, Zalacain R, Aspa J, Martin Villasclaras JJ, Borderias L, Benitez Moya JM, Ruiz-Manzano J, Rodriguez de Castro F, Blanquer J, Perez D, Puzo C, Sanchez Gascon F, Gallardo J, Alvarez C, Molinos L; Neumofail Group. Risk factors of treatment failure in community acquired pneumonia: implications for disease outcome. Thorax 59:960-5, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2003.017756
- Arancibia F, Ewig S, Martinez JA, Ruiz M, Bauer T, Marcos MA, Mensa J, Torres A. Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with communityacquired pneumonia: causes and prognostic implications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:154-60, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907023
-
Men
$\acute{e}$ ndez R, Torres A, Rodr$\acute{i}$ guez de Castro F, Zalaca$\acute{i}$ n R, Aspa J, Mart$\acute{i}$ n Villasclaras JJ, Border$\acute{i}$ as L, BenCtez Moya JM, Ruiz-Manzano J, Blanquer J, P$\acute{e}$ rez D, Puzo C, S$\acute{a}$ nchez-Gasc$\acute{o}$ n F, Gallardo J, Alvarez CJ, Molinos L; Neumofail Group. Reaching stability in community-acquired pneumonia: the effects of the severity of disease, treatment, and the characteristics of patients. Clin Infect Dis 39:1783-90, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1086/426028 - Celis R, Torres A, Gatell JM, Almela M, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Agust-Vidal A. Nosocomial pneumonia. A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest 93:318-24, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.93.2.318
- Sanyal S, Smith PR, Saha AC, Gupta S, Berkowitz L, Homel P. Initial microbiologic studies did not affect outcome in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:346-8, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9806048
-
Ros
$\acute{o}$ n B, Carratal$\acute{a}$ J, Fern$\acute{a}$ ndez-Sab$\acute{e}$ N, Tubau F, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Ros$\acute{o}$ n B, Carratal$\acute{a}$ J, Fern$\acute{a}$ ndez-Sab$\acute{e}$ N, Tubau F, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Arch Intern Med 164:502-8, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.5.502
Cited by
- Severe Health-care Associated Pneumonia among the Solid Cancer Patients on Chemotherapy vol.24, pp.3, 2009, https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2009.24.3.140
- The Bacterial Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Korea: A Nationwide Prospective Multicenter Study vol.42, pp.6, 2009, https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2010.42.6.397
- 환자(患者)에서 분리한 연쇄상구균(連鎖狀球菌)에 대한 CLSI방법(方法)과 MicroScan MICroSTREP plus panel의 항균제(抗菌劑) 감수성(感受性) 검사(檢査)의 유용성(有用性) 고찰(考察) vol.12, pp.11, 2009, https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.11.4951
- Overview of Antibiotic Use in Korea vol.44, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2012.44.4.250
- 면역기능이 정상인 성인에서 발생한 Enterovirus 중증 폐렴 1예 vol.30, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2013.30.1.58
- Severe Influenza Treatment Guideline vol.86, pp.1, 2009, https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2014.86.1.116
- 폐렴 양방 치료 종료 후 지속되는 가래 및 연하장애를 주소로 하는 노인 환자의 시박탕(柴朴湯) 치험례 vol.38, pp.5, 2009, https://doi.org/10.22246/jikm.2017.38.5.753
- The Resistance to Empirical Antibiotics among Pathogens Causing Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Korea vol.34, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.32429/jkshp.2017.34.4.006
- Laboratory Investigation of Trends in Bacterial Pneumonia in Cheonan, Korea, from January 2008 to September 2017 vol.28, pp.10, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1804.04004
- Spread of ceftriaxone non-susceptible pneumococci in South Korea: Long-term care facilities as a potential reservoir vol.14, pp.1, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210520