Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety (해양환경안전학회지)

The Korean Society of Marine Environment and safety (해양환경안전학회)
권호 표지

Introduction of Clean Techniques for Trace Metal Analysis in Seawater

해수 중의 미량금속 분석을 위한 청결기술의 소개

  • Kim, Kyung-Tae (Marine Environment & Pollution Prevention Research Department, KORDI) ;
  • Kim, Eun-Soo (Marine Instrument Service and Calibration Department, MORDI) ;
  • Ra, Kong-Tae (Marine Environment & Pollution Prevention Research Department, KORDI) ;
  • Moon, Deok-Soo (Deep Ocean Water Application Research Center, KORDI) ;
  • Kim, Hyeon-Ju (Deep Ocean Water Application Research Center, KORDI)
  • 김경태 (한국해양연구원 해양환경.방제연구부) ;
  • 김은수 (한국해양연구원 기기검교정.분석센터) ;
  • 나공태 (한국해양연구원 해양환경.방제연구부) ;
  • 문덕수 (한국해양연구원 해양심층수연구센터) ;
  • 김현주 (한국해양연구원 해양심층수연구센터)
  • Published : 2009.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The metals such as Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc are present at very low concentration in seawater and are classified as so-called trace metals. Whiles some of them are used in metabolism of living organism as a micronutrient, they may show toxic effects on organisms in case of a limited threshold concentration of them Plenty of studies on trace metals have been performed bemuse trace metals have a persistent influence and an adverse effect on marine environment and ecosystem. For long years, when the concentration of trace metals in natural waters such as seawater and fresh water are measured with high precision and accuracy, some systematic errors have been recognized to be present in measurements. Since 1975 in US and European countries, the measured concentration of trace metals in seawater have been found to be lower by factors of 10-1,000 than the previous data of trace metals measurements and the vertical profiles of the measurements have been shown to reflect well-known biological, physical and geochemical processes. These results are attributed to great advances in analytical instrumentation and methodology for trace metals measurements. Precautions against the contamination of samples are required to be taken in the process of sampling, storage, and analysis of samples. However, in Korea, erroneous data of trace metals with regard to ocean and marine environment related survey and investigations are reported The lock of exact understanding and information regarding precautions in sampling, storage and analysis of samples lead to the deterioration of data quality, especially in the analysis of trace metals. The major procedures to obtain the accurate data of trace metals in natural waters are introduced for applying to the study and assessment of marine environments.

Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn등의 금속은 해수 중에 미량으로 존재하기 때문에 미량금속이라고 하며 일부는 미량영양소로서 생명체의 생리활동에 필요하지만 정해진 한계값을 초과할 때는 독성을 나타낸다. 미량금속(중금속)은 해양환경 및 해양생태계에 악영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 지속성 오염물질로 분류되어 다양한 연구가 수행되고 있다. 해수와 담수 등 자연수 중의 미량금속 측정은 정확도와 정밀도에 있어서 큰 오차를 가지고 있음이 장기간 인식되어 왔다. 미국과 유럽에서는 1975년 이후 미량금속의 해수 중 농도가 과거에 인지된 농도의 $1/10{\sim}1/1,000$ 정도로 낮아졌으며, 수직 분포는 생물, 물리, 지화학적인 과정들이 반영되고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이와 같은 결과는 대부분 미량금속에 대한 분석방법과 기기의 발전에 기인하며, 시료 채취, 보관 및 분석 과정에 발생할 수 있는 오염을 제거해야 하는 세심한 주의가 요구되고 있다. 그러나 국내의 경우 많은 해양환경 관린 조사 및 연구에서 정확성이 결여된 자료가 보고되고 있다. 특히 미량금속 분석에 있어서 시료의 채취, 보관, 분석에 대한 정착한 인식 및 이해 부족은 자료의 질을 저하시키고 있다. 해양환경 연구 및 환경평가에 활용하기 위하여 자연수 중 미량금속의 정확한 자료를 획득하는 주요 과정에 대하여 소개하고자 한다.

Keywords

References

  1. 한국해양연구원(2002), 남극 해양생물자원 및 생태계 연구, BSPP 001-B4-1405-7, p. 351.
  2. Boyle, E.A., S.S. Huested and S.P. Jones(1981), On the distribution of copper, nickel, and cadmium in the surface waters of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean, J. Geophy. Res., Vol. 86, pp. 8048-8066. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086iC09p08048
  3. Brugmann, L., E. Geyer and R. Kay(1987), A new Teflon sampler for trace metal studies in seawater-'WATES', Mar. Chem., Vol. 21, pp. 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(87)90031-4
  4. Bruland, K. W.(1983), Trace Elements in Seawater, In Riley, J.P. and Chester, R. eds., Chemical Oceanography (8), Academic Press, New York, pp. 157-220.
  5. Bruland, K. W., J.R. Donat and D. A. Hutchins(1991), Interactive influences of bioactive trace metals on biological production in oceanic waters, Lomnol. Oceanogr., Vol. 36, pp. 1555-1577. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1555
  6. Burton, J.D. and P.J. Statham(1990), Trace metals in seawater, In Furness, R.W. and Rainbow P.S. eds., Heavy metals in the marine environment, CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S.A., pp. 5-25.
  7. Forstner, U.(1981), Metal concentrations in river, lake, and ocean water, In U. Forstner, and G.T.W. Wittmann eds., Metal pollution in the aquatic environment, 2nd ed., Spring-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 71-109.
  8. Harper, D.J.(1987), A new trace metal-free surface water sampling device, Mar. Chem., Vol. 21, pp. 183-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(87)90038-7
  9. Kremling, K.(1983), Determination of trace metals, In Grasshoff, K., M. Ehrhardt and K. Kremling eds., Methods of Seawater Analysis. Verag Chemie, Weinheim, pp. 189-213.
  10. Mart, L.(1979), Prevention of contamination and other accuracy risks in voltammetric trace metal analysis of natural waters. Part II. Collection of surface water samples, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., Vol. 299, pp. 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00518418
  11. Mizuike, A.(1983), Enrichment Techniques for Inorganic Trace Analysis, Spring-Verlag, Berlin, p. 145.
  12. Spencer, M.J, P.R. Betzer and S.R. Piotrowicz(1982), Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in surface waters of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean-A comparison of Go-Flo and Teflon water samplers, Mar. Chem., Vol. 11, pp. 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(82)90034-2
  13. Suttie, E.D. and E.W. Wolff(1992), Preconcentration method for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric analysis for heavy metals in Antarctic snow at sub ng $kg^{-1}$ levels, Anal. Chim. Acta, Vol. 258, pp. 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(92)85096-O
  14. Windom, H.L., J.T. Byrd, R.G. Smith Jr. and F. Huan(1991), Inadequacy of NASQAN data for assessing metal trends in the Nation's Rivers, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 25, pp. 1137-1142. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00018a019
  15. Windom, H. L. and R. G. Smith Jr.(1991), Suspended particulate sampling and analysis for trace elements, In American Geophysical Union eds., Marine Particles: Analysis and Characterization(63), Geophy. Mono, pp. 317-320.
  16. http://www.geotraces.org