Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Co-contamination of Aflatoxins with Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone in Thuja orientalis Semen

  • Published : 2009.09.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Korea is representative of a country that consumes herbal medicines; most of the herbal medicines circulating in South Korea have been imported from developing countries in Southeast Asia, such as China and Indonesia. Recently, domestic hygiene and safety are issues that have come to the forefront, because herbal medicines currently in circulation could possibly contain contaminants or residues. Furthermore, the appearance or discovery of harmful new species due to environmental and industrial developments is becoming a social problem. Therefore, it may be necessary to consider and investigate these matters on a continual basis. Recently, mycotoxin contaminations in such foods as cereals, nuts, and powdered red pepper have been reported. They have become a problematic issue; the possibility of contamination in herbal medicines has also been considered. Nevertheless, recognition of and research into mycotoxin contamination in herbal medicines has been scarce because herbal medicine is used in only a few nations. In this research, we identified contamination by aflatoxin which is known to be the most potent mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic mycotoxin in Thujae Semen, a herbal medicine. We also found co-contaminations involving other mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A and zeraleanone.

Keywords

References

  1. Bennet, J.W. and Klich, M. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 16, 497-516 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
  2. Chu, F.S. (1997). Mode of action of mycotoxins and related compounds. Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 40, 352-357
  3. D'Mello, J.P.E., Macdonald, A.M.C. and Cochrane, M.P. (1986). A preliminary study of the potential for mycotoxin production in barbely grain. Aspects Appl. Biol., 36, 375-382
  4. Council of Europe (2007). European Pharmacopoeia (6th edition), European Union, pp. 4801-4802
  5. Gonzalez, L., Juan, C., Soriano, J.M., Molto, J.C. and Manes, J. (2006). Occurrence and daily intake of ochratoxin A of organic and nonorganic rice and rice products. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 107, 223-227 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.10.001
  6. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1993). Ochratoxi A some naturally occurring substrates; Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins in IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., Lyon: IARC, pp. 489-452
  7. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1999). Overall evaluation of carcinogenicity to humans in IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., Lyon: IARC, pp. 1-36
  8. Kuiper-Goodman, T. and Scott, P.M. (1989). Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed. Env. Sci., 2, 239-248
  9. Magan, N., Sanchis, V. and Aldred, D. (2004). Role of spoilage fungi in seed deterioration in Fungal Biotech. Agr.: Food Env. Appl. (D.K. Aurora, Ed.). Marcell Dekker, New York, pp. 311-323
  10. Meri, K., Marika, J. and Aldo, R. (2005). The effect of substrate on mycotoxin production of selected Penicillium strains. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 99, 207-214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.08.014
  11. Moss, M.O. (1998). Recent studies of mycotoxins. J. Appl. Microbiol., 84, 62-76 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.0840s162S.x
  12. Ouanes, Z., Ayed-Bousema, I., Baati, T., Creppy, E.E. and Bacha, H. (2005). Zearalenone induces chromosome aberrations in mouse bone marrow; Preventive effect of 17b-estradiol, progesterone and vitamin E. Mut. Res., 556, 139-149
  13. Park, S.-K., Jang, J.-I., Ha, K.-T., Kim, S.-D., Kim, O.-H., Choi, Y.-H., Seung, H.-J., Kim, S.-J., Lee, K.-A., Jo, H.-B., Choi, B.-H. and Kim, M.-Y. (2009). A survey of the pres ence of aflatoxins in herb medicines. J. Fd. Hyg. Safety, 24, 169-173 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2004.tb00383.x
  14. Patel, S., Hazel, C.M., Winterton, A.G.M. and Mortby, E. (1996). Survey of ethnic foods for mycotoxins. Food Addit. Contam., 13, 833-841 https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039609374470
  15. Richard, J.L., Bennet, G.A., Ross, P.F. and Nelson, P.E. (1993). Analysis of naturally occurring mycotoxins in feedstuffs and food. J. Anim. Sci., 71, 2563-2574 https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.7192563x
  16. Saleemullah, A.I., Iqtidar, A. and Hamidullah, S. (2006). Aflatoxin contents of stored and artificially inoculated cereals and nuts. Food Chem., 98, 699-703 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.06.034
  17. Scott, P.M. (1984). Effects of food processing on mycotoxins. J. Food Protect., 47, 489-499 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-47.6.489
  18. Sweeney, M.J. and Dobson, A.D.W. (1998). Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 43, 141-158 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00112-3
  19. Topal, S. (1993). Gidalarda kuf kontaminasyon riskleri ve onlemleri. Tubitak-MAM Yay Kocaeli, 124, 174-187
  20. World Health Organization (2005). Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials in Working document QAS/05.131/Rev.1. Organization Mondiale De La Sante, Geneva, pp. 3-62

Cited by

  1. Incidence and Level of Aflatoxins Contamination in Medicinal Plants in Korea vol.42, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.4.339
  2. Oxidative Stress in Extrahepatic Tissues of Rats Co-Exposed to Aflatoxin B1 and Low Protein Diet vol.34, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2018.34.3.211