Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회논문지)

The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Studies on Bacterial and Fungal Contamination in the Herbal Medicines

한약재에서의 세균과 진균 오염에 관한 연구

  • Lee, Jin-Sung (Department of Genetic Engineering, SungKyunKwan University) ;
  • Yoon, Young-Sik (Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine Wonkwang University)
  • 이진성 (성균관대학교 유전공학과) ;
  • 윤영식 (원광대학교 한의학전문대학원)
  • Received : 2010.11.16
  • Accepted : 2010.12.17
  • Published : 2010.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The study has been done for about two months through June 2 to July 30 of 2010. The study subjects are three herbal-pharmaceutical companies located in Seoul. Each of them purchased thirteen types of medicinal herbs, then the study did analysis for microbial contamination status of bacteria and fungi. Here, the study focuses on settling out fundamental data bases regarding the investigation standards of microbial contamination. As comparing the study results with contamination limits of bacteria and fungi which are represented by $10^7$ CFU/g and $10^4$ CFU/g in number respectively, the total percentage of fungi contamination which is 12.8% is higher than that of bacteria is only 7.7%. In the DNA homology analysis regarding 16S rRNA gene, 117 of colonization have been selected as study subjects. Including B. cereus composing of resistant spores, soil microbes account for approximately 96.6%. It indicates that it is important to establish collection and preservation systems in handling medicinal herbs. Also, it is critical to manage microbial contamination limits. In conclusion, the study proposes the needs to study on possible mingling of bacteria and fungi in manufacturing process, and microbial contamination status in medicinal herbs.

본 연구는 2010년 6월 1일부터 2010년 7월 30일까지 2개월간 서울에 위치한 3곳의 약업사에서 각각 13종의 한약재를 구입하여 이들에 대한 총 호기성 세균 및 진균에 대한 미생물 오염 실태를 분석하여 한약재에 대한 미생물 오염 검사기준을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 수행되었다. WHO의 총 호기성 세균 및 진균수 오염한도인 $10^7$ CFU/g과 $10^4$ CFU/g과 비교하면, 총 호기성 균 오염(7.7%)보다는 진균의 오염(12.8%)이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 117개의 세균 집락을 대상으로 한 16S rRNA 유전자에 대한 DNA 상동성 분석은 내성 포자를 형성하는 B. cereus를 포함한 토양 유래 세균들이 약 96.6%를 차지하여 한약재의 채취와 보관 및 유통 과정에서의 미생물 오염 한도 기준 마련이 시급한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 한약의 가공과정에 세균 및 진균의 혼입 가능성에 대한 시험조사와 함께 지속적인 한약재에 대한 미생물 오염실태 조사가 필요하다는 것을 시사하고 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. S. Kimura, et al., "Effects of steam sterilization on changes in the microbial counts, color and consititutes of powered hernbal drugs". Journal of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 751-758, 2003.
  2. I. Kosalec, et al., "Contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products". Arh Hig Rada Toksikol., Vol. 60, pp. 485-501, 2009.
  3. H. M. Martins, et al., "Evaluation of microbiological quality of medicinal plants used in natural infusions". Int. J. Food Microbiol., Vol. 68, pp. 149-153, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00480-9
  4. T. E. Chang, et al., "Microflora of manufacturing process and final products of saengshik". Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 501-506, 2004.
  5. 최선미, 정희진, 윤유식, 이미영, 최환수, 성현제 , "한약재 품질 관리에 관한 연구". 대한한의학회지, 제21권 3호, pp. 99-112, 2000.
  6. C. Wilson, et al., "Pathogen growth in herbal teas used in clinical settings: A possible source of nosocomial infection?". Am. J. Infect. Control., Vol. 32, pp. 117-119, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2003.09.004
  7. EP. Biological Tests. Supplement 5.2. "Bacterial Endotoxins. In: European Phamacopoeia (EP)". 5th eds., Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe -European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, 2005.
  8. EPA. "Good Laboratory Practice Standards: Toxic Substances Control Act". CFR. 792, 2003.
  9. FDA. "General Biological Products Standards: General Provisions, Purity". CFR. 610.13, 2005.
  10. T. Hauer, et. al., "Tea as a source of Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia?". Infect Control. Hosp. Epidemiol., Vol. 20, pp. 594, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1086/503149
  11. USP. "Bacterial Endotoxins Test". USP 30 NF25(85). Rockville, MD:The U.S. Pharmacopeial (USP) Convention, 2007a.
  12. USP. "Pyrogen Test". USP30 NF25(151). Rockville, MD: The U.S. Pharmacopeial (USP) Convention, 2007b.
  13. FDA. "Good Laboratory Practices for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies". CFR. 58, 2003.
  14. Japanese Pharmacopeia B 14th eds., B, pp. 287-308, 1999.
  15. Japanese Pharmacopeia B 14th eds., F, pp. 104-106, 1999.
  16. Korean Pharmacopoeia 8th eds. pp. 1616-1632. 2008.
  17. World Health Organization. "WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residue". Geneva, WHO, 2007.
  18. World Health Organization. "Supplementary guidelines on good manufacturing practices for the manufacture of herbal medicines". Geneva, WHO, 2006.
  19. D. J. Beecher, et al., "Identification and analysis of the antigens detected by two commercial Bacillus cereus diarrheal enterotoxin immuno assay kits". Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Vol. 60, pp. 4614-1651, 1994.
  20. L. K. Nakamura, et. al., "Bacillus pseudomycoides novel species". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., Vol. 48, pp. 1031-1035, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-48-3-1031
  21. B. P. Simmons, et al., "Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula". Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., Vol. 10, pp. 398-401, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1086/646060
  22. E. Czech, et. al., "Microbiological status of commercially available medicinal herbal drugs". Planta Med., Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 263-269, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-12007
  23. J. C. Borwn, et. al., "Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on herbal products". J. Good Prot., Vol. 71, No. 7, pp. 1486-1490, 2008.
  24. R. S. Farag, et. al., "Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian spice essential oils". J. Food Prot., Vol. 52, pp. 665-667, 1989. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-52.9.665
  25. S., N. Kimura, et. al., "Effects of steam sterilization on changes in the microbial counts, color and consititutes of powered hernbal drugs". Journal of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 751-758, 2003.
  26. I. Kosalec, et. al., "Contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products". Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol., Vol. 60, pp. 485-501, 2009.
  27. H. M. Martins, et. al., "Evaluation of microbiological quality of medicinal plants used in natural infusions". Int. J. Food Microbiol. Vol. 68, pp. 149-153, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00480-9
  28. J. Singh, et. al., "Antibacterial activity of yogurt starter in cow and buffalo milk". J. Food Prot., Vol. 42, pp. 664-665, 1979. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-42.8.664
  29. H. D. Belitz, et. al., "Food Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987.
  30. J. A. Morris, "Antimicrobial activity of aroma chemicals and essential oils". J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., Vol. 56, pp. 595-603, 1979. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02660245