DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Frailty: A Core Geriatric Concept

노 쇠

  • Kim, Kwang-Il (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Bundang Hospital)
  • 김광일 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실, 분당서울대학교병원 내과, 노인의료센터)
  • Published : 2010.03.31

Abstract

Frailty, a progressive physiologic decline in multiple body systems, is defined as a state of increased vulnerability to the stress that carries an increased risk of disability, hospitalization, functional decline, and mortality in older adults. Frailty is a new and emerging syndrome in the field of geriatrics. With the advance of population aging, frail elderly continue to increase and frail older adults are among the most challenging for medical management. Contrary to popular belief, frailty is not present in all elderly persons, which suggests that it is associated with aging but not an inevitable process of aging and may be prevented or treated. Common signs and symptoms of frailty are fatigue, weight loss, muscle weakness, slowness, and low activity. The purpose of this article is to review what is known about frailty, including the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and to examine potential areas of future research.

노쇠는 노화에 따른 전반적인 기능 저하로 개체의 항상성을 유지할 수 있는 생리적인 예비능력이 감소하여 외부 자극에 대한 반응이 저하됨으로써 여러 질환에 이환될 가능성이 높아져 있는 상태이다. 따라서 노쇠한 노인 환자는 질병의 발생이나 입원의 가능성이 증가되며, 향후 기능 저하의 위험이 증가된다. 이전에는 연령의 증가에 따른 노쇠현상을 피할 수 없는 것으로 알고 있었으나, 노쇠는 노인의 일부에서만 관찰되는 현상으로 노화에 반드시 수반되는 필연적인 결과는 아닌 것으로 생각된다. 노쇠의 임상 양상에 대해서는 경험적으로 익히 알고 있으나, 의학적으로 노쇠를 정의하고, 그 기전을 규명하는 연구는 아직 초기 단계로서 현재까지는 체중감소, 활력감소, 허약, 보행속도 감소, 신체활동 감소의 5가지 증상 중 3가지 이상의 기준에 합당한 경우를 노쇠로 정의하는 것이 가장 널리 사용되고 있다. 노쇠의 병태 생리에 관해서도 아직까지는 많이 알려져 있지 않으나, 염증 반응의 항진과 내분비계의 변화가 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각된다. 향후 인구의 고령화가 급속하게 진행되어 초고령자의 기하급수적 증가가 예상되는 국내의 현실을 고려할 때 외국의 진단기준이 아닌 한국인에 적합한 노쇠의 진단 기준 개발 및 국내 현황에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, McDowell I, Hebert R, Hogan DB. A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people. Lancet 1999;353:205-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04402-X
  2. Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Studenski S, Fried LP, Cutler GB, Jr., Walston JD. Designing randomized, controlled trials aimed at preventing or delaying functional decline and disability in frail, older persons: a consensus report. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:625-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52174.x
  3. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:M146-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146
  4. Seung Hyun Ma KYJ, Sun Hyoung Hong, Eun Young Shim, Sang Ho Yoo, Mee Young Kim, Jong Lull Yoon. Correlation between Frailty Level and Disability of the Elderly and Frailty Related Factors. Korean J Fam Med 2009;30:588-97. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.8.588
  5. Walston J, McBurnie MA, Newman A, Tracy RP, Kop WJ, Hirsch CH, et al. Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2333-41. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.20.2333
  6. Leng SX, Xue QL, Tian J, Walston JD, Fried LP. Inflammation and frailty in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:864-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01186.x
  7. Barzilay JI, Blaum C, Moore T, Xue QL, Hirsch CH, Walston JD, et al. Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:635-41. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.7.635
  8. Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR, Goodpaster BH, Simonsick EM, Newman AB, et al. Relationship of interleukin- 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M326-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/57.5.M326
  9. Lamberts SW, van den Beld AW, van der Lely AJ. The endocrinology of aging. Science. 1997;278:419-24. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5337.419
  10. Cappola AR, Xue QL, Fried LP. Multiple hormonal deficiencies in anabolic hormones are found in frail older women: the Women's Health and Aging studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009;64:243-8.
  11. Varadhan R, Walston J, Cappola AR, Carlson MC, Wand GS, Fried LP. Higher levels and blunted diurnal variation of cortisol in frail older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008;63:190-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.2.190
  12. Kanapuru B, Ershler WB. Inflammation, coagulation, and the pathway to frailty. Am J Med 2009 ;122:605-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.030
  13. Robson SC, Shephard EG, Kirsch RE. Fibrin degradation product D-dimer induces the synthesis and release of biologically active IL-1 beta, IL-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitors from monocytes in vitro. Br J Haematol 1994;86:322-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04733.x
  14. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1769-75. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199406233302501
  15. Hubbard RE, Fallah N, Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K. Impact of exercise in community-dwelling older adults. PLoS One 2009;4:e6174. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006174
  16. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T. Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996 ;44:489-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01432.x
  17. Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, Hintz RL, Butterfield G, Hoffman AR, et al. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:1361-6. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.79.5.1361
  18. Muller M, van den Beld AW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Lamberts SW. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and atamestane supplementation on frailty in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3988-91. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2433
  19. Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Munzer T, Bellantoni MF, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens TE, et al. Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288:2282-92. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.18.2282
  20. Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring. N Engl J Med 2004;350:482-92. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra022251
  21. Sink KM, Leng X, Williamson J, Kritchevsky SB, Yaffe K, Kuller L, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cognitive decline in older adults with hypertension: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1195-202.
  22. Anker SD, Negassa A, Coats AJ, Afzal R, Poole-Wilson PA, Cohn JN, et al. Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: an observational study. Lancet 2003;361:1077-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12892-9
  23. Jick H, Zornberg GL, Jick SS, Seshadri S, Drachman DA. Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet. 2000; 356:1627-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03155-X
  24. Chan KA, Andrade SE, Boles M, Buist DS, Chase GA, Donahue JG, et al. Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and risk of fracture among older women. Lancet. 2000;355:2185-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02400-4
  25. Scranton RE, Young M, Lawler E, Solomon D, Gagnon D, Gaziano JM. Statin use and fracture risk: study of a US veterans population. Arch Intern Med 2005;165: 2007-12. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.17.2007

Cited by

  1. The Effects of Dementia Education Program on Certified Geriatric Caregivers in a Nursing Home vol.19, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2010.19.4.349
  2. Korean Terminology for Frailty vol.16, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.4235/jkgs.2012.16.2.51
  3. Clinical Factors Related to Frailty Estimated by the Korean Frailty Index vol.17, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4235/jkgs.2013.17.2.71
  4. A Case of Renal Tubular Acidosis Associated With Graves’ Disease vol.17, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4235/jkgs.2013.17.3.147
  5. Regression of a Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma of the Urinary Bladder After Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy in an Elderly Patient vol.19, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4235/jkgs.2015.19.4.244
  6. The association of locomotive and non-locomotive physical activity measured by an accelerometer with functional fitness in healthy elderly men: a pilot study vol.22, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.20463/jenb.2018.0007
  7. Surgical treatment of senile spinal diseases vol.64, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2021.64.3.191