Annals of dermatology

Korean Dermatological Association (대한피부과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Atopic Dermatitis

Bieber, Thomas

  • Published : 20100000
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing disease affecting an increasing number of patients. Usually starting in early childhood, AD can be the initial step of the so-called atopic march, i.e. followed by allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. AD is a paradigmatic genetically complex disease involving gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Genetic linkage analysis as well as association studies have identified several candidate genes linked to either the epidermal barrier function or to the immune system. Stress, bacterial or viral infections, the exposure to aero- or food-allergens as well as hygienic factors are discussed to aggravate symptoms of AD. Athough generalized Th2-deviated immune response is closely linked to the condition of AD, the skin disease itself is a biphasic inflammation with an initial Th2 phase and while chronic lesions harbour Th0/Th1 cells. Regulatory T cells have been shown to be altered in AD as well as the innate immune system in the skin. The main treatment-goals include the elimination of inflammation and infection, preserving and restoring the barrier function and controlling exacerbating factors. The overall future strategy in AD will be aimed to control skin inflammation by a more proactive management in order to potentially prevent the emergence of sensitization as well as to design customized management based on genetic and pathophysiologic information.

Keywords

References

  1. Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:832-836 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591
  2. Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006;368:733-743. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69283-0
  3. Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989;299:1259-1260. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259
  4. Williams H, Flohr C. How epidemiology has challenged 3 prevailing concepts about atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:209-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.043
  5. Mihm MC Jr, Soter NA, Dvorak HF, Austen KF. The structure of normal skin and the morphology of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 1976;67:305-312. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514346
  6. Schultz Larsen FV, Holm NV. Atopic dermatitis in a population based twin series. Concordance rates and heritability estimation. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1985;114:159.
  7. Barnes KC. An update on the genetics of atopic dermatitis: scratching the surface in 2009. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:16-29 e1-11; quiz 30-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.008
  8. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006;38:441-446. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1767
  9. Weidinger S, Illig T, Baurecht H, Irvine AD, Rodriguez E, Diaz-Lacava A, et al. Loss-of-function variations within the filaggrin gene predispose for atopic dermatitis with allergic sensitizations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:214-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.05.004
  10. Morar N, Cookson WO, Harper JI, Moffatt MF. Filaggrin mutations in children with severe atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:1667-1672. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700739
  11. Barker JN, Palmer CN, Zhao Y, Liao H, Hull PR, Lee SP, etal. Null mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) determine major susceptibility to early-onset atopic dermatitis that persists into adulthood. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:564-567. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700587
  12. Marenholz I, Nickel R, Ruschendorf F, Schulz F, Esparza-Gordillo J, Kerscher T, et al. Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations predispose to phenotypes involved in the atopic march. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:866-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.07.026
  13. Nomura T, Sandilands A, Akiyama M, Liao H, Evans AT, Sakai K, et al. Unique mutations in the filaggrin gene in Japanese patients with ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:434-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.646
  14. Vasilopoulos Y, Cork MJ, Murphy R, Williams HC, Robinson DA, Duff GW, et al. Genetic association between an AACC insertion in the 3'UTR of the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme gene and atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2004;123:62-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22708.x
  15. Forrest S, Dunn K, Elliott K, Fitzpatrick E, Fullerton J, McCarthy M, et al. Identifying genes predisposing to atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:1066-1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70090-4
  16. Hershey GK, Friedrich MF, Esswein LA, Thomas ML, Chatila TA. The association of atopy with a gain-of-function mutation in the alpha subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1720-1725. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199712113372403
  17. Novak N, Kruse S, Kraft S, Geiger E, Kluken H, Fimmers R, et al. Dichotomic nature of atopic dermatitis reflected by combined analysis of monocyte immunophenotyping and single nucleotide polymorphisms of the interleukin-4/interleukin-13 receptor gene: the dichotomy of extrinsic and intrinsic atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:870-875. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00191.x
  18. Novak N, Kruse S, Potreck J, Maintz L, Jenneck C, Weidinger S, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the IL18 gene are associated with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:828-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.01.030
  19. Weidinger S, Gieger C, Rodriguez E, Baurecht H, Mempel M, Klopp N, et al. Genome-wide scan on total serum IgE levels identifies FCER1A as novel susceptibility locus. PLoS Genet 2008;4:e1000166 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000166
  20. Peters EM, Raap U, Welker P, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Pavlovic-Masnicosa S, et al. Neurotrophins act as neuroendocrine regulators of skin homeostasis in health and disease. Horm Metab Res 2007;39:110-124. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-961812
  21. Hosoi J, Murphy GF, Egan CL, Lerner EA, Grabbe S, Asahina A, et al. Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature 1993; 363:159-163. https://doi.org/10.1038/363159a0
  22. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Hino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:71-79. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04803.x
  23. Raap U, Kapp A. Neuroimmunological findings in allergic skin diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;5: 419-424. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.all.0000183111.78558.4d
  24. Proksch E, Folster-Holst R, Jensen JM. Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in eczema. J Dermatol Sci 2006;43:159-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.06.003
  25. Sator PG, Schmidt JB, Honigsmann H. Comparison of epidermal hydration and skin surface lipids in healthy individuals and in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:352-358. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2003.105
  26. Rippke F, Schreiner V, Doering T, Maibach HI. Stratum corneum pH in atopic dermatitis: impact on skin barrier function and colonization with Staphylococcus Aureus. Am J Clin Dermatol 2004;5:217-223. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200405040-00002
  27. Izadpanah A, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:381-390; quiz 391-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.026
  28. McGirt LY, Beck LA. Innate immune defects in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:202-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.033
  29. Nomura I, Goleva E, Howell MD, Hamid QA, Ong PY, Hall CF, et al. Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes. J Immunol 2003;171:3262-3269. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3262
  30. Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M, Ganz T, et al. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2002;347: 1151-1160. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021481
  31. Rieg S, Steffen H, Seeber S, Humeny A, Kalbacher H, Dietz K, et al. Deficiency of dermcidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in sweat of patients with atopic dermatitis correlates with an impaired innate defense of human skin in vivo. J Immunol 2005;174:8003-8010. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8003
  32. Ong PY, Leung DY. Immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2006;6:384-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-996-0008-5
  33. Grewe M, Walther S, Gyufko K, Czech W, Schopf E, Krutmann J. Analysis of the cytokine pattern expressed in situ in inhalant allergen patch test reactions of atopic dermatitis patients. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105:407-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12321078
  34. Spergel JM, Mizoguchi E, Brewer JP, Martin TR, Bhan AK, Geha RS. Epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen induces localized allergic dermatitis and hyperresponsiveness to methacholine after single exposure to aerosolized antigen in mice. J Clin Invest 1998;101:1614-1622. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI1647
  35. Beissert S, Schwarz A, Schwarz T. Regulatory T cells. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:15-24. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700004
  36. Cardona ID, Goleva E, Ou LS, Leung DY. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B inhibits regulatory T cells by inducing glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein ligand on monocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117:688-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.037
  37. Homey B, Steinhoff M, Ruzicka T, Leung DY. Cytokines and chemokines orchestrate atopic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:178-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.047
  38. Biedermann T, Rocken M, Carballido JM. TH1 and TH2 lymphocyte development and regulation of TH cell-mediated immune responses of the skin. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2004;9:5-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1087-0024.2004.00829.x
  39. Fiset PO, Leung DY, Hamid Q. Immunopathology of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:287-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.046
  40. Hamid Q, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Differential in situ cytokine gene expression in acute versus chronic atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 1994;94:870-876. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117408
  41. Kimura M, Tsuruta S, Yoshida T. Correlation of house dust mite-specific lymphocyte proliferation with IL-5 production, eosinophilia, and the severity of symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70197-6
  42. Park JH, Choi YL, Namkung JH, Kim WS, Lee JH, Park HJ, et al. Characteristics of extrinsic vs. intrinsic atopic dermatitis in infancy: correlations with laboratory variables. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:778-783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07394.x
  43. Grewe M, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Schopf E, Thepen T, Langeveld-Wildschut AG, Ruzicka T, et al. A role for Th1 and Th2 cells in the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Today 1998;19:359-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01285-7
  44. Toda M, Leung DY, Molet S, Boguniewicz M, Taha R, Christodoulopoulos P, et al. Polarized in vivo expression of IL-11 and IL-17 between acute and chronic skin lesions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:875-881. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2003.1414
  45. Kim BE, Leung DY, Streib JE, Kisich K, Boguniewicz M, Hamid QA, et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha deficiency in atopic dermatitis skin and role in innate immune response to vaccinia virus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:457-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.005
  46. Soumelis V, Reche PA, Kanzler H, Yuan W, Edward G, Homey B, et al. Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat Immunol 2002;3:673-680. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm910
  47. Liu YJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: master switch for allergic inflammation. J Exp Med 2006;203:269-273. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20051745
  48. Neis MM, Peters B, Dreuw A, Wenzel J, Bieber T, Mauch C, et al. Enhanced expression levels of IL-31 correlate with IL-4 and IL-13 in atopic and allergic contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:930-937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.07.015
  49. Novak N, Bieber T. The role of dendritic cell subtypes in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:S171-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.060
  50. Cardona ID, Cho SH, Leung DY. Role of bacterial superantigens in atopic dermatitis: implications for future therapeutic strategies. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006;7:273-279. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200607050-00001
  51. Howell MD, Gallo RL, Boguniewicz M, Jones JF, Wong C, Streib JE, et al. Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis skin subverts the innate immune response to vaccinia virus. Immunity 2006;24:341-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.006
  52. Strickland I, Hauk PJ, Trumble AE, Picker LJ, Leung DY. Evidence for superantigen involvement in skin homing of T cells in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112:249-253. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00502.x
  53. Leung DY, Harbeck R, Bina P, Reiser RF, Yang E, Norris DA, et al. Presence of IgE antibodies to staphylococcal exotoxins on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Evidence for a new group of allergens. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1374-1380. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116711
  54. Mittermann I, Aichberger KJ, Bunder R, Mothes N, Renz H, Valenta R. Autoimmunity and atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;4:367-371. https://doi.org/10.1097/00130832-200410000-00007
  55. Valenta R, Natter S, Seiberler S, Wichlas S, Maurer D, Hess M, et al. Molecular characterization of an autoallergen, Homs 1, identified by serum IgE from atopic dermatitis patients. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:1178-1183. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00413.x
  56. Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Fluckiger S, Disch R, Trautmann A, Wuthrich B, Blaser K, et al. IgE-mediated and T cellmediated autoimmunity against manganese superoxide dismutase in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:1068-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.01.065
  57. Mothes N, Niggemann B, Jenneck C, Hagemann T, Weidinger S, Bieber T, et al. The cradle of IgE autoreactivity in atopic eczema lies in early infancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;116:706-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.06.025
  58. Williams HC. Clinical practice. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2314-2324. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp042803
  59. Wollenberg A, Wetzel S, Burgdorf WH, Haas J. Viral infections in atopic dermatitis: pathogenic aspects and clinical management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112: 667-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.07.001
  60. Beck LA, Boguniewicz M, Hata T, Schneider LC, Hanifin J, Gallo R, et al. Phenotype of atopic dermatitis subjects with a history of eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:260-269, 269 e261-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.020
  61. Gao PS, Rafaels NM, Hand T, Murray T, Boguniewicz M, Hata T, et al. Filaggrin mutations that confer risk of atopic dermatitis confer greater risk for eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:507- 513, 513 e501-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.034
  62. Hanifin J, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic eczema. Acta Derm Venereol 1980;92:44-47.
  63. Williams HC, Burney PG, Hay RJ, Archer CB, Shipley MJ, Hunter JJ, et al. The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:383-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08530.x
  64. Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 1993;186:23-31. https://doi.org/10.1159/000247298
  65. Housman TS, Patel MJ, Camacho F, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB Jr, Balkrishnan R. Use of the Self-Administered Eczema Area and Severity Index by parent caregivers: results of a validation study. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:1192-1198. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05031.x
  66. Diepgen TL, Sauerbrei W, Fartasch M. Development and validation of diagnostic scores for atopic dermatitis incorporating criteria of data quality and practical usefulness. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:1031-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(96)00119-9
  67. Ring J, Bieber T, Vieluf D, Kunz B, Przybilla B. Atopic eczema, Langerhans cells and allergy. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1991;94:194-201. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235361
  68. Darsow U, Vieluf D, Ring J. Atopy patch test with different vehicles and allergen concentrations: an approach to standardization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;95:677-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70172-9
  69. Morren MA, Przybilla B, Bamelis M, Heykants B, Reynaers A, Degreef H. Atopic dermatitis: triggering factors. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:467-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70213-6
  70. Wohlrab J, Jost G, Abeck D. Antiseptic efficacy of a lowdosed topical triclosan/chlorhexidine combination therapy in atopic dermatitis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2007;20:71-76. https://doi.org/10.1159/000097653
  71. Wilkinson JD. Fusidic acid in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 1998;139 Suppl 53:37-40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.1390s3037.x
  72. Juenger M, Ladwig A, Staecker S, Arnold A, Kramer A, Daeschlein G, et al. Efficacy and safety of silver textile in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:739-750. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079906X99990
  73. Callen J, Chamlin S, Eichenfield LF, Ellis C, Girardi M, Goldfarb M, et al. A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:203-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07538.x
  74. Stalder JF, Fleury M, Sourisse M, Rostin M, Pheline F, Litoux P. Local steroid therapy and bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:536-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08556.x
  75. Thomas KS, Armstrong S, Avery A, Po AL, O'Neill C, Young S, et al. Randomised controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with mild or moderate atopic eczema. BMJ 2002;324:768. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7340.768
  76. Alomar A, Berth-Jones J, Bos JD, Giannetti A, Reitamo S, Ruzicka T, et al. The role of topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2004;151 Suppl 70 Dec 2004:3-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06269.x
  77. Breuer K, Werfel T, Kapp A. Safety and efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005;6:65-77. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200506020-00001
  78. Wollenberg A, Bieber T. Proactive therapy of atopic dermatitis dermatitis-an emerging concept. Allergy 2009;64:276-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01803.x
  79. Wollenberg A, Reitamo S, Girolomoni G, Lahfa M, Ruzicka T, Healy E, et al. Proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Allergy 2008;63: 742-750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01683.x
  80. Bieber T, Cork M, Ellis C, Girolomoni G, Groves R, Langley R, et al. Consensus statement on the safety profile of topical calcineurin inhibitors. Dermatology 2005;211:77-78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000086431
  81. Arellano FM, Wentworth CE, Arana A, Fernandez C, Paul CF. Risk of lymphoma following exposure to calcineurin inhibitors and topical steroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:808-816. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700622
  82. Margolis DJ, Hoffstad O, Bilker W. Lack of association between exposure to topical calcineurin inhibitors and skin cancer in adults. Dermatology 2007;214:289-295. https://doi.org/10.1159/000100879
  83. Berth-Jones J, Damstra RJ, Golsch S, Livden JK, Van Hooteghem O, Allegra F, et al. Twice weekly fluticasone propionate added to emollient maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis: randomised, double blind, parallel group study. BMJ 2003;326:1367. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7403.1367
  84. Bieber T, Vick K, Folster-Holst R, Belloni-Fortina A, Stadtler G, Worm M, et al. Efficacy and safety of methylprednisolone aceponate ointment 0.1% compared to tacrolimus 0.03% in children and adolescents with an acute flare of severe atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2007;62:184-189.
  85. Dawe RS. Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:626-637. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05261.x
  86. Tzaneva S, Seeber A, Schwaiger M, Honigsmann H, Tanew A. High-dose versus medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy for patients with severe generalized atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:503-507. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.114743
  87. Silva SH, Guedes AC, Gontijo B, Ramos AM, Carmo LS, Farias LM, et al. Influence of narrow-band UVB phototherapy on cutaneous microbiota of children with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:1114-1120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01748.x
  88. Wahlgren CF, Hagermark O, Bergstrom R. The antipruritic effect of a sedative and a non-sedative antihistamine in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:545-551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb14732.x
  89. Griffiths CE, Katsambas A, Dijkmans BA, Finlay AY, Ho VC, Johnston A, et al. Update on the use of ciclosporin in immune-mediated dermatoses. Br J Dermatol 2006;155 Suppl 2:1-16.
  90. Hijnen DJ, ten Berge O, Timmer-de Mik L, Bruijnzeel- Koomen CA, de Bruin-Weller MS. Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with cyclosporin A for atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:85-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01877.x
  91. Meggitt SJ, Gray JC, Reynolds NJ. Azathioprine dosed by thiopurine methyltransferase activity for moderate-to-severe atopic eczema: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:839-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68340-2
  92. Meggitt SJ, Reynolds NJ. Azathioprine for atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:369-375. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00837.x
  93. Krathen RA, Hsu S. Failure of omalizumab for treatment of severe adult atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53:338-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.02.014
  94. Lane JE, Cheyney JM, Lane TN, Kent DE, Cohen DJ. Treatment of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis with omalizumab. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:68-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.09.030
  95. Cassano N, Loconsole F, Coviello C, Vena GA. Infliximab in recalcitrant severe atopic eczema associated with contact allergy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006;19:237-240.
  96. Jacobi A, Antoni C, Manger B, Schuler G, Hertl M. Infliximab in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:522-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.022
  97. Werfel T, Breuer K, Rueff F, Przybilla B, Worm M, Grewe M, et al. Usefulness of specific immunotherapy in patients with atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitization to house dust mites: a multi-centre, randomized, dose-response study. Allergy 2006;61:202-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00974.x
  98. Bussmann C, Bockenhoff A, Henke H, Werfel T, Novak N. Does allergen-specific immunotherapy represent a therapeutic option for patients with atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:1292-1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.07.054
  99. Staab D, Diepgen TL, Fartasch M, Kupfer J, Lob-Corzilius T, Ring J, et al. Age related, structured educational programmes for the management of atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;332:933-938. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7547.933

Cited by

  1. Skin Barrier Homeostasis in Atopic Dermatitis: Feedback Regulation of Kallikrein Activity vol.6, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019895
  2. Contrasting pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis—Part I: Clinical and pathologic concepts vol.127, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.053
  3. Contrasting pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis—Part II: Immune cell subsets and therapeutic concepts vol.127, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.054
  4. Clinical features of the extrinsic and intrinsic types of adult-onset atopic dermatitis vol.1, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.2.80
  5. Children and adolescents’ health-related quality of life in relation to eczema, asthma and hay fever: results from a population-based cross-sectional study vol.20, pp.8, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9868-9
  6. Cancer risk in patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan vol.130, pp.5, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.26105
  7. Atopic dermatitis 2.0: from the clinical phenotype to the molecular taxonomy and stratified medicine vol.67, pp.12, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12049
  8. Establishing an allergic eczema model employing recombinant house dust mite allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 in BALB/c mice vol.21, pp.11, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12015
  9. The lipid alterations in the stratum corneum of dogs with atopic dermatitis are alleviated by topical application of a sphingolipid‐containing emulsion vol.37, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04313.x
  10. Increased plasma LIGHT levels in patients with atopic dermatitis vol.168, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04576.x
  11. Cell‐penetrating peptides as antifungals towards Malassezia sympodialis vol.54, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03168.x
  12. Management of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: The Role of Emollient Therapy vol.2012, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/836931
  13. Amorphous silica nanoparticles size-dependently aggravate atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions following an intradermal injection vol.9, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-9-3
  14. Comparative Effectiveness of Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors in Adult Patients with Atopic Dermatitis : vol.13, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2165/11597780-000000000-00000
  15. Dissecting the Causes of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: Less Foods, More Mites vol.61, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2332/allergolint.11-ra-0371
  16. Long Term Treatment Concepts and Proactive Therapy for Atopic Eczema vol.24, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2012.24.3.253
  17. Epidermal Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis vol.4, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2012.4.1.12
  18. Vitamin D Receptor Activation Improves Allergen-Triggered Eczema in Mice vol.132, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.296
  19. Interplay of Filaggrin Loss-of-Function Variants, Allergic Sensitization, and Eczema in a Longitudinal Study Covering Infancy to 18 Years of Age vol.7, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032721
  20. Effect of Oral Administration of Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract on Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Lesion Induced by Oxazolone in Hairless Mice vol.55, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-012-1047-3
  21. Two Cases of Infectious Endocarditis Caused by Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus in Young Adults with Atopic Dermatitis vol.101, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2169/naika.101.1680
  22. The suppression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression by selenium vol.43, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1156-z
  23. 삼황세제 가미방 화장품의 아토피 피부염 환자에 대한 임상적 연구 vol.25, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.6114/jkood.2012.25.3.129
  24. Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors for Atopic Dermatitis: Review and Treatment Recommendations vol.15, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-013-0013-9
  25. Human β‐defensin‐2 as a marker for disease severity and skin barrier properties in atopic dermatitis vol.169, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12419
  26. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in the horny layer of patients with atopic dermatitis vol.171, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12021
  27. Insight into newly discovered innate immune modulation in atopic dermatitis vol.22, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12034
  28. Opposing effects on immune function and skin barrier regulation by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in an allergen‐induced eczema model vol.22, pp.11, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12261
  29. Anti‐immunoglobulin E in the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis vol.38, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2012.04438.x
  30. Evaluation of canine antimicrobial peptides in infected and noninfected chronic atopic skin vol.24, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01091.x
  31. The genomics revolution: will canine atopic dermatitis be predictable and preventable? vol.24, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01094.x
  32. Emerging applications of nanomedicine in dermatology vol.19, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00601.x
  33. Altered mRNA and protein expression of filaggrin in the skin of a canine animal model for atopic dermatitis vol.24, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12031
  34. In vitro effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides delivered by gelatin nanoparticles on canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells of atopic and healthy dogs – a pilot study vol.24, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12056
  35. Interactive effect of STAT6 and IL13 gene polymorphisms on eczema status: results from a longitudinal and a cross-sectional study vol.14, pp.None, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-14-67
  36. CSACI position statement: safety of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the management of atopic dermatitis in children and adults vol.9, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-9-24
  37. New era of biologic therapeutics in atopic dermatitis vol.13, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2013.758708
  38. Activin A Inhibits Antigen-Induced Allergy in Murine Epicutaneous Sensitization vol.4, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00246
  39. Compensation of cATSCs-derived TGF β 1 and IL10 expressions was effectively modulated atopic dermatitis vol.4, pp.None, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2013.4
  40. 아토피 피부염 외용제에 관련된 국내 임상 및 실험 논문 고찰 vol.27, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.7778/jpkm.2013.27.1.036
  41. Asthma and frequency of wheeze: risk factors for the persistence of atopic dermatitis in children vol.110, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2012.12.013
  42. Cytokines and the Skin Barrier vol.14, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14046720
  43. Tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 increase during the development of a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced immediate-type dermatitis vol.62, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-013-0611-6
  44. Spontaneous Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms in a/a ma ft/ma ft/J Flaky Tail Mice Appear Early after Birth vol.8, pp.7, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067869
  45. Does Stress Increase the Risk of Atopic Dermatitis in Adolescents? Results of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (KYRBWS-VI) vol.8, pp.8, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067890
  46. Atopic Diathesis in Patients with Kawasaki Disease vol.163, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.068
  47. Nonlesional skin in atopic dermatitis is seemingly healthy skin – observations using noninvasive methods vol.8, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5114/wiitm.2011.33633
  48. IL-25 Enhances HSV-1 Replication by Inhibiting Filaggrin Expression, and Acts Synergistically with T H 2 Cytokines to Enhance HSV-1 Replication vol.133, pp.12, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.223
  49. Molecular Biology of Atopic Dermatitis vol.47, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-014-8415-1
  50. Thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine as a clinical biomarker in atopic dermatitis vol.41, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12440
  51. Autoimmunity in atopic dermatitis: Biomarker or simply epiphenomenon? vol.41, pp.7, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12464
  52. Protein biomarkers in vernix with potential to predict the development of atopic eczema in early childhood vol.69, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12308
  53. Epicutaneously applied Der p 2 induces a strong T H 2-biased antibody response in C57BL/6 mice, independent of functional TLR4 vol.69, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12399
  54. Skin barrier impairment correlates with cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus colonization and sensitization to skin‐associated microbial antigens in adult patients with atopic dermatitis vol.53, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12198
  55. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with diagnosis and severity of childhood atopic dermatitis vol.25, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12167
  56. Salvia plebeia Suppresses Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions vol.42, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x1450061x
  57. Topically applied ZnO nanoparticles suppress allergen induced skin inflammation but induce vigorous IgE production in the atopic dermatitis mouse model vol.11, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-014-0038-4
  58. Systemic sensitization with the protein allergen ovalbumin augments local sensitization in atopic dermatitis vol.7, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2147/jir.s55672
  59. Atopic dermatitis patients carrying G allele in –1082 G/A IL-10 polymorphism are predisposed to higher serum concentration of IL-10 vol.10, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2014.47833
  60. Epidermal barrier defects link atopic dermatitis with altered skin cancer susceptibility vol.3, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.01888
  61. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Atopic Dermatitis: A Population-Based Case Control Study vol.9, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089656
  62. EGFR Signaling Blunts Allergen-Induced IL-6 Production and Th17 Responses in the Skin and Attenuates Development and Relapse of Atopic Dermatitis vol.192, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1301062
  63. The β-sitosterol attenuates atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions through down-regulation of TSLP vol.239, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370213520111
  64. Effects of 0.1% Tacrolimus on Canine Skin Mast Cells and Eosinophils vol.31, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.17555/ksvc.2014.04.31.2.95
  65. Intestinal microbiota during early life - impact on health and disease vol.73, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665114000627
  66. Probiotics in the prevention of eczema: a randomised controlled trial vol.99, pp.11, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305799
  67. Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis Eczema With a High Concentration of Lactobacillus salivarius LS01 Associated With an Innovative Gelling Complex: A Pilot Study on Adults vol.48, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000000249
  68. Serum Metabolomics Study and Eicosanoid Analysis of Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Based on Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry vol.13, pp.12, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1021/pr5007069
  69. The Role of Vitamin D in Atopic Dermatitis vol.26, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000128
  70. Multiple Hypersensitivities Including Recurrent Airway Obstruction, Insect Bite Hypersensitivity, and Urticaria in 2 Warmblood Horse Populations vol.29, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12473
  71. Management of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of phototherapy vol.8, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s87987
  72. Personalized Immunomodulatory Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis: An Allergist's View vol.27, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2015.27.4.355
  73. Topical Corticosteroid Phobia among Parents of Children with Atopic Eczema in Korea vol.27, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2015.27.5.499
  74. Monitoring of therapy in atopic dermatitis – observations with the use of high‐frequency ultrasonography vol.21, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12153
  75. Nipple Eczema, an Indicative Manifestation of Atopic Dermatitis? A Clinical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Study vol.37, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1097/dad.0000000000000195
  76. The efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides farinae vaccine in a murine atopic dermatitis model vol.45, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12417
  77. Children with atopic dermatitis show clinical improvement after Lactobacillus exposure vol.45, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12489
  78. Immune Pathways in Atopic Dermatitis, and Definition of Biomarkers through Broad and Targeted Therapeutics vol.4, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm4050858
  79. Protective effect of probiotics in the treatment of infantile eczema vol.9, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2299
  80. First report in a dog model of atopic dermatitis: expression patterns of protease‐activated receptor‐2 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin vol.26, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12203
  81. Are Podoplanin Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Atopic Dermatitis in Koreans? vol.27, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2015.27.3.275
  82. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induces specific IgG4 and IgE antibody serum levels in atopic dermatitis vol.54, pp.8, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12533
  83. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy with Monomeric Allergoid in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis vol.10, pp.8, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135070
  84. Safety and Activity of UR-1505 in Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized, Double-blind Phase II Exploratory Trial vol.37, pp.9, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.06.005
  85. Role of the tumor necrosis factor family member LIGHT in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis vol.54, pp.10, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12851
  86. Ten years experience with oral immunosuppressive treatment in adult patients with atopic dermatitis in two academic centres vol.29, pp.10, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13064
  87. Factors contributing to poor treatment outcomes in childhood atopic dermatitis vol.56, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12331
  88. Identifying CpG sites associated with eczema via random forest screening of epigenome-scale DNA methylation vol.7, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-015-0108-y
  89. Peripheral natural killer cell subsets in atopic dermatitis : vol.12, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ewx.0000455631.30660.32
  90. 쌀과 쌀과자 추출물의 in-vitro test를 통한 항염증 활성 효과 평가 vol.30, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.7318/kjfc/2015.30.6.797
  91. Humoral and Cellular Autoreactivity to Epidermal Proteins in Atopic Dermatitis vol.64, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-016-0400-3
  92. Effect of Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 on experimentally induced atopic eczema in mice vol.25, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0175-7
  93. Tolerability of Crisaborole Ointment for Application on Sensitive Skin Areas: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study in Healthy Volunteers vol.17, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0204-6
  94. Addressing treatment challenges in atopic dermatitis with novel topical therapies vol.27, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2016.1174765
  95. Biomarkers for Atopic Dermatitis in Children vol.29, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1089/ped.2016.0703
  96. Potential preventive effects of proactive therapy on sensitization in moderate to severe childhood atopic dermatitis: A randomized, investigator‐blinded, controlled study vol.43, pp.11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13408
  97. Hataedock Treatment Has Preventive Therapeutic Effects in Atopic Dermatitis-Induced NC/Nga Mice under High-Fat Diet Conditions vol.2016, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1739760
  98. Comparative Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Skin Lesions, Nasal Cavities, and Feces of Children with Atopic Dermatitis vol.71, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn695
  99. Heat-Killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis in a Murine Model vol.8, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030146
  100. Four Years Prospective Study of Natural History of Atopic Dermatitis Aged 7~8 Years at an Individual Level: A Community-Based Survey by Dermatologists' Skin Examination in Childhood vol.28, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2016.28.6.684
  101. Epidermal RAF prevents allergic skin disease vol.5, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.14012
  102. In vivo expression of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis vol.25, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12831
  103. A multistrain probiotic formulation attenuates skin symptoms of atopic dermatitis in a mouse model through the generation of CD4 + Foxp3 + T cells vol.60, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v60.32550
  104. Tape Stripping Technique for Stratum Corneum Protein Analysis vol.6, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19918
  105. Requirement of MyD88 signaling in keratinocytes for Langerhans cell migration and initiation of atopic dermatitis‐like symptoms in mice vol.46, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201545710
  106. The Hot‐Water Extract of Smilacis Chinae Rhizome Suppresses 2,4‐Dinitrochlorobenzene and House Dust Mite‐Induced Atopic Dermatitis‐Like Skin Lesions in Mice vol.30, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5573
  107. Nanoscale alterations of corneocytes indicate skin disease vol.22, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12247
  108. Dose-dependent role of claudin-1 in vivo in orchestrating features of atopic dermatitis vol.113, pp.28, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525474113
  109. Crisaborole and its potential role in treating atopic dermatitis: overview of early clinical studies vol.8, pp.8, 2016, https://doi.org/10.2217/imt-2016-0023
  110. Prevalence and odds of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis vol.175, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14566
  111. Characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine users and prescription analysis for pediatric atopic dermatitis: a population-based study vol.16, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1158-1
  112. Anti-inflammatory effect of fullerene C 60 in a mice model of atopic dermatitis vol.14, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-016-0159-z
  113. Debates in allergy medicine: Specific immunotherapy in children with atopic dermatitis, the “con” view vol.9, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-016-0107-2
  114. Neurodermitis : Atopie an der Haut vol.114, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-017-0495-x
  115. Helicobacter pylori -induced premature senescence of extragastric cells may contribute to chronic skin diseases vol.18, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9676-x
  116. Predicting therapy response to mycophenolic acid using UGT1A9 genotyping: towards personalized medicine in atopic dermatitis vol.28, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2016.1227420
  117. Glycomacropeptide Attenuates Inflammation, Pruritus, and Th2 Response Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Induced by 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Rat vol.2017, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6935402
  118. Dendritic Core-Multishell Nanocarriers in Murine Models of Healthy and Atopic Skin vol.12, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-017-1835-0
  119. Spotlight on dupilumab in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: design, development, and potential place in therapy vol.11, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s113192
  120. Allergic Responses Induced by the Immunomodulatory Effects of Nanomaterials upon Skin Exposure vol.8, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00169
  121. Suppressive effect of an aqueous extract of Diospyros kaki calyx on dust mite extract/2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions vol.40, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3017
  122. Topical Application of Eupatilin Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in NC/Nga Mice vol.29, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2017.29.1.61
  123. Atopic Dermatitis Studies through In Vitro Models vol.4, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00119
  124. Osteoporosis in adult patients with atopic dermatitis: A nationwide population-based study vol.12, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171667
  125. 2% Crisaborole topical ointment for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis vol.13, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666x.2017.1304820
  126. Therapeutic effects of orally administered CJLP55 for atopic dermatitis via the regulation of immune response vol.21, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.3.335
  127. Advances in pharmacotherapeutic management of common skin diseases in neonates and infants vol.18, pp.7, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2017.1316371
  128. Use of Topical Corticosteroids in Dermatology: An Evidence-based Approach vol.62, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.ijd_169_17
  129. Life‐course of atopy and allergy‐related disease events in tropical sub‐Saharan Africa: A birth cohort study vol.28, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12719
  130. Lack of Association Between Toll-like Receptor 2 Polymorphisms (R753Q and A-16934T) and Atopic Dermatitis in Children from Thrace Region of Turkey vol.34, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4274/balkanmedj.2015.1253
  131. BALB/c 마우스에서 DNCB-유도 아토피 피부염 유사병변에 대한 Curcumin 투여와 630 nm LED 광치료의 병용 효과 vol.49, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.2.150
  132. CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE ITCHING SEVERITY SCALE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS vol.35, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;3;00016
  133. Time- and dose-dependent claudin contribution to biological functions: Lessons from claudin-1 in skin vol.5, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2017.1336194
  134. Long-term safety of crisaborole ointment 2% in children and adults with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis vol.77, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.06.010
  135. Intelectin contributes to allergen-induced IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP expression and type 2 response in asthma and atopic dermatitis vol.10, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2017.10
  136. Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Horses is Associated with Airway Hyperreactivity vol.31, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14817
  137. Refined Deep-Sea Water Suppresses Inflammatory Responses via the MAPK/AP-1 and NF-κB Signaling Pathway in LPS-Treated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells vol.18, pp.11, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112282
  138. Increased cis -to- trans urocanic acid ratio in the skin of chronic spontaneous urticaria patients vol.7, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01487-9
  139. Identification of bacterial biofilm and the Staphylococcus aureus derived protease, staphopain, on the skin surface of patients with atopic dermatitis vol.7, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08046-2
  140. Methotrexate in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Retrospective Study vol.22, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475418781336
  141. Tacrolimus nanoparticles based on chitosan combined with nicotinamide: enhancing percutaneous delivery and treatment efficacy for atopic dermatitis and reducing dose vol.13, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s150319
  142. Effect of Evening Primrose Oil on Korean Patients With Mild Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study vol.30, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2018.30.4.409
  143. Comparison of linoleic acid-containing water-in-oil emulsion with urea-containing water-in-oil emulsion in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a randomized clinical trial vol.11, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s145561
  144. Serine protease inhibitors to treat inflammation: a patent review (2011-2016) vol.28, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/13543776.2018.1406478
  145. Management of Itch in Atopic Dermatitis vol.19, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-017-0335-4
  146. Omalizumab an effective and safe alternative therapy in severe refractory atopic dermatitis : A case report vol.97, pp.24, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000010897
  147. A randomized, open-label study to evaluate an intermittent dosing regimen of fluticasone propionate 0.05% cream in combination with regular emollient skin care in reducing the risk of relapse in pedia vol.29, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2017.1401211
  148. Effects of Linalyl Acetate on Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Production in Mast Cells vol.23, pp.7, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071711
  149. Impact of topical anti-inflammatory therapy on morpho-functional characteristics of epidermal barrier. Optimization of atopic dermatitis treatment schedules vol.94, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2018-94-4-73-82
  150. Dupilumab in atopic dermatitis: rationale, latest evidence and place in therapy vol.9, pp.9, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622318773686
  151. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adults: A pooled analysis of two phase 2 clinical trials vol.30, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1097/jxx.0000000000000088
  152. Atopic dermatitis is a novel demographic risk factor for surgical site infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction vol.26, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-4958-7
  153. Crisaborole Ointment Improves Quality of Life of Patients with Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis and Their Families vol.8, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-018-0263-0
  154. A murine model of atopic dermatitis can be generated by painting the dorsal skin with hapten twice 14 days apart vol.8, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24363-6
  155. Down‐regulated SHARPIN may accelerate the development of atopic dermatitis through activating interleukin‐33/ST2 signalling vol.27, pp.12, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13784
  156. Early aggressive intervention for infantile atopic dermatitis to prevent development of food allergy: a multicenter, investigator-blinded, randomized, parallel group controlled trial (PACI Study) vol.8, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-018-0233-8
  157. Topic application of meloxicam-loaded polymeric nanocapsules as a technological alternative for treatment of the atopic dermatitis in mice vol.16, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2018.03.003
  158. Topical Application of JAK1/JAK2 Inhibitor Momelotinib Exhibits Significant Anti-Inflammatory Responses in DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Model Mice vol.19, pp.12, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123973
  159. Conceptual Model to Illustrate the Symptom Experience and Humanistic Burden Associated With Atopic Dermatitis in Adults and Adolescents vol.30, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000486
  160. The Current Status and Perspectives of Delivery Strategy for Boronbased Drugs vol.26, pp.26, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180904105212
  161. A comparison of international management guidelines for atopic dermatitis vol.36, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13678
  162. Vitamin D Level and Supplementation in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial vol.23, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475418805744
  163. IFN- γ Reduces Epidermal Barrier Function by Affecting Fatty Acid Composition of Ceramide in a Mouse Atopic Dermatitis Model vol.2019, pp.None, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3030268
  164. Tolerability of Topical Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis vol.9, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-019-0280-7
  165. Forty-five-year evolution of probiotic therapy vol.6, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2019.04.673
  166. Fabrication and evaluation of ultra deformable vesicles for atopic dermatitis as topical delivery vol.68, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2018.1443932
  167. 가미미후등식장탕이 DNCB 유도 아토피 피부염 동물모델에 미치는 효과 vol.40, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.19006
  168. Atopic dermatitis and autoimmunity: the occurrence of autoantibodies and their association with disease severity vol.311, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-019-01890-4
  169. Guidelines on Management of Atopic Dermatitis in India: An Evidence-Based Review and an Expert Consensus vol.64, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.ijd_683_18
  170. Long-term safety and efficacy of rupatadine in Japanese patients with itching due to chronic spontaneous urticaria, dermatitis, or pruritus: A 12-month, multicenter, open-label clinical trial vol.94, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.05.008
  171. Burden of illness in adults with atopic dermatitis: Analysis of National Health and Wellness Survey data from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom vol.81, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.037
  172. Understanding the immune landscape in atopic dermatitis: The era of biologics and emerging therapeutic approaches vol.28, pp.7, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13911
  173. Cyanidin 3-Rutinoside, an Anthocyanin Pigment of Schisandra chinensis Baill, Inhibits Allergic Inflammation vol.22, pp.7, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2018.4346
  174. Efficacy and Safety of Crisaborole Ointment, 2%, for the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis Across Racial and Ethnic Groups vol.20, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-019-00450-w
  175. Cutibacterium acnes phylotypes diversity loss: a trigger for skin inflammatory process vol.33, pp.12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15795
  176. Validation of the Atopic Dermatitis Control Tool (ADCT©) using a longitudinal survey of biologic-treated patients with atopic dermatitis vol.19, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12895-019-0095-3
  177. Dupilumab for atopic dermatitis: evidence to date vol.154, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.23736/s0392-0488.19.06417-4
  178. A Commercially Available Skin Care Lotion with a pH of 4.5 and 10% Urea Improves Skin Surface pH, Stratum Corneum Hydration and Epidermal Barrier Function in Subjects with Dry Skin and Atopic Diathesi vol.10, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4236/jcdsa.2020.103014
  179. Phase 1 study of crisaborole in Japanese healthy volunteers and patients with atopic dermatitis vol.47, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15123
  180. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: A new way to decipher host‐microbiota communications in inflammatory dermatoses vol.29, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14050
  181. Effect of Hataedock Treatment on Epidermal Structure Maintenance through Intervention in the Endocannabinoid System vol.2020, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3605153
  182. Improved Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Liposomal Astaxanthin on a Phthalic Anhydride-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Model vol.11, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.565285
  183. Evaluation of responsiveness and estimation of smallest detectable change and minimal important change scores for the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale vol.182, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18204
  184. Epidemiology of major chronic inflammatory immune-related skin diseases in 2019 vol.16, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666x.2020.1719833
  185. Inhibitory Effect of Centella asiatica Extract on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in HaCaT Cells and BALB/c Mice vol.12, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020411
  186. 아토피피부염 및 건선 환자 증례를 통한 상한론 백호탕 조문의 '면구(面垢)'에 대한 새로운 해석 vol.34, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.15188/kjopp.2020.02.34.1.45
  187. Development of a new eczema‐like reconstructed skin equivalent for testing child atopic dermatitis–relieving cosmetics vol.19, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13069
  188. Evaluating patient-perceived control of atopic dermatitis: design, validation, and scoring of the Atopic Dermatitis Control Tool (ADCT) vol.36, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2019.1699516
  189. Handheld confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) for objective assessment of skin barrier function and stratification of severity in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients vol.98, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.02.001
  190. Ferulic acid alleviates atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice via its potent anti-inflammatory effect vol.42, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2020.1733012
  191. Lipid depletion enables permeation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria through human stratum corneum vol.8, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2020.1754706
  192. Higher self‐reported severity of atopic dermatitis in adults is associated with poorer self‐reported health‐related quality of life in France, Germany, the U.K. and the U.S.A. vol.182, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18451
  193. Efficacy of biologics in atopic dermatitis vol.20, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2020.1722998
  194. Effect of Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture on Inflammation in Mouse Model of Induced Atopic Dermatitis vol.37, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.13045/jar.2020.00122
  195. German S1 guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of perianal dermatitis (anal eczema) vol.18, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14125
  196. S1‐Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie des Analekzems vol.18, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14125_g
  197. Itch regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mice and humans vol.108, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/jlb.3mir0320-272r
  198. Transcriptomes from German shepherd dogs reveal differences in immune activity between atopic dermatitis affected and control skin vol.72, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-020-01169-3
  199. ‘Barrier dysfunction in Atopic newBorns studY’ (BABY): protocol of a Danish prospective birth cohort study vol.10, pp.7, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033801
  200. 도인(桃仁)의 아토피 피부염 모델 피부조직 및 혈청 내 염증매개물질 조절 효과 vol.35, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.6116/kjh.2020.35.4.51.
  201. Crisaborole Ointment, 2%, for Treatment of Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis: Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis vol.10, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-020-00389-5
  202. New and Emerging Biologics for Atopic Dermatitis vol.21, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-020-00515-1
  203. Development of a validated short‐form of the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale, the CADIS‐SF15 vol.34, pp.8, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16362
  204. Protective Effect of Glycomacropeptide on the Atopic Dermatitis-Like Dysfunctional Skin Barrier in Rats vol.23, pp.11, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.0247
  205. Bioengineered Skin Intended as In Vitro Model for Pharmacosmetics, Skin Disease Study and Environmental Skin Impact Analysis vol.8, pp.11, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8110464
  206. Lactobacillus paracasei KBL382 administration attenuates atopic dermatitis by modulating immune response and gut microbiota vol.12, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1819156
  207. Investigating causal relationships between Body Mass Index and risk of atopic dermatitis: a Mendelian randomization analysis vol.10, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72301-2
  208. Dietary prebiotics promote intestinal Prevotella in association with a low-responding phenotype in a murine oxazolone-induced model of atopic dermatitis vol.10, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78404-0
  209. The Effectiveness of Lumbricus rubellus Extract Toward Interleukin-10 and Immunoglobulin E and Atopic Dermatitis Scoring Index (SCORAD) vol.9, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7196
  210. Staphylococcus aureus binds to the N-terminal region of corneodesmosin to adhere to the stratum corneum in atopic dermatitis vol.118, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014444118
  211. Current Developments of Clinical Sequencing and the Clinical Utility of Polygenic Risk Scores in Inflammatory Diseases vol.11, pp.None, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.577677
  212. Persistence of mature dendritic cells, TH2A, and Tc2 cells characterize clinically resolved atopic dermatitis under IL-4Rα blockade vol.6, pp.55, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abe2749
  213. Early transcriptional changes after UVB treatment in atopic dermatitis include inverse regulation of IL‐36γ and IL‐37 vol.30, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14217
  214. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Children with Severe Atopic Dermatitis vol.10, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061157
  215. Disease severity and trigger factors in Danish children with atopic dermatitis: a nationwide study vol.35, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17007
  216. Contribution of Antigen-Processing Machinery Genetic Polymorphisms to Atopic Dermatitis vol.11, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/life11040333
  217. Improvement of clinical and immunological parameters after allergen‐specific immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis vol.35, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17018
  218. Young adults’ perceptions of living with atopic dermatitis in relation to the concept of self-management: a qualitative study vol.11, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044777
  219. Modulation of Gene Expression in a Sterile Atopic Dermatitis Model and Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Adhesion by Fucoidan vol.8, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology8020012
  220. pH and Proton Sensor GPR65 Determine Susceptibility to Atopic Dermatitis vol.207, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2001363
  221. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human dental follicle modulate the aberrant immune response in atopic dermatitis vol.13, pp.10, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2217/imt-2020-0257
  222. Gomisin M2 Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Lesions via Inhibition of STAT1 and NF-κB Activation in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene/Dermatophagoides farinae Extract-Induced BALB/c Mice vol.26, pp.15, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154409
  223. Surgical Wound Complications after Knee Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis vol.34, pp.11, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702186
  224. The Keratinocyte as a Crucial Cell in the Predisposition, Onset, Progression, Therapy and Study of the Atopic Dermatitis vol.22, pp.19, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910661
  225. Chronic Diseases Associated with Malassezia Yeast vol.7, pp.10, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100855
  226. Base and Covariate Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Dupilumab in Adolescents and Children ≥6 to <12 Years of Age Using Phase 3 Data vol.10, pp.11, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.986
  227. A 52 weeks dupilumab treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in Korea: long-term efficacy and safety in real world vol.11, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02950-4
  228. The effectiveness of antibacterial therapeutic clothing based on silver or chitosan as compared with non-antibacterial therapeutic clothing in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (ABC t vol.22, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05836-y
  229. Shifts in the Skin Microbiota after UVB Treatment in Adult Atopic Dermatitis vol.238, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1159/000515236