DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of a 6-month Low Sodium Diet on the Salt Taste Perception and Pleasantness, Blood Pressure and the Urinary Sodium Excretion in Female College Students

6개월간의 저염식이 여자 대학생의 짠맛에 대한 인지와 기호, 혈압 및 뇨 나트륨 배설량에 미친 영향

  • Received : 2010.07.27
  • Accepted : 2010.09.06
  • Published : 2010.10.31

Abstract

The study aim was to examine the effect of sensory responses of subjects after 6-month dietary sodium reduction with the aid of nutritional education. Fourteen female college students voluntarily restricted their sodium intake for 6 months, during which time they received nutritional education on the low sodium diet. As a control group, 10 students, whose anthropometric measurement, sodium intake behavior, and blood pressure were not different from those of the experimental group, were maintained on a normal diet. For the sensory responses of subjects, the salt taste perception and pleasantness for graded (0.15-1.3%) NaCl solutions were measured by a 9-point hedonic scale. The optimum sodium concentration, urinary sodium excretion, and blood pressure were measured. All the measurements were done at the beginning and end of the experiment. The sensory evaluation revealed an absence of any difference between the two groups in salt taste perception and pleasantness responses at the beginning. After 6-month adaptation, the experimental group subjects showed higher responses to low NaCl solution (0.15, 0.3, 0.5%) in salt taste perception and pleasantness evaluation while the control group subjects exhibited the opposite response. The optimum sodium concentration was reduced from 105.6 mmol to 80.7 mmol (p = 0.015) and the urinary sodium excretion was also reduced from 1,398 mg to 906 mg (p = 0.041) only in the experimental group. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced in the experimental group, although there was no correlation between the urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure. The optimum sodium concentration was negatively correlated with the urinary sodium excretion (r = 0.418, p = 0.053), indicating that adaptation to low sodium diet can reduce sodium intake. Further study on the individual responses of subjects on a low sodium diet by periodical evaluation may provide useful data for setting the duration needed to stabilize a lowered appetite for sodium.

본 연구는 여자대학생을 대상으로 장기간의 자율적 저염식 실시가 짠 맛에 대한 인지와 기호에 영향을 미쳐 나트륨 섭취나 혈압에 변화를 가져 올 수 있는지를 조사하고자 실시되었다. 14명의 실험군 대상자들은 나트륨 관련 영양교육과 정보를 제공받아 저염식을 하도록 지시 받았고 10명의 대상자는 평상시의 식생활을 유지하도록 하였다. 짠 맛의 인지와 기호는 9점 척도의 관능검사로 평가하였고 뇨 나트륨 배설량과 최적 염미 나트륨 정량 분석하였으며 혈압을 측정하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 아래와 같다. 1) 연구 시작시의 실험군과 대조군은 나트륨 관련 식행동, 신체 계측치, 혈압, 24시간 회상법에 의한 나트륨 섭취량, 6단계의 염분용액에 대한 짠 맛 인지나 기호에서 차이가 없었다. 2) 6개월의 저염식 실시 후 실험군 대상자들은 0.5% 이하 염분 용액에서 짠 맛 인지도가 높아졌고 대조군은 낮아져 저염식 실시로 낮은 농도의 염분에 적응한 듯하나 연구시작과 종료시의 paired t-test에서 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 기호도는 시작 시에는 두 군 모두 0.5% 염분 용액을 가장 선호했고 연구 종료시 대조군은 0.75%와 0.5% 염분 용액에 비슷한 기호도를 보인 반면 실험군은 0.5%, 그 다음으로 0.3% 용액에 높은 기호도를 보였으나 그 변화가 유의적 수준은 아니었다. 3) 최적 염미 나트륨 농도는 실험군에서 105.6 mmol에서 저염식 적응 후 80.7 mmol로 유의적 (p = 0.015) 감소를 보였고 대조군은 변화가 없었다. 뇨 나트륨 배설량은 대조군은 연구 시작과 종료시 차이가 없었고 실험군은 연구 종료시 1,398 mg에서 906 mg으로 유의적 감소를 하였다. 4) 수축기 혈압은 실험군 대상자에서 111 mmHg에서 106 mmHg로 유의적으로 감소하였고 이완기 혈압은 대조군, 실험군 모두에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈압과 뇨 나트륨 배설량은 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 5) 최적 염미 나트륨 농도와 뇨 나트륨 배설량은 양의 상관관계 (r = 0.418)을 보여 짠맛에 대한 기호가 나트륨 섭취량에 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다. 최적 염미 나트륨 농도와 뇨 나트륨 배설량은 0.5% 이하의 낮은 염분 용액에 대한 짠 맛의 인지와는 음의 상관관계 (r = -0.338~-0.399)를 보여 저염식을 하는 대상자는 낮은 염도에도 잘 반응함을 보여 주었다. 본 연구의 대상자들은 6개월 간의 실험 경과 후 최적 염미도와 뇨 중 나트륨 배설량에서는 대조군과 실험군의 차이가 분명하였고 관능검사 결과는 0.5% 이하의 저염 농도에 실험군 대상자들이 짠 맛 인지와 기호도가 유의적이지는 않으나 향상하였다. 혈압은 수축기 혈압이 실험군에서만 유의적으로 감소하여 전반적으로 6개월 간의 저염식 적응이 유효한 듯하다. 그러나 본 연구결과만으로는 저염식에 적응해 가는 변화과정을 알 수 없고 분석 자료의 표준편차로 보아 개인차 커 일부 비적응자가 있었음을 알 수 있다. 앞으로 저염 적응 기간 중 개인별 반응과 함께 여러 시점에서의 관찰이 필요하다고 본다.

Keywords

References

  1. Vander AJ, Sheman JH, Luciano DS. Human Physiology 5th ed, New York: Mcgraw Hill Publishing Co. ; 1990. p.471-512
  2. Dahl LK. Salt intake and salt need. N Eng J Med 1958; 258: 1152-1156 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM195806052582305
  3. Holbrook JT, Patterson KY, Bodner JE, Douglas LW, Veillon C, Kelsay JL, Smith JC. Sodium and potassium intake and balance in adults consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 44: 786-793
  4. Pietinen P. Estimating sodium intake from food consumption data. Ann Nutr Metab 1982; 26: 90-99 https://doi.org/10.1159/000176550
  5. He J, Gu D, Chen J, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Hixson JE, Chen JC, Duan X, Huang JF, Chen CS, Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Whelton PK. Gender difference in blood pressure responses to dietary sodium intervention in the GenSalt study. J Hypertens 2009; 27(1): 48-54 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328316bb87
  6. de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Harmful effects of dietary salt in addition to hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16(4): 213-223 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001374
  7. Sanders PW. Dietary salt intake, salt sensitivity, and cardiovascular health. Hypertension 2009; 53(3): 442-445 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.120303
  8. Chang SO. A study on the perception, use, and demand of housewife- consumers for nutrition label. Korean J Nutr 2000; 33(7): 763-773
  9. Chang SO. The amount of sodium in the processed foods, the use of sodium information on the nutrition lable and acceptance of sodium reduced ramen in the female college students. Korean J Nutr 2006; 39(6): 585-591
  10. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Korean. Seoul; 2005
  11. Institute of Medicine. Strategies to reduce sodium intake in the United States www.iom.edu/sodiumstrategies; 2010. April
  12. Chung HR. Policy approaches to reduce sodium intake in the public. Conference for Strategy Development of Optimal Salt Intake for Korean ; 2002. p.48-55
  13. Domingo KB, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, Moran A, Lightwood JM, Pletcher MJ, Goldman L. Projected effect of dietary salt reduction on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (7): 590-599 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907355
  14. Kim YS, Paik HY. Measurement of Na intake in Korean Adult Female. Korean J Nutr 1987; 20(5): 341-349
  15. Contreras RJ, Ftank M. Sodium deprivation alters neural responses to gustatoy stimuli. J Gen Physiol 1979; 73: 569-594 https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.73.5.569
  16. Bertino M, Beauchamp GK, Engelman K. Long-term reduction in dietary sodium alters the taste of salt. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36(6): 1134-1144
  17. Pangborn RM, Pecore SD. Taste perception of sodium chloride in relation to dietary intake of salt. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35(3): 510-520
  18. Blais CA, Pangborn RM, Borhani NO, Ferrel MF, Prineas RJ, Laing B. Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste responses to sodium chloride, a longitudinal study. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44: 232-243
  19. Bertino M, Beauchamp GK, Riskey DR, Engelman K. Taste perception in three individuals on a low sodium diet. Appetite 1981; 2: 62-73
  20. Kwak EH, Lee SL, Lee HS, Kwun IS. Relation dietary and urinary Na, K, Ca, to blood pressure in elderly people in rural area. Korean J Nutr 2003; 36(1): 73-82
  21. Son SM, Huh GY, Lee HS. Development and evaluation of validity of dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) and short DFQ using Na index for estimation of habitual sodium intake. Korean J Community Nutr 2005; 10(5): 677-692
  22. Kim JY, Kang YR, Lee MY, Paik HY. Sodium intake and preference for salty taste in elementary school children residing in rural and urban areas of Korea. Korean J Nutr 1990; 23(4): 248-256
  23. Kim KS, Paik HY. A Comparative study on optimum gustation of salt and sodium intake in young and middle-aged korean women. Korean J Nutr 1992; 25(1): 32-41
  24. Choi BS, Kim EJ, Park YS. Study on sodium intake and preference for salty taste in college women. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 1997; 26(1): 154-160
  25. Lim HJ. A study on the food intake, sodium and potassium intakes and urinary excreation of preschool children in Pusan. Korean J Nutr 2000; 33(6): 647-659
  26. Yoon YO, Kim ES, Ro HK. Sodium intakes of some industrial workers. Korean J Nutr 1990; 23(1): 37-43
  27. Kim EY. Anthropometry, blood pressure, salt threshold and salt preference of children of orphan in Seoul and Kangnung. Korean J Nutr 1994; 27(2): 181-191
  28. Son SM, Park YS, Lim WJ, Kim SB, Jeong YS. Sodium intakes of korean adults with 24-hour urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire and comparison of sodium intakes according to the regional areas and dish group. Korean J Community Nutr 2007; 12(5): 545-558
  29. Park YS, Son, SM, Lim WJ, Kim SB, Jeong YS. Comparison of dietary behavior related to sodium intake by gender and age. Korean J Community Nutr 2008; 13(1): 1-12
  30. Ahn EJ, Noh HY, Chung J Paik HY. The effect of zinc status on salty taste acuity, salty taste preference, sodium intakeand blood pressure in korean young adults. Korean J Nutr 2010; 43(2): 132-140 https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.2.132
  31. Cho YY. Practice guidline for reducing salt intake. Conference for Strategy Development of Optimal Salt Intake for Korean; 2002. p.31-41
  32. Lee HS, Lee KS. Measurement and evaluation of optimum salt concentration in usual dishes for the menu suggestion. Korean J Food Cookery Sci 1996; 12(3): 305-311
  33. Koo NS. Sensory evaluation. Seoul: Kyomunsa; 2006
  34. Lee JY. A study of salt consumption and related factors among adult females. Korean J Food Nutr 2001; 14(5): 430-440
  35. Yamamoto ME, Caggiula AW, Olson MB, Keisey SF, McDonald RH. Application of overnight urine collection and food records for monitoring the sodium and potassium intakes of group and individuals. Am J Diet Assoc 1994; 94: 897-899 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8223(94)92373-6
  36. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV); 2008
  37. Gillum FR, Prineas RJ, Anderson P, Kebede J. Lack of response of salt taste threshold and preference to dietary restriction in mild hypertension. Am Heart J 1981; 102; 138(letter)
  38. Graudal NA, Galloe AM, Garred P. Effects of sodium restriction on blood pressure, renin, aldosteron, catecholamines, cholesterol and trigliceride: a meta analysis. JAMA 1998; 279(17): 1383-1391 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.17.1383
  39. Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ. By how much dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? III. Analysis data from trials of salt reduction. Br Med J 1991; 302(6187): 819-824
  40. Park JA, Yoon JS. The relationship of renin activity, homonal Na, Ca and habitual Na, Ca intake in hypertension. Korean J Nutr 1999; 32(6): 671-680
  41. He J, Gu D, Chen J, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Hixson JE, Chen JC, Duan X, Huang JF, Chen CS, Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Whelton PK; GenSalt Collaborative Research Group. Gender difference in blood pressure responses to dietary sodium intervention in the GenSalt study. J Hypertens 2009; 27(1): 48-54 https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328316bb87
  42. Norat T, Borman R, Luben R, Welch A, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S. Blood pressure and interactions between the angiotension polymorphism AGT M235T and sodium intake: a crosssectional population study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 392-397

Cited by

  1. A Comparison of Salty Taste Assessments and Dietary Attitudes and Dietary Behaviors Associated with High-Salt Diets in Four Regions in Korea vol.17, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.38
  2. Study on Dietary habits and Body Composition in University Students According to Salty Taste Preference vol.27, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2012.27.6.659
  3. Comparison of Salty Taste Assessment and High-Salt Dietary Behaviors among University Students and Chinese Students in Daegu, South Korea and University Students in Shenyang, China vol.18, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.6.555
  4. Analysis of presumed sodium intake of office workers using 24-hour urine analysis and correlation matrix between variables vol.46, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2013.46.1.26
  5. The Relationship between Dietary Behaviors/health Risk Factors and Preference for Salty Taste among Korean Elderly People Living in Rural Areas vol.19, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.5.448
  6. Salt-related Dietary Behaviors of University Students in Gyeongbuk Area vol.43, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.7.1122
  7. Comparison of sodium content of workplace and homemade meals through chemical analysis and salinity measurements vol.8, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2014.8.5.558
  8. A Comparison of Salty Taste Assessment, Dietary Attitude and Dietary Behavior among Adult and Senior Women by Region and by Age in Korea vol.20, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.109
  9. Differences in Sodium-Intake Related Dietary Behaviors and Correlation Analysis According to Salty Taste Preference of University Students in Busan Area vol.31, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2015.31.4.477
  10. Consumers’ Valuation for a Reduced Salt Product: A Nonhypothetical Choice Experiment vol.63, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12081
  11. Use of Consumer Acceptability as a Tool to Determine the Level of Sodium Reduction: A Case Study on Beef Soup Substituted With Potassium Chloride and Soy-Sauce Odor vol.80, pp.11, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13098
  12. Salt Preference and Sodium Intake among Pregnant Women vol.22, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2016.22.4.297
  13. Study on the Salt and Sodium Content of Middle School Lunch Meals in Gyeongsangbuk-do Area - Focus on Application of 'SamSam Foodservice' - vol.45, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.5.757
  14. Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake vol.48, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.429
  15. 흡연 및 음주행태와 저염식생활 실천과의 관련성: 2008년 지역사회건강조사 자료를 이용하여 vol.19, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.14373/jkda.2013.19.3.223
  16. 대구, 마산, 광주, 제주지역 학교급식의 나트륨 및 칼륨 함량 분석 vol.42, pp.8, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.8.1303
  17. 한국 성인들의 24시간 소변 분석법에 근거한 고나트륨군의 혈압과 고나트륨 섭취관련 위험인자에 관한 연구 vol.19, pp.6, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.6.537
  18. Healthy eating exploratory program for the elderly: Low salt intake in congregate meal service vol.20, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0622-9
  19. 어촌지역 중학생들의 비만, 짠맛의 역치, 최적염미도와 혈압과의 관련성 vol.30, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2017.30.2.257
  20. 가공식품의 나트륨함량표시 개선을 위한 소비자 인식도 조사 vol.32, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.7318/kjfc/2017.32.3.244