Journal of Conservation Science (보존과학회지)

The Korean Society Of Conservation Science For Cultural Heritage (한국문화재보존과학회)
권호 표지

The Distribution of Aerial Algae and the Assessment of Biological Pollution Class at 8 Stone Cultural Heritages in Korea

국내 8기 석조문화재의 기중조류 분포 및 생물오염도 평가

  • Kim, Yong-Jin (Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University) ;
  • Kim, Ok-Jin (Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University) ;
  • Lee, Ok-Min (Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University)
  • Received : 2010.06.23
  • Accepted : 2010.08.19
  • Published : 2010.09.20
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To evaluate the biological pollution class, Chl-a concentration and color were examined in 8 stone cultural heritages of Korea from April to June 2007. In the case of Chl-a, it had the range of 16.2 to $136.6{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$, and for the range of the colors, it came out from green to black. As the result of the evaluation, the Three storied stone pagoda in Mulgeol-ri and the Three storied stone pagoda in Suta Temple both showed class 3 and the other 6 stone cultural heritages showed the classes above 4, proving severe biological pollution. The total of 32 aerial algae taxa were found in 8 stone cultural heritages. Out of the 32 taxa, 16 taxa were found in Cyanophyceae, 13 taxa in Chlorophyceae, and 3 taxa in Bacillariophyceae. The correlation coefficient showed 0.43, as a result of the correlation analysis between Chl-a and the biological pollution class. Two among all the aerial algae taxa, Trebouxia sp, and Chroococcus bituminosus, showed high correlation coefficients of 0.89 and 0.65 with Chl-a, in the correlation analysis. High correlation coefficients from 0.54 to 0.65 were shown in a correlation analysis between the biological pollution class and the aerial algae taxa, which are Chroococcus bituminosus, Aphanocapsa grevillei, Xenococcus acervatus, Chlorella vulgaris, and Synechocystis pevalekii.

본 연구는 2007년 4월에서 6월까지 국내 8기의 석조문화재를 대상으로 환경요인과 엽록소 a 및 색에 따른 생물오염 등급을 평가하였다. 엽록소 a 의 경우 $16.2{\sim}136.6{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$의 농도를 나타냈으며, 색은 녹색에서 검정색의 범위로 나타났다. 생물오염등급 평가 결과 물걸리삼층석탑과 수타사삼층석탑은 3등급을 나타냈고, 괘석리사사자석탑 및 5개의 문화재는 4등급 이상을 나타냄으로써 생물오염이 심각한 것으로 나타났다. 기중조류는 총 32분류군이 출현하였으며, 이 중 남조강은 16분류군이고, 녹조강은 13분류군이며 규조강은 3분류군으로 나타났다. 엽록소 a와 생물오염등급 간의 상관 분석 결과, 상관계수는 0.43을 나타냈다. 엽록소 a와 출현종 간의 상관분석에서 Trebouxia sp.와 Chroococcus bituminosus는 상관계수 0.89와 0.65로써 높은 상관성을 나타냈다. 생물오염등급과 출현종의 경우에는 Chroococcus bituminosus, Aphanocapsa grevillei, Xenococcus acervatus, Chlorella vulgaris 및 Synechocystis pevalekii 등이 상관계수 0.54~0.65의 범위로 높은 상관성을 나타냈다.

Keywords

References

  1. 정준, "한국담수조류도감 ". 아카데미출판사, 서울, 496pp, (1993).
  2. Sze, P., "A biology of the Algae". 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 288pp, (1997).
  3. Warscheid, T. and Braams, J., "Biodeterioration of stone: a review". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46, p343-368, (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00109-8
  4. Jain, K.K., Mishra, A.K. and Singh, T., "Biodeterioration of stone: A review of mechanisms involved". In: Garg, K.L., Garg N. and Mukerji, K.G.(Eds.), Recent Advances in Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 1, p323-354, (1993).
  5. Ortega-Clavo, J.J., Hernandez-Marine, M. and Saiz- Jimenez, C., "Experimental strategies for Investigating Algal Deterioration of Stone". In: Podrigues J., Henriques F. and Jeremias F.(Eds.), Proceedings of th 7th international congress on Deterioration and Conservation of stone, Lisbon, Portugal, p541-549, (1992).
  6. Gaylarde, C.C and Gaylarde, P.M., "A comparative study of the major microbial biomass of biofilms on exteriors of building in Europe and Latin America". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 55, p131-139, (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.10.001
  7. Tian, Y., Zhang, J., Song, L. and Bao, H., "A study on aerial algae communities on the surface of carbonate rock of the yunnan stone forest". Carsologica sinica, 22, p203-211, (2003).
  8. Sarro, M.I., Garcia, A.M., Rivalta, V.M., Mereno, D.A. and Arroyo, I., "Biodeterioration of the Lions Fountain at the Alhambra Lalace, Granada(Spain)", Build. Environ". Build. Environ, 41, p1811-1820, (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.029
  9. Zurita, Y.P., Cultrone, G., Castillo, P.S., Sebastián, E. and Bolivar, F.C., "Microalgae associated with deteriorated stonework of the fountain of Bibatauín in Granada, Spain". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 55, p55-61, (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.05.006
  10. Crispim, C.A., Gaylarde, C.C and Gaylarde, P.M., "Biofilms on church walls in Proto Alegre, RS, Brazil, with special attention to cyanobacteria". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 54, p121-124, (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.03.001
  11. Lamenti, G., Tiano, P. and Tomaselli, L., "Biodeterioration of ornamental marble statues in th Boboli Gardens (Florence, Italy)". J. phycol., 12, p427-433, (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008135501265
  12. Cezar, A.C., Peter, M.G., Christine, C.G., Brett, A.N., "Deteriogenic cyanobacteria on historic buildings in Brazil detected by culture and molecular techniques". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 57, p239-243, (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.03.001
  13. Neilan, B.A., Jacobs, D., Del, D. T., Blackall, L.L., Hawkins, P.R., Cox, P.T. and Goodman, A.E., "rRNA Sequences and Evolutionary Relationships among Toxic and Nontoxic Cyanobacteria of the Genus Microcystis", J. Bacteriol., 47, p693-697, (1997). https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-47-3-693
  14. Miller, A.Z., Laiz, L., Gonzalez, J.M., Dionísio, A., Macedo, M.F., Saiz-Jimenez, C., "Reproducing stone monument photosynthetic-based colonization under laboratory conditions". Sci. Total Environ., 405, p278-285, (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.066
  15. Kim, G.H., Klotchkova, T.A. and Suh, M.C., "The effect of chemical treatments on biodeterioration of stone cultural properties, Kor. J. Environ. Biol, 19, p101-105, (2001).
  16. Klotchkova, T.A and Kim, G.H., "Ornamented resting spores of a green alga, Chlorella sp., collected from the stone standing buddha statue ar Jungwon Miruksazi in Korea". Algae, 20, p295-298, (2005). https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2005.20.4.295
  17. Klotchkova, T.A., Cho, G.Y., Pueschel, C.M., West, J.A. and Kim, G.H., "Biology of a terrestrial green alga Chlorococcum sp. (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyta) collected from the Miruksazi stupa in Korea". Phycologia, 45, p349-358, (2006). https://doi.org/10.2216/04-58.1
  18. 임안숙, 이옥민, "국내 5기의 석조문화재에 분포하는 기중 조류와 생물학적 등급에 관한 연구". Algae, 23, p63-69, (2008a). https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2008.23.1.063
  19. 임안숙, 이옥민, "경기도내 5기 석조문화재의 기중조류의 분포와 조류 서식 등급". Algae, 23, p269-276, (2008b). https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2008.23.4.269
  20. Prieto, B., Silva, B. and Lantes, O., "Biofilm quantification on stone surfaces: comparison of various methods". Sci. Total Environ., 333, p1-7, (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.003
  21. Schumann, R., Haubner, N. Klausch, S. and Karsten, U., "Chlorophyll extraction methods for the quantification of green microalgae colonizing building facades". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 55, p213-222, (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.12.002
  22. Eggert, A. Haubner, N., Klausch, S. Karsten, U. and Schumann, R., "Quantification of algal biofilms colonising building materials: chlorophyll a measured by PAMfluorometry as a biomass parameter". Biofouling, 22, p79-90, (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010600579090
  23. Prieto, B., Rivas, T. and Silva, B., "Rapid Quantification of Phototrophic Microorganisms and their Physiological state through their colour". Biofouling, 18, p229-236, (2002). https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010290014908
  24. Kiel, G. and Gaylarde, C.C., "Bacterial diversity in biofilms on external surfaces of historic building in Porto Alegre". World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 22, p293-297, (2005).
  25. Jeffrey, S.W. and Humphrey, G.F., "New spectrophotometric equations for determing chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton". Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzn, 167, p191-194, (1975).
  26. Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S. and Eaton, A.N., "Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater", 21st. ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., USA, (2000).
  27. Donner, A., Minden, V., Rickler, M., Rasch, B., "Evaluation of algae infestation on building facades using a quantitative chlorophyll a method". Qualitat/Baisaniering Schriftenreige, 13, p89-95, (2002).
  28. Hirose, H.M., Akiyama, T., Imahori, H., Kasaki, H., Kumano, S., Kobatasi, H., Takahashi, E., Tsumura, T., Hirano, M. and Yamagishi, T., "Illustrations of the Japanese freshwater algae". Uchidarokakugo publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. 933pp, (1977).
  29. John, D.M., Whitton, B.A. and Brook, A.J., "The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British lsles". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 702pp, (2002).
  30. Barberousse, H., Lombardo, R.J., Tell, G. and Coute, A., "Factors involved in the colonization of building facades by algae and cyanobacteria in France". Biofouling, 22, p69-77, (2006a). https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010600564712
  31. 국립문화재연구소, "석조문화재 손상메커니즘 및 평가기술 개발 ". 연구보고서, 695pp, (2007).
  32. Tomasellie, L., Lamenti, G., Bosco, M. and Tiano, P., "Biodiversity of photosynthetic micro-organisms dwelling on stone monuments". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 46, p251-258, (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00078-0
  33. Barberousse, H., Tell, G., Yepremian, C. and Coute, A., "Diversity of algae and cyanobacteria growing on building facades in France". Algolofical Studies, 120, p81-105, (2006b). https://doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2006/0120-0081
  34. Bordo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S., "Lichens of North America". Yale University Press, New Heaven, USA, 828pp, (2001).
  35. Descy, J.P., "New Approach to Water Quality Estimation Using Diatoms". Nova Hedwigia. Beih., 64, p305-323, (1979).
  36. Watanabe, T., Asai, K., and Houki, A., "Numerical simulation of organic pollution in flowing waters". Hazardous Waste Containment and Treatment, 4, p251-281, (1990).
  37. Kelly, M.G. and Whitton, B.A., "The trophic Diatom Index: a new index for monitoring eutrophication in rivers". J. Appl. Phycol., 7, p434-444, (1995).
  38. 김경아, 김예진, 송미정, 지기원, 유평종, 김창원, "다변량 통계분석을 이용한 낙동강 상수원수의 수질변화 특성조사". 한국물환경학회지, 23, p814-821, (2007).