The Study on the Independent Predictive Factor of Restenosis after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention used Drug-Eluting Stent : Case on MDCT Calcium-Scoring Implementation Patient

약물용출 스텐트를 이용한 관상동맥중재술 후 재협착의 독립적 예측인자에 관한 연구 : MDCT calcium-scoring 시행 환자 대상으로

  • 김인수 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 한재복 (동신대학교 방사선학과) ;
  • 장성주 (동신대학교 방사선학과) ;
  • 장영일 (광양보건대학 방사선과)
  • Received : 2010.01.31
  • Accepted : 2010.03.02
  • Published : 2010.03.31

Abstract

We sought to confirm an independent factor about in-stent restenosis (ISR) in the patients who underwent drug-eluting stent (DES) and know a possibility as a predictor of measured coronary artery calcium score by MDCT. A total of 178 patients (159 men, $61.7{\pm}10.0$ years of age) with 190 coronary artery lesions were included in this study out of 1,131 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with DES implantation for significant stenosis on MDCT at Chonnam National University Hospital between May 2006 and May 2009. All lesions were divided into two groups with the presence of ISR : group I (re ISR, N = 57) and group II (no ISR, N = 133). Compared to group II, group I was more likely to be older ($65.8{\pm}9.0$ vs. $60.2{\pm}9.9$ years, p = 0.0001), diabetic (21.8% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.0001), have old myocardial infarction (8.8% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.040), left main stem disease (5.3% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.047), and smaller stent size ($3.1{\pm}0.3\;mm$ vs. $3.3{\pm}0.4\;mm$, p = 0.004). Group II was more likely to be smokers (19.3% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.003), have dyslipidemia (8.8% vs. 23.3%, p = 0.019). Left ventricular ejection fraction, lesion complexity, and stent length were not different between the two groups. Total CAC score was $389.3{\pm}458.3$ in group I and $371.2{\pm}500.8$ in group II (p = 0.185). No statistical difference was observed between the groups in CAC score in the culprit vessel, left main stem, left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery, and right coronary artery. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, left main stem disease (OR = 168.0, 95% CI = 7.83-3,604.3, p = 0.001), male sex (OR = 36.5, 95% CI = 5.89-2,226.9, p = 0.0001), and the presence of diabetes (OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.071-6.450, p = 0.035) were independent predictors of ISR after DES implantation. In patients who underwent DES implantation for significant coronary stenosis on MDCT, ISR was associated with left main stem disease, male sex, and the presence of diabetes. However, CAC score by MDCT was not a predictor of ISR in this study population.

본 연구에서는 약물용출성 스텐트 삽입 후 재협착에 관한 독립적 인자를 확인하고 MDCT로 측정된 calcium score가 재협착 발생의 예측인자로써 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 2006년 5월부터 2009년 5월까지 전남대학교병원에서 MDCT상 관상동맥 협착이 발견되어 약물 용출 스텐트를 삽입 받은 환자 1,131명 중 추적검사로 관상동맥조영술을 시행되었던 178명(남자 159명, 여자 19명, 평균 연령 61.7, 연령분포 51~71세), 190개소 병변을 대상으로 하였으며 재협착 여부에 따라 두 군(비협착군 133병변, 재협착군 57병변)으로 나누어 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 임상진단명은 진구성 심근경색이 비협착군 3예(2.3%), 재협착군 5예(8.8%)로 유의한 차이가 있었으며(p = 0.040), 급성 심근경색증, 불안정 협심증, 안정 협심증의 유병률은 차이가 없었다. 관상동맥 조영술 소견에서 병변 혈관의 위치는 재협착군에서 좌주간지 병변이 더 많았다(0.8% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.047). 스텐트 직경은 재협착군에서 유의하게 작았으며($3.3{\pm}0.4\;mm$ vs. $3.1{\pm}0.3\;mm$, p = 0.004), 스텐트 길이는 양군 간에 차이가 없었다. 관상동맥 조영술 상 혈관의 초기 협착 정도는 재협착군에서 더 심했으며($86.1{\pm}11.4%$ vs. $91.5{\pm}9.2%$, p = 0.001), 복잡 병변(B2/C형)은 양 군간에 차이가 없었다. 연령은 재협착군에서 더 높았고($60.2{\pm}9.9$세 vs. $65.8{\pm}9.0$세, p = 0.0001), 흡연력과 고지혈증은 비협착군에서(42.1% vs. 19.3%, p = 0.003, 23.3% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.019), 그리고 당뇨병은 재협착군에서 많았다(21.8% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.0001). 심초음파로 측정한 좌심실 구혈률은 양 군 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 전체 MDCT coronary artery calcium scoring는 비협착군 $371.2{\pm}500.8$, 재협착군 $389.3{\pm}458.3$로 차이가 없었고, 목표혈관과 좌주간지, 좌전하행지, 좌회선지 및 우관상동맥 각각의 calcium score 역시 양군 간 차이가 없었다. 다 변량 로지스틱 회귀분석에서 좌주간지 병변(OR = 168.0, 95% CI = 7.83-3,604.3, p = 0.001), 남성(OR = 36.5, 95% CI = 5.89-2,226.9, p = 0.0001), 당뇨병의 존재(OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.071~6.450, p = 0.035)가 약물용출성 스텐트 삽입 후 재협착 발생에 대한 독립적인 예측인자이었다. 따라서 관상동맥 협착에 대해 약물용출 스텐트를 삽입 받은 환자에서 스텐트 내 재협착의 발생은 좌주간지 병변, 남성, 당뇨병의 존재와 관련이 있었으나, MDCT로 측정된 calcium score는 재협착 발생에 대한 독립적인 예측인자로써 기능은 없었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Locker T, Schwartz R, Gotta C, Hickman J : Fluoroscopic coronary calcification and associated coronary disease ; a meta-analytic review. Am Heart J, 120, 1179, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(90)90134-J
  2. Rumberger JA, Sompns DB, Fitzpatrick LA : Coronary artery calcium are as by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation, 92, 2157, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.8.2157
  3. Cassidy AE, Bielak LF, Zhou Y, et al. : Progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis : does obesity make a difference. Circulation, 111, 1877-1882, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000161820.40494.5D
  4. Mautner SL, Mautner GC, Froehlich J, et al. : Coronary artery disease : prediction with in vitro electron beam CT. Radiology, 192, 625-630, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.192.3.8058925
  5. Frink RJ, Achor RW, Brown AL Jr, Kincaid OW, Brandenburg RO : Significance of calcification of the coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol, 26, 241-247, 1970 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(70)90790-3
  6. McCarthy JH, Palmer FJ : Incidence and significance of coronary artery calcification. Br Heart J, 36, 499-506, 1974 https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.36.5.499
  7. Choe YH : Noninvasive imaging of atherosclerotic plaques using MRI and CT. Korean Circ J, 35, 1-14, 1974
  8. Casscells W, Engler D, Willerson JT : Mechanism of restenosis. Tex Heart Inst J, 21, 68-77, 1994
  9. Le Breton H, Plow EF, Topol EJ : Role of platelets in restenosis after percutaneous coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol, 28, 1643-1651, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00417-2
  10. Schwartz RS. Pathophysiology of restenosis : interaction of thrombosis, hyperplasia, and/or remodeling. Am J Cardiol, 9, 81:14E-17, 1998
  11. LaMonte MJ, FitzGerald SJ, Church TS, et al. : Coronary artery calcium score and coronary heart disease events in a large cohor of symptomatic men and women. Am J Epidemiol, 162, 421-429, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi228
  12. Olson JC, Edmundowicz D, Becker DJ, Kuller LH, Orchard TJ : Coronary calcium in adults with type 1 diabetes : a stronger correlate of clinical coronary artery disease in men than in women. Diabetes, 49, 1571-1578, 2000 https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.49.9.1571
  13. Raggi P, Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Callister TQ : Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol, 43, 1663-1669, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.068
  14. Choe KO, Kim MJ, Choi BW, et al. : Distribution of coronary Calcium-Scoring in healthy middle-aged Korean. J Korean Radiol Soc, 41, 885-891, 1999 https://doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.1999.41.5.885
  15. Detrano R, Hsiai T, Wang S, et al. : Prognostic value of coronary calcification and angiographic stenoses in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 285-290, 1996
  16. Fitzpatrick LA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Ingram RT : Diffuse calcification in human coronary arteries : association of osteopontin with atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest, 94, 1597-1604, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117501
  17. Raggi P, James G : Coronary calcium screening and coronary risk stratification. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 6, 107-111, 2004
  18. Choi YS, Youn HJ, Jung SE, et al. : The association between coronary artery calcification on MDCT and angiographic coronary artery stenosis. Korean Circ J, 37, 167-172. 2007 https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2007.37.4.167
  19. Schmermund A, Baumgart D, Erbel R. : Coronary calcification by electron beam tomography : comparison with coronary risk factors and angiography. J Cardiovasc Risk, 7, 99-106. 2000 https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700203
  20. Budoff MJ, Achenbach S, Blumenthal RS, et al. : Assessment of coronary artery disease by cardiac computed tomography : a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation, 114, 1761-1791, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178458