Endocrinology and Metabolism

The Korean Endocrine Society (대한내분비학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Revised Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer

대한갑상선학회 갑상선결절 및 암 진료 권고안 개정안

  • Yi, Ka-Hee (Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences) ;
  • Park, Young-Joo (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Koong, Sung-Soo (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Kim, Jung-Han (Department of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Na, Dong-Gyu (Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Ryu, Jin-Sook (Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, So-Yeon (Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, In-Ae (Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Baek, Chung-Hwan (Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Shong, Young-Kee (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolosm, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Young-Don (Department of Surgury, School of Medicine, Gachon University) ;
  • Lee, Jae-Tae (Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Jeong-Hyun (Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Chung, Jae-Hoon (Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Jung, Chan-Kwon (Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) ;
  • Choi, Seung-Ho (Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Cho, Bo-Youn (Departments of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
  • 이가희 (한국원자력의학원 내과) ;
  • 박영주 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과) ;
  • 궁성수 (충북대학교 의학전문대학원 내과) ;
  • 김정한 (성균관대학교 의과대학 외과) ;
  • 나동규 (성균관대학교 의과대학 휴먼영상의학센터) ;
  • 류진숙 (울산대학교 의과대학 핵의학과) ;
  • 박소연 (서울대학교 의과대학 병리과) ;
  • 박인애 (서울대학교 의과대학 병리과) ;
  • 백정환 (성균관대학교 의과대학 이비인후과) ;
  • 송영기 (울산대학교 의과대학 내분비대사내과) ;
  • 이영돈 (가천의과대학 외과) ;
  • 이재태 (경북대학교 의과대학 핵의학과) ;
  • 이정현 (울산대학교 의과대학 영상의학과) ;
  • 정재훈 (성균관대학교 의과대학 내과) ;
  • 정찬권 (가톨릭대학교 의과대학 병리과) ;
  • 최승호 (울산대학교 의과대학 이비인후과) ;
  • 조보연 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과)
  • Published : 2010.12.30
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Keywords

References

  1. Kim WB, Kim TY, Kwon HS, Moon WJ, Lee JB, Choi YS, Kim SK, Kim SW, Chung KW, Baek JH, Kim BI, Park DJ, Na DG, Choe JH, Chung JH, Jung HS, Kim JH, Nam KH, Chang HS, Chung WY, Hong SW, Hong SJ, Lee JH, Yi KH, Jo YS, Kang HC, Shong M, Park JW, Yoon JH, Kang SJ, Lee KW: Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. J Korean Endocr Soc 22:157-187, 2007 https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.3.157
  2. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Sherman SI, Tuttle RM: American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce: Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 16:109-142, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.16.109
  3. American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Sherman SI, Steward DL, Tuttle RM: Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 19:1167-1214, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2009.0110
  4. Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, Duick DS, Valcavi R, Hegedus L, Vitti P: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and EuropeanThyroid Association Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules. Endocr Pract 16 Suppl 1:1-43, 2010
  5. Ali SZ, Cibas ES: The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. New York: Springer, 2010
  6. Marqusee E, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Larsen PR, Cibas ES, Mandel SJ: Usefulness of ultrasonography in the management of nodular thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 133:696-700, 2000 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00011
  7. Hagag P, Strauss S, Weiss M: Role of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in evaluation of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. Thyroid 8:989-995, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.989
  8. Moon WJ, Jung SL, Lee JH, Na DG, Baek JH, Lee YH, Kim J, Kim HS, Byun JS, Lee DH; Thyroid Study Group, Korean Society of Neuroand Head and Neck Radiology: Benign and malignant thyroid nodules: US differentiation--multicenter retrospective study. Radiology 247:762-770, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2473070944
  9. Bonavita JA, Mayo J, Babb J, Bennett G, Oweity T, Macari M, Yee J: Pattern recognition of benign nodules at ultrasound of the thyroid: which nodules can be left alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:207-213, 2009 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.1820
  10. Moon WJ, Kwag HJ, Na DG: Are there any specific ultrasound findings of nodular hyperplasia ("leave me alone" lesion) to differentiate it from follicular adenoma? Acta Radiol 50:383-388, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1080/02841850902740940
  11. Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW, Cibas ES, Clark OH, Coleman BG, Cronan JJ, Doubilet PM, Evans DB, Goellner JR, Hay ID, Hertzberg BS, Intenzo CM, Jeffrey RB, Langer JE, Larsen PR, Mandel SJ, Middleton WD, Reading CC, Sherman SI, Tessler FN; Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound: Management of thyroid nodules detected at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology 237:794-800, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2373050220
  12. Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, Crescenzi A, Taccogna S, Nardi F, Panunzi C, Rinaldi R, Toscano V, Pacella CM: Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1941-1946, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.5.1941
  13. Wienke JR, Chong WK, Fielding JR, Zou KH, Mittelstaedt CA: Sonographic features of benign thyroid nodules: interobserver reliability and overlap with malignancy. J Ultrasound Med 22:1027-1031, 2003 https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2003.22.10.1027
  14. Kim EK, Park CS, Chung WY, Oh KK, Kim DI, Lee JT, Yoo HS: New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:687-691, 2002 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.178.3.1780687
  15. Moon WJ, Lee JH, Jung SL, Na DG, Baek JH, Lee YH, Kim J, Kim HJ, Kim YS: Ultrasonographic findings of benign and malignant thyroid nodules: a multicenter retrospective study. Ultrasound Med Biol 32;5 Suppl 1:120-121, 2006
  16. Camargo R, Corigliano S, Friguglietti C, Gauna A, Harach R, Munizaga F, Niepomniszcze H, Pitoia F, Pretell E, Vaisman M, Ward LS, Wohllk N, Tomimori E; Latin American thyroid society: Latin American thyroid society recommendations for the management of thyroid nodules. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 53:1167-1175, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302009000900014
  17. Curtis RE, Rowlings PA, Deeg HJ, Shriner DA, Socie G, Travis LB, Horowitz MM, Witherspoon RP, Hoover RN, Sobocinski KA, Fraumeni JF Jr, Boice JD Jr: Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 336:897-904, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199703273361301
  18. Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Demidchik EP, Molinaro E, Agate L, Romei C, Shavrova E, Cherstvoy ED, Ivashkevitch Y, Kuchinskaya E, Schlumberger M, Ronga G, Filesi M, Pinchera A: Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma in Belarus children and adolescents: comparison with naturally occurring thyroid carcinoma in Italy and France. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3563-3569, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.11.3563
  19. Hall TL, Layfield LJ, Philippe A, Rosenthal DL: Sources of diagnostic error in fine needle aspiration of the thyroid. Cancer 63:718-725, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19890215)63:4<718::AID-CNCR2820630420>3.0.CO;2-N
  20. Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Tuuhea J, Voutilainen L, Kivisaari L: Clinical versus ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in common clinical practice. J Clin Ultrasound 20:37-42, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870200107
  21. Tan GH, Gharib H, Reading CC: Solitary thyroid nodule. Comparison between palpation and ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med 155:2418-2423, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.155.22.2418
  22. Singh B, Shaha AR, Trivedi H, Carew JF, Poluri A, Shah JP: Coexistent Hashimoto's thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma: impact on presentation, management, and outcome. Surgery 126:1070-1076, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2099.101431
  23. Repplinger D, Bargren A, Zhang YW, Adler JT, Haymart M, Chen H: Is Hashimoto's thyroiditis a risk factor for papillary thyroid cancer? J Surg Res 150:49-52, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2007.09.020
  24. Pacini F, Pinchera A, Giani C, Grasso L, Doveri F, Baschieri L: Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 3:283-292, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03348277
  25. Hahm JR, Lee MS, Min YK, Lee MK, Kim KW, Nam SJ, Yang JH, Chung JH: Routine measurement of serum calcitonin is useful for early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. Thyroid 11:73-80, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1089/10507250150500694
  26. Niccoli P, Wion-Barbot N, Caron P, Henry JF, de Micco C, Saint Andre JP, Bigorgne JC, Modigliani E, Conte-Devolx B: Interest of routine measurement of serum calcitonin: study in a large series of thyroidectomized patients. The French Medullary Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:338-341, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.2.338
  27. Elisei R, Bottici V, Luchetti F, Di Coscio G, Romei C, Grasso L, Miccoli P, Iacconi P, Basolo F, Pinchera A, Pacini F: Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:163-168, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030550
  28. Gagel RF, Hoff AO, Cote GJ: Medullary thyroid carcinoma. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD (eds). Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid. A fundamental and clinical text. 9th ed. pp967-988, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005
  29. Mandel SJ: A 64-year-old woman with a thyroid nodule. JAMA 292:2632-2642, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.21.2632
  30. Braga M, Cavalcanti TC, Collaco LM, Graf H: Efficacy of ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of complex thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4089-4091, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.9.4089
  31. de los Santos ET, Keyhani-Rofagha S, Cunningham JJ, Mazzaferri EL: Cystic thyroid nodules. The dilemma of malignant lesions. Arch Intern Med 150:1422-1427, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.150.7.1422
  32. Yeh MW, Demircan O, Ituarte P, Clark OH: False-negative fine-needle aspiration cytology results delay treatment and adversely affect outcome in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 14:207-215, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504773297885
  33. Yassa L, Cibas ES, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Gawande AA, Moore FD Jr, Kim BW, Nosé V, Marqusee E, Larsen PR, Alexander EK: Long-term assessment of a multidisciplinary approach to thyroid nodule diagnostic evaluation. Cancer 111:508-516, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23116
  34. Layfield LJ, Abrams J, Cochand-Priollet B, Evans D, Gharib H, Greenspan F, Henry M, LiVolsi V, Merino M, Michael CW, Wang H, Wells SA: Post-thyroid FNA testing and treatment options: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference. Diagn Cytopathol 36:442-448, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.20832
  35. Tuttle RM, Lemar H, Burch HB: Clinical features associated with an increased risk of thyroid malignancy in patients with follicular neoplasia by fine-needle aspiration. Thyroid 8:377-383, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.377
  36. Kelman AS, Rathan A, Leibowitz J, Burstein DE, Haber RS: Thyroid cytology and the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules: importance of nuclear atypia in indeterminate specimens. Thyroid 11:271-277, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072501750159714
  37. Franco C, Martinez V, Allamand JP, Medina F, Glasinovic A, Osorio M, Schachter D: Molecular markers in thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a prospective study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 17:211-215, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e31818935a9
  38. Bartolazzi A, Orlandi F, Saggiorato E, Volante M, Arecco F, Rossetto R, Palestini N, Ghigo E, Papotti M, Bussolati G, Martegani MP, Pantellini F, Carpi A, Giovagnoli MR, Monti S, Toscano V, Sciacchitano S, Pennelli GM, Mian C, Pelizzo MR, Rugge M, Troncone G, Palombini L, Chiappetta G, Botti G, Vecchione A, Bellocco R; Italian Thyroid Cancer Study Group (ITCSG): Galectin-3-expression analysis in the surgical selection of follicular thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Oncol 9:543-549, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70132-3
  39. Nikiforov YE, Steward DL, Robinson-Smith TM, Haugen BR, Klopper JP, Zhu Z, Fagin JA, Falciglia M, Weber K, Nikiforova MN: Molecular testing for mutations in improving the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:2092-2098, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0247
  40. Tyler DS, Winchester DJ, Caraway NP, Hickey RC, Evans DB: Indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: identification of subgroups at high risk for invasive carcinoma. Surgery 116:1054-1060, 1994
  41. Gharib H, Goellner JR, Johnson DA: Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid. A 12-year experience with 11,000 biopsies. Clin Lab Med 13:699-709, 1993
  42. Leenhardt L, Hejblum G, Franc B, Fediaevsky LD, Delbot T, Le Guillouzic D, Ménégaux F, Guillausseau C, Hoang C, Turpin G, Aurengo A: Indications and limits of ultrasound-guided cytology in the management of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:24-28, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.1.24
  43. Carmeci C, Jeffrey RB, McDougall IR, Nowels KW, Weigel RJ: Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid masses. Thyroid 8:283-289, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.283
  44. Ylagan LR, Farkas T, Dehner LP: Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid: a cytohistologic correlation and study of discrepant cases. Thyroid 14:35-41, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504322783821
  45. Alexander EK, Hurwitz S, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Larsen PR, Marqusee E: Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules. Ann Intern Med 138:315-318, 2003 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-4-200302180-00010
  46. Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A, Andreoli M, Pontecorvi A: Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 8:15-21, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.15
  47. Erdogan MF, Kamel N, Aras D, Akdogan A, Baskal N, Erdogan G: Value of re-aspirations in benign nodular thyroid disease. Thyroid 8:1087-1090, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.1087
  48. Orlandi A, Puscar A, Capriata E, Fideleff H: Repeated fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid in benign nodular thyroid disease: critical evaluation of long-term follow-up. Thyroid 15:274-278, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2005.15.274
  49. Papini E, Petrucci L, Guglielmi R, Panunzi C, Rinaldi R, Bacci V, Crescenzi A, Nardi F, Fabbrini R, Pacella CM: Long-term changes in nodular goiter: a 5-year prospective randomized trial of levothyroxine suppressive therapy for benign cold thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:780-783, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.83.3.780
  50. Brander AE, Viikinkoski VP, Nickels JI, Kivisaari LM: Importance of thyroid abnormalities detected at US screening: a 5-year follow-up. Radiology 215:801-806, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.215.3.r00jn07801
  51. Zelmanovitz F, Genro S, Gross JL: Suppressive therapy with levothyroxine for solitary thyroid nodules: a double-blind controlled clinical study and cumulative meta-analyses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3881-3885, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.83.11.3881
  52. Castro MR, Caraballo PJ, Morris JC: Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4154-4159, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2001-011762
  53. Wemeau JL, Caron P, Schvartz C, Schlienger JL, Orgiazzi J, Cousty C, Vlaeminck-Guillem V: Effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression with levothyroxine in reducing the volume of solitary thyroid nodules and improving extranodular nonpalpable changes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by the French Thyroid Research Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4928-4934, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020365
  54. Rallison ML, Dobyns BM, Keating FR Jr, Rall JE, Tyler FH: Thyroid nodularity in children. JAMA 233:1069-1072, 1975 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.233.10.1069
  55. Hung W: Solitary thyroid nodules in 93 children and adolescents. a 35-years experience. Horm Res 52:15-18, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1159/000023426
  56. Raab SS, Silverman JF, Elsheikh TM, Thomas PA, Wakely PE: Pediatric thyroid nodules: disease demographics and clinical management as determined by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Pediatrics 95:46-49, 1995
  57. Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crino A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G: Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4644-4648, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.10.4644
  58. Gharib H, Zimmerman D, Goellner JR, Bridley SM, LeBlanc SM: Fineneedle aspiration biopsy: use in diagnosis and management of pediatric thyroid diseases. Endocr Pract 1:9-13, 1995 https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.1.1.9
  59. Arda IS, Yildirim S, Demirhan B, Firat S: Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Arch Dis Child 85:313-317, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.85.4.313
  60. Tan GH, Gharib H, Goellner JR, van Heerden JA, Bahn RS: Management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 156:2317-2320, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.156.20.2317
  61. Mestman JH, Goodwin TM, Montoro MM: Thyroid disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 24:41-71, 1995
  62. Herzon FS, Morris DM, Segal MN, Rauch G, Parnell T: Coexistent thyroid cancer and pregnancy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:1191-1193, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1994.01880350009002
  63. Moosa M, Mazzaferri EL: Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed in pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2862-2866, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.9.2862
  64. Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM: Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med 97:418-428, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(94)90321-2
  65. Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, Ebersold JR, Grant CS: Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery 114:1050-1057, 1993
  66. Shah MD, Hall FT, Eski SJ, Witterick IJ, Walfish PG, Freeman JL: Clinical course of thyroid carcinoma after neck dissection. Laryngoscope 113:2102-2107, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200312000-00008
  67. Wang TS, Dubner S, Sznyter LA, Heller KS: Incidence of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer in cervical lymph nodes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:110-113, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.130.1.110
  68. 68. Sosa JA, Bowman HM, Tielsch JM, Powe NR, Gordon TA, Udelsman R: The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Ann Surg 228:320-330, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199809000-00005
  69. Friedman M, Pacella BL Jr: Total versus subtotal thyroidectomy. Arguments, approaches, and recommendations. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 23:413-427, 1990
  70. Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Tsang RW, Gospodarowicz MK, O'Sullivan B: A comparison of different staging systems predictability of patient outcome. Thyroid carcinoma as an example. Cancer 79:2414-2423, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970615)79:12<2414::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-U
  71. Hay ID, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Bergstralh EJ, Dvorak CE, Gorman CA, Maurer MS, McIver B, Mullan BP, Oberg AL, Powell CC, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR: Papillary thyroid carcinoma managed at the Mayo Clinic during six decades (1940-1999): temporal trends in initial therapy and long-term outcome in 2444 consecutively treated patients. World J Surg 26:879-885, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6612-1
  72. Lin JD, Chao TC, Huang MJ, Weng HF, Tzen KY: Use of radioactive iodine for thyroid remnant ablation in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma to replace thyroid reoperation. Am J Clin Oncol 21:77-81, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000421-199802000-00018
  73. Mazzaferri EL: An overview of the management of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 9:421-427, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.421
  74. Mazzaferri EL: Long-term outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: effect of therapy. Endocr Pract 6:469-476, 2000 https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.6.6.469
  75. Cooper DS, Specker B, Ho M, Sperling M, Ladenson PW, Ross DS, Ain KB, Bigos ST, Brierley JD, Haugen BR, Klein I, Robbins J, Sherman SI, Taylor T, Maxon HR 3rd: Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: results from the National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry. Thyroid 8:737-744, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.737
  76. Kim TH, Yang DS, Jung KY, Kim CY, Choi MS: Value of external irradiation for locally advanced papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55:1006-1012, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(02)04203-7
  77. Grebe SK, Hay ID: Thyroid cancer nodal metastases: biologic significance and therapeutic considerations. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 5:43-63, 1996
  78. Scheumann GF, Gimm O, Wegener G, Hundeshagen H, Dralle H: Prognostic significance and surgical management of locoregional lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer. World J Surg 18:559-567, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00353765
  79. Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Yokozawa T, Matsuzuka F, Kuma S, Kuma K, Miyauchi A: An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 13:381-387, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072503321669875
  80. Chow SM, Law SC, Chan JK, Au SK, Yau S, Lau WH: Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid-Prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis and multifocality. Cancer 98:31-40, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11442
  81. Nam-Goong IS, Kim HY, Gong G, Lee HK, Hong SJ, Kim WB, Shong YK: Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid incidentaloma: correlation with pathological findings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60:21-28, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01912.x
  82. Solorzano CC, Carneiro DM, Ramirez M, Lee TM, Irvin GL 3rd: Surgeonperformed ultrasound in the management of thyroid malignancy. Am Surg 70:576-580, 2004
  83. Shimamoto K, Satake H, Sawaki A, Ishigaki T, Funahashi H, Imai T: Preoperative staging of thyroid papillary carcinoma with ultrasonography. Eur J Radiol 29:4-10, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0720-048X(97)00184-8
  84. Kresnik E, Gallowitsch HJ, Mikosch P, Stettner H, Igerc I, Gomez I, Kumnig G, Lind P: Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules in an endemic goiter area. Surgery 133:294-299, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2003.71
  85. Zbaren P, Becker M, Lang H: Pretherapeutic staging of hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Clinical findings, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging compared with histopathologic evaluation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:908-913, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1997.01900090016003
  86. Goldstein RE, Netterville JL, Burkey B, Johnson JE: Implications of follicular neoplasms, atypia, and lesions suspicious for malignancy diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules. Ann Surg 235:656-662, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200205000-00007
  87. Schlinkert RT, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR, Gharib H, Smith SL, Rosales RF, Weaver AL: Factors that predict malignant thyroid lesions when fine-needle aspiration is "suspicious for follicular neoplasm". Mayo Clin Proc 72:913-916, 1997 https://doi.org/10.4065/72.10.913
  88. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Ko CY, Stewart AK, Winchester DP, Talamonti MS, Sturgeon C: Extent of surgery affects survival for papillary thyroid cancer. Ann Surg 246:375-381, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31814697d9
  89. Hay ID, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Bergstralh EJ, Dvorak CE, Gorman CA, Maurer MS, McIver B, Mullan BP, Oberg AL, Powell CC, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR: Papillary thyroid carcinoma managed at the Mayo Clinic during six decades (1940-1999): temporal trends in initial therapy and long-term outcome in 2444 consecutively treated patients. World J Surg 26:879-885, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6612-1
  90. Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR: Differentiated thyroid cancer presenting initially with distant metastasis. Am J Surg 174:474-476, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(97)00158-X
  91. Sanders LE, Cady B: Differentiated thyroid cancer: reexamination of risk groups and outcome of treatment. Arch Surg 133:419-425, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.133.4.419
  92. Rouxel A, Hejblum G, Bernier MO, Boelle PY, Menegaux F, Mansour G, Hoang C, Aurengo A, Leenhardt L: Prognostic factors associated with the survival of patients developing loco-regional recurrences of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5362-5368, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-032004
  93. van Heerden JA, Hay ID, Goellner JR, Salomao D, Ebersold JR, Bergstralh EJ, Grant CS: Follicular thyroid carcinoma with capsular invasion alone: a nonthreatening malignancy. Surgery 112:1130-1136, 1992
  94. Tisell LE, Nilsson B, Molne J, Hansson G, Fjalling M, Jansson S, Wingren U: Improved survival of patients with papillary thyroid cancer after surgical microdissection. World J Surg 20:854-859, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002689900130
  95. Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD, Edeiken-Monro BS, Sherman SI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lee JE, Evans DB: Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery 134:946-954, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6060(03)00424-0
  96. Olson JA Jr, DeBenedetti MK, Baumann DS, Wells SA Jr: Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy. Results of long-term followup. Ann Surg 223:472-478, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199605000-00003
  97. Gimm O, Rath FW, Dralle H: Pattern of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg 85:252-254, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00510.x
  98. Henry JF, Gramatica L, Denizot A, Kvachenyuk A, Puccini M, Defechereux T: Morbidity of prophylactic lymph node dissection in the central neck area in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 383:167-169, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004230050111
  99. Cheah WK, Arici C, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH: Complications of neck dissection for thyroid cancer. World J Surg 26:1013-1016, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6670-4
  100. Machens A, Hinze R, Thomusch O, Dralle H: Pattern of nodal metastasis for primary and reoperative thyroid cancer. World J Surg 26:22-28, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-001-0176-3
  101. Gemsenjager E, Perren A, Seifert B, Schuler G, Schweizer I, Heitz PU: Lymph node surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 197:182-190, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1072-7515(03)00421-6
  102. Ito Y, Tomoda C, Uruno T, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Matsuzuka F, Kuma K, Miyauchi A: Preoperative ultrasonographic examination for lymph node metastasis: usefulness when designing lymph node dissection for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 28:498-501, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7192-z
  103. Kupferman ME, Patterson DM, Mandel SJ, LiVolsi V, Weber RS: Safety of modified radical neck dissection for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope 114:403-406, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200403000-00002
  104. Kupferman ME, Patterson M, Mandel SJ, LiVolsi V, Weber RS: Patterns of lateral neck metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:857-860, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.130.7.857
  105. Goropoulos A, Karamoshos K, Christodoulou A, Ntitsias T, Paulou K, Samaras A, Xirou P, Efstratiou I: Value of the cervical compartments in the surgical treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 28:1275-1281, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7643-6
  106. Pacini F, Elisei R, Capezzone M, Miccoli P, Molinaro E, Basolo F, Agate L, Bottici V, Raffaelli M, Pinchera A: Contralateral papillary thyroid cancer is frequent at completion thyroidectomy with no difference in low- and high-risk patients. Thyroid 11:877-881, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072501316973145
  107. Pasieka JL, Thompson NW, McLeod MK, Burney RE, Macha M: The incidence of bilateral well-differentiated thyroid cancer found at completion thyroidectomy. World J Surg 16:711-716, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067365
  108. Kim ES, Kim TY, Koh JM, Kim YI, Hong SJ, Kim WB, Shong YK: Completion thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid cancer who initially underwent unilateral operation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61:145-148, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02065.x
  109. Erdem E, Gulcelik MA, Kuru B, Alagol H: Comparison of completion thyroidectomy and primary surgery for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 29:747-749, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2003.08.006
  110. Shaha AR, Jaffe BM: Completion thyroidectomy: a critical appraisal. Surgery 112:1148-1152, 1992
  111. Randolph GW, Daniels GH: Radioactive iodine lobe ablation as an alternative to completion thyroidectomy for follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 12:989-996, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502320908321
  112. Loh KC, Greenspan FS, Gee L, Miller TR, Yeo PP: Pathological tumornode- metastasis (pTNM) staging for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas: a retrospective analysis of 700 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3553-3562, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.11.3553
  113. DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, McCormick M, Straus FH: Natural history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:414-424, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-71-2-414
  114. Byar DP, Green SB, Dor P, Williams ED, Colon J, van Gilse HA, Mayer M, Sylvester RJ, van Glabbeke M: A prognostic index for thyroid carcinoma. A study of the E.O.R.T.C. Thyroid Cancer Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer 15:1033-1041, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2964(79)90291-3
  115. Shaha AR, Loree TR, Shah JP: Prognostic factors and risk group analysis in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Surgery 118:1131-1136, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6060(05)80124-2
  116. Sherman SI, Brierley JD, Sperling M, Ain KB, Bigos ST, Cooper DS, Haugen BR, Ho M, Klein I, Ladenson PW, Robbins J, Ross DS, Specker B, Taylor T, Maxon HR 3rd: Prospective multicenter study of thyroid carcinoma treatment: initial analysis of staging and outcome. National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study Registry Group. Cancer 83:1012-1021, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1012::AID-CNCR28>3.0.CO;2-9
  117. Cady B, Rossi R: An expanded view of risk-group definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 104:947-953, 1988
  118. Schlumberger M, Berg G, Cohen O, Duntas L, Jamar F, Jarzab B, Limbert E, Lind P, Pacini F, Reiners C, Sánchez Franco F, Toft A, Wiersinga WM: Follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a European perspective. Eur J Endocrinol 150:105-112, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1500105
  119. Toubeau M, Touzery C, Arveux P, Chaplain G, Vaillant G, Berriolo A, Riedinger JM, Boichot C, Cochet A, Brunotte F: Predictive value for disease progression of serum thyroglobulin levels measured in the postoperative period and after (131)I ablation therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 45:988-994, 2004
  120. Wenig BM, Thompson LD, Adair CF, Shmookler B, Heffess CS: Thyroid papillary carcinoma of columnar cell type: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Cancer 82:740-753, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980215)82:4<740::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-Y
  121. Prendiville S, Burman KD, Ringel MD, Shmookler BM, Deeb ZE, Wolfe K, Azumi N, Wartofsky L, Sessions RB: Tall cell variant: an aggressive form of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:352-357, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0194-5998(00)70047-7
  122. Akslen LA, LiVolsi VA: Prognostic significance of histologic grading compared with subclassification of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 88:1902-1908, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000415)88:8<1902::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-Y
  123. Cailleux AF, Baudin E, Travagli JP, Ricard M, Schlumberger M: Is diagnostic iodine-131 scanning useful after total thyroid ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:175-178, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.1.175
  124. Bachelot A, Cailleux AF, Klain M, Baudin E, Ricard M, Bellon N, Caillou B, Travagli JP, Schlumberger M: Relationship between tumor burden and serum thyroglobulin level in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 12:707-711, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502760258686
  125. Sanders LE, Cady B: Differentiated thyroid cancer: reexamination of risk groups and outcome of treatment. Arch Surg 133:419-425, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.133.4.419
  126. Sawka AM, Thephamongkhol K, Brouwers M, Thabane L, Browman G, Gerstein HC: Clinical review 170: A systematic review and metaanalysis of the effectiveness of radioactive iodine remnant ablation for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3668-3776, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031167
  127. Kim S, Wei JP, Braveman JM, Brams DM: Predicting outcome and directing therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Surg 139:390-394, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.139.4.390
  128. Sugitani I, Fujimoto Y: Symptomatic versus asymptomatic papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome and prognostic factors. Endocr J 46:209-216, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.46.209
  129. Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR: A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985-1995 [see comments]. Cancer 83:2638-2648, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981215)83:12<2638::AID-CNCR31>3.0.CO;2-1
  130. Jung TS, Kim TY, Kim KW, Oh YL, Park do J, Cho BY, Shong YK, Kim WB, Park YJ, Jung JH, Chung JH: Clinical features and prognostic factors for survival in patients with poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and comparison to the patients with the aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr J 54:265-274, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.K06-166
  131. Edmonds CJ, Hayes S, Kermode JC, Thompson BD: Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the management of treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine. Br J Radiol 50:799-807, 1977 https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-50-599-799
  132. Torres MS, Ramirez L, Simkin PH, Braverman LE, Emerson CH: Effect of various doses of recombinant human thyrotropin on the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake and serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1660-1664, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.4.1660
  133. Hershman JM, Edwards CL: Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels after thyroid ablation compared with TSH levels after exogenous bovine TSH: implications for 131-I treatment of thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:814-818, 1972 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-34-5-814
  134. Hilts SV, Hellman D, Anderson J, Woolfenden J, Van Antwerp J, Patton D: Serial TSH determination after T3 withdrawal or thyroidectomy in the therapy of thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 20:928-932, 1979
  135. Martin ND: Endogenous serum TSH levels and metastatic survey scans in thyroid cancer patients using triiodothyronine withdrawal. Clin Nucl Med 3:401-403, 1978 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-197810000-00009
  136. Goldman JM, Line BR, Aamodt RL, Robbins J: Influence of triiodothyronine withdrawal time on 131I uptake postthyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:734-739, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-50-4-734
  137. Schneider AB, Line BR, Goldman JM, Robbins J: Sequential serum thyroglobulin determinations, 131I scans, and 131I uptakes after triiodothyronine withdrawal in patients with thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:1199-1206, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-53-6-1199
  138. Maxon HR, Thomas SR, Hertzberg VS, Kereiakes JG, Chen IW, Sperling MI, Saenger EL: Relation between effective radiation dose and outcome of radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 309:937-941, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198310203091601
  139. Liel Y: Preparation for radioactive iodine administration in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:523-527, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01631.x
  140. Sanchez R, Espinosa-de-los-Monteros AL, Mendoza V, Brea E, Hernandez I, Sosa E, Mercado M: Adequate thyroid-stimulating hormone levels after levothyroxine discontinuation in the follow-up of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Arch Med Res 33:478-481, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0188-4409(02)00394-6
  141. Grigsby PW, Siegel BA, Bekker S, Clutter WE, Moley JF: Preparation of patients with thyroid cancer for 131I scintigraphy or therapy by 1-3 weeks of thyroxine discontinuation. J Nucl Med 45:567-570, 2004
  142. Serhal DI, Nasrallah MP, Arafah BM: Rapid rise in serum thyrotropin concentrations after thyroidectomy or withdrawal of suppressive thyroxine therapy in preparation for radioactive iodine administration to patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3285-3289, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031139
  143. Carril JM, Quirce R, Serrano J, Banzo I, Jimenez-Bonilla JF, Tabuenca O, Barquin RG: Total-body scintigraphy with thallium-201 and iodine-131 in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 38:686-692, 1997
  144. Muratet JP, Giraud P, Daver A, Minier JF, Gamelin E, Larra F: Predicting the efficacy of first iodine-131 treatment in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 38:1362-1368, 1997
  145. Anderson GS, Fish S, Nakhoda K, Zhuang H, Alavi A, Mandel SJ: Comparison of I-123 and I-131 for whole-body imaging after stimulation by recombinant human thyrotropin: a preliminary report. Clin Nucl Med 28:93-96, 2003
  146. Gerard SK, Cavalieri RR: I-123 diagnostic thyroid tumor whole-body scanning with imaging at 6, 24, and 48 hours. Clin Nucl Med 27:1-8, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200201000-00001
  147. Rosario PW, Reis JS, Barroso AL, Rezende LL, Padrao EL, Fagundes TA: Efficacy of low and high 131I doses for thyroid remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma based on post-operative cervical uptake. Nucl Med Commun 25:1077-1081, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200411000-00002
  148. Bal C, Padhy AK, Jana S, Pant GS, Basu AK: Prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate the optimal dose of 131 I for remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 77:2574-2580, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960615)77:12<2574::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-O
  149. Creutzig H: High or low dose radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnants? Eur J Nucl Med 12:500-502, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00620474
  150. Johansen K, Woodhouse NJ, Odugbesan O: Comparison of 1073 MBq and 3700 MBq iodine-131 in postoperative ablation of residual thyroid tissue in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 32:252-254, 1991
  151. Robbins RJ, Larson SM, Sinha N, Shaha A, Divgi C, Pentlow KS, Ghossein R, Tuttle RM: A retrospective review of the effectiveness of recombinant human TSH as a preparation for radioiodine thyroid remnant ablation. J Nucl Med 43:1482-1488, 2002
  152. Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Lippi F, Ceccarelli C, Agate L, Elisei R, Pinchera A: Ablation of thyroid residues with 30 mCi (131)I: a comparison in thyroid cancer patients prepared with recombinant human TSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4063-4068, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2001-011918
  153. Pacini F, Ladenson PW, Schlumberger M, Driedger A, Luster M, Kloos RT, Sherman S, Haugen B, Corone C, Molinaro E, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, Pinchera A, Wahl RL, Leboulleux S, Ricard M, Yoo J, Busaidy NL, Delpassand E, Hanscheid H, Felbinger R, Lassmann M, Reiners C: Radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnants after preparation with recombinant human thyrotropin in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: results of an international, randomized, controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:926-932, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1651
  154. Pilli T, Brianzoni E, Capoccetti F, Castagna MG, Fattori S, Poggiu A, Rossi G, Ferretti F, Guarino E, Burroni L, Vattimo A, Cipri C, Pacini F: A comparison of 1850 (50 mCi) and 3700 MBq (100 mCi) 131-iodine administered doses for recombinant thyrotropin-stimulated postoperative thyroid remnant ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3542-3546, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0225
  155. Chianelli M, Todino V, Graziano FM, Panunzi C, Pace D, Guglielmi R, Signore A, Papini E: Low-activity (2.0 GBq; 54 mCi) radioiodine postsurgical remnant ablation in thyroid cancer: comparison between hormone withdrawal and use of rhTSH in low-risk patients. Eur J Endocrinol 160:431-436, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-08-0669
  156. Tuttle RM, Brokhin M, Omry G, Martorella AJ, Larson SM, Grewal RK, Fleisher M, Robbins RJ: Recombinant human TSH-assisted radioactive iodine remnant ablation achieves short-term clinical recurrence rates similar to those of traditional thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Nucl Med 49:764-770, 2008 https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.107.049072
  157. Maxon HR, Thomas SR, Boehringer A, Drilling J, Sperling MI, Sparks JC, Chen IW: Low iodine diet in I-131 ablation of thyroid remnants. Clin Nucl Med 8:123-126, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-198303000-00006
  158. Goslings BM: Proceedings: Effect of a low iodine diet on 131-I therapy in follicular thyroid carcinomata. J Endocrinol 64:30P, 1975
  159. Pluijmen MJ, Eustatia-Rutten C, Goslings BM, Stokkel MP, Arias AM, Diamant M, Romijn JA, Smit JW: Effects of low-iodide diet on postsurgical radioiodide ablation therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:428-435, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01735.x
  160. Park JT 2nd, Hennessey JV: Two-week low iodine diet is necessary for adequate outpatient preparation for radioiodine rhTSH scanning in patients taking levothyroxine. Thyroid 14:57-63, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504322783858
  161. Tomoda C, Uruno T, Takamura Y, Ito Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Matsuzuka F, Amino N, Kuma K, Miyauchi A: Reevaluation of stringent low iodine diet in outpatient preparation for radioiodine examination and therapy. Endocr J 52:237-240, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.52.237
  162. Morris LF, Wilder MS, Waxman AD, Braunstein GD: Reevaluation of the impact of a stringent low-iodine diet on ablation rates in radioiodine treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 11:749-755, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1089/10507250152484583
  163. Fatourechi V, Hay ID, Mullan BP, Wiseman GA, Eghbali-Fatourechi GZ, Thorson LM, Gorman CA: Are posttherapy radioiodine scans informative and do they influence subsequent therapy of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer? Thyroid 10:573-577, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2000.10.573
  164. Sherman SI, Tielens ET, Sostre S, Wharam MD Jr, Ladenson PW: Clinical utility of posttreatment radioiodine scans in the management of patients with thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:629-634, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.78.3.629
  165. Souza Rosario PW, Barroso AL, Rezende LL, Padrao EL, Fagundes TA, Penna GC, Purisch S: Post I-131 therapy scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma metastases: an unnecessary cost or a relevant contribution? Clin Nucl Med 29:795-798, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200412000-00005
  166. McGriff NJ, Csako G, Gourgiotis L, Lori C G, Pucino F, Sarlis NJ: Effects of thyroid hormone suppression therapy on adverse clinical outcomes in thyroid cancer. Ann Med 34:554-564, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1080/078538902321117760
  167. Pujol P, Daures JP, Nsakala N, Baldet L, Bringer J, Jaffiol C: Degree of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4318-4323, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.81.12.4318
  168. Toft AD: Clinical practice. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 345:512-516, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp010145
  169. Wilson PC, Millar BM, Brierley JD: The management of advanced thyroid cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 16:561-568, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2004.08.009
  170. Eustatia-Rutten CF, Smit JW, Romijn JA, van der Kleij-Corssmit EP, Pereira AM, Stokkel MP, Kievit J: Diagnostic value of serum thyroglobulin measurements in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, a structured meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61:61-74, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02060.x
  171. Bachelot A, Leboulleux S, Baudin E, Hartl DM, Caillou B, Travagli JP, Schlumberger M: Neck recurrence from thyroid carcinoma: serum thyroglobulin and high-dose total body scan are not reliable criteria for cure after radioiodine treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:376-379, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02228.x
  172. Brierley JD, Tsang RW: External-beam radiation therapy in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 16:42-49, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199901/02)16:1<42::AID-SSU8>3.0.CO;2-4
  173. Ronga G, Filesi M, Montesano T, Di Nicola AD, Pace C, Travascio L, Ventroni G, Antonaci A, Vestri AR: Lung metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. A 40 years' experience. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 48:12-19, 2004
  174. Schlumberger M, Challeton C, De Vathaire F, Travagli JP, Gardet P, Lumbroso JD, Francese C, Fontaine F, Ricard M, Parmentier C: Radioactive iodine treatment and external radiotherapy for lung and bone metastases from thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 37:598-605, 1996
  175. Ilgan S, Karacalioglu AO, Pabuscu Y, Atac GK, Arslan N, Ozturk E, Gunalp B, Ozguven MA: Iodine-131 treatment and high-resolution CT: results in patients with lung metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31:825-830, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-004-1460-x
  176. Bernier MO, Leenhardt L, Hoang C, Aurengo A, Mary JY, Menegaux F, Enkaoua E, Turpin G, Chiras J, Saillant G, Hejblum G: Survival and therapeutic modalities in patients with bone metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1568-1573, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.4.1568
  177. Zettinig G, Fueger BJ, Passler C, Kaserer K, Pirich C, Dudczak R, Niederle B: Long-term follow-up of patients with bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma -- surgery or conventional therapy? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 56:377-382, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01482.x
  178. Spencer CA, Bergoglio LM, Kazarosyan M, Fatemi S, LoPresti JS: Clinical impact of thyroglobulin (Tg) and Tg autoantibody method differences on the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5566-5575, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0671
  179. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Fatemi S, Nicoloff JT: Detection of residual and recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma by serum thyroglobulin measurement. Thyroid 9:435-441, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.435
  180. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, Braverman LE: Serum TSH, T4, and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:489-499, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.2.489
  181. Spencer CA: Challenges of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement in the presence of Tg autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3702-3704, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0986
  182. David A, Blotta A, Rossi R, Zatelli MC, Bondanelli M, Roti E, Braverman LE, Busutti L, degli Uberti EC: Clinical value of different responses of serum thyroglobulin to recombinant human thyrotropin in the followup of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 15:267-273, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2005.15.267
  183. Baudin E, Do Cao C, Cailleux AF, Leboulleux S, Travagli JP, Schlumberger M: Positive predictive value of serum thyroglobulin levels, measured during the first year of follow-up after thyroid hormone withdrawal, in thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1107-1111, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021365
  184. Schaap J, Eustatia-Rutten CF, Stokkel M, Links TP, Diamant M, van der Velde EA, Romijn JA, Smit JW: Does radioiodine therapy have disadvantageous effects in non-iodine accumulating differentiated thyroid carcinoma? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:117-124, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01574.x
  185. Pacini F, Capezzone M, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, Taddei D, Pinchera A: Diagnostic 131-iodine whole-body scan may be avoided in thyroid cancer patients who have undetectable stimulated serum Tg levels after initial treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1499-1501, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.4.1499
  186. Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT: Clinical review 128: Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1447-1463, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.4.1447
  187. Koh JM, Kim ES, Ryu JS, Hong SJ, Kim WB, Shong YK: Effects of therapeutic doses of 131I in thyroid papillary carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulin level and negative 131I whole-body scan: comparative study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:421-427, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01733.x
  188. Schlumberger M, Mancusi F, Baudin E, Pacini F: 131I therapy for elevated thyroglobulin levels. Thyroid 7:273-276, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1997.7.273
  189. Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Agate L, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, Lippi F, Taddei D, Grasso L, Pinchera A: Recombinant human thyrotropinstimulated serum thyroglobulin combined with neck ultrasonography has the highest sensitivity in monitoring differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3668-3673, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021925
  190. Snozek CL, Chambers EP, Reading CC, Sebo TJ, Sistrunk JW, Singh RJ, Grebe SK: Serum thyroglobulin, high-resolution ultrasound, and lymph node thyroglobulin in diagnosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma nodal metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:4278-4281, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1075
  191. Larson SM, Robbins R: Positron emission tomography in thyroid cancer management. Semin Roentgenol 37:169-174, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-198X(02)80035-9
  192. Leboulleux S, Schroeder PR, Busaidy NL, Auperin A, Corone C, Jacene HA, Ewertz ME, Bournaud C, Wahl RL, Sherman SI, Ladenson PW, Schlumberger M: Assessment of the incremental value of recombinant thyrotropin stimulation before 2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging to localize residual differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1310-1316, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1747
  193. Wang PW, Wang ST, Liu RT, Chien WY, Tung SC, Lu YC, Chen HY, Lee CH: Levothyroxine suppression of thyroglobulin in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4549-4553, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.12.4549
  194. Dupuy DE, Monchik JM, Decrea C, Pisharodi L: Radiofrequency ablation of regional recurrence from well-differentiated thyroid malignancy. Surgery 130:971-977, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2001.118708
  195. Lewis BD, Hay ID, Charboneau JW, McIver B, Reading CC, Goellner JR: Percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of cervical lymph node metastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:699-704, 2002 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.178.3.1780699
  196. Eustatia-Rutten CF, Romijn JA, Guijt MJ, Vielvoye GJ, van den Berg R, Corssmit EP, Pereira AM, Smit JW: Outcome of palliative embolization of bone metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3184-3189, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030231
  197. Kloos RT, Mazzaferri EL: A single recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin measurement predicts differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases three to five years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5047-5057, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0492
  198. Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Murakami N, Nakayama I, Toda M, Kawamoto H: Small carcinomas of the thyroid. A long-term follow-up of 867 patients. Arch Surg 131:187-191, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1996.01430140077021
  199. Marchesi M, Biffoni M, Biancari F, Berni A, Campana FP: Predictors of outcome for patients with differentiated and aggressive thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Suppl 588:46-50, 2003
  200. Ge JH, Zhao RL, Hu JL, Zhou WA: Surgical treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma with aero-digestive invasion. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 39:237-240, 2004
  201. Avenia N, Ragusa M, Monacelli M, Calzolari F, Daddi N, Di Carlo L, Semeraro A, Puma F: Locally advanced thyroid cancer: therapeutic options. Chir Ital 56:501-508, 2004
  202. McCaffrey JC: Evaluation and treatment of aerodigestive tract invasion by well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Control 7:246-252, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1177/107327480000700304
  203. Musholt TJ, Musholt PB, Behrend M, Raab R, Scheumann GF, Klempnauer J: Invasive differentiated thyroid carcinoma: tracheal resection and reconstruction procedures in the hands of the endocrine surgeon. Surgery 126:1078-1087, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2099.102267
  204. Czaja JM, McCaffrey TV: The surgical management of laryngotracheal invasion by well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:484-490, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1997.01900050030003
  205. Van Nostrand D, Atkins F, Yeganeh F, Acio E, Bursaw R, Wartofsky L: Dosimetrically determined doses of radioiodine for the treatment of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 12:121-134, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502753522356
  206. Kulkarni K, Van Nostrand D, Atkins F, Aiken M, Burman K, Wartofsky L: The relative frequency in which empiric dosages of radioiodine would potentially overtreat or undertreat patients who have metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 16:1019-1023, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.16.1019
  207. Luster M, Lippi F, Jarzab B, Perros P, Lassmann M, Reiners C, Pacini F: rhTSH-aided radioiodine ablation and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a comprehensive review. Endocr Relat Cancer 12:49-64, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.00830
  208. Van Tol KM, Hew JM, Jager PL, Vermey A, Dullaart RP, Links TP: Embolization in combination with radioiodine therapy for bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:653-659, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00998.x
  209. Posteraro AF, Dupuy DE, Mayo-Smith WW: Radiofrequency ablation of bony metastatic disease. Clin Radiol 59:803-811, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2004.01.015
  210. Vitale G, Fonderico F, Martignetti A, Caraglia M, Ciccarelli A, Nuzzo V, Abbruzzese A, Lupoli G: Pamidronate improves the quality of life and induces clinical remission of bone metastases in patients with thyroid cancer. Br J Cancer 84:1586-1590, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2001.1832
  211. Masala S, Fiori R, Massari F, Simonetti G: Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: new equipment for malignant vertebral fractures treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 22:75-79, 2003
  212. Chiu AC, Delpassand ES, Sherman SI: Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases in thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3637-3642, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.11.3637
  213. Kloos RT, Duvuuri V, Jhiang SM, Cahill KV, Foster JA, Burns JA: Nasolacrimal drainage system obstruction from radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:5817-5820, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020210
  214. Mandel SJ, Mandel L: Radioactive iodine and the salivary glands. Thyroid 13:265-271, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072503321582060
  215. Rubino C, de Vathaire F, Dottorini ME, Hall P, Schvartz C, Couette JE, Dondon MG, Abbas MT, Langlois C, Schlumberger M: Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients. Br J Cancer 89:1638-1644, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601319
  216. Chen AY, Levy L, Goepfert H, Brown BW, Spitz MR, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R: The development of breast carcinoma in women with thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 92:225-231, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20010715)92:2<225::AID-CNCR1313>3.0.CO;2-B
  217. Benua RS, Cicale NR, Sonenberg M, Rawson RW: The relation of radioiodine dosimetry to results and complications in the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 87:171-182, 1962
  218. Vini L, Hyer S, Al-Saadi A, Pratt B, Harmer C: Prognosis for fertility and ovarian function after treatment with radioiodine for thyroid cancer. Postgrad Med J 78:92-93, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.78.916.92
  219. Dottorini ME, Lomuscio G, Mazzucchelli L, Vignati A, Colombo L: Assessment of female fertility and carcinogenesis after iodine-131 therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 36:21-27, 1995
  220. Schlumberger M, De Vathaire F, Ceccarelli C, Delisle MJ, Francese C, Couette JE, Pinchera A, Parmentier C: Exposure to radioactive iodine-131 for scintigraphy or therapy does not preclude pregnancy in thyroid cancer patients. J Nucl Med 37:606-612, 1996
  221. Wichers M, Benz E, Palmedo H, Biersack HJ, Grünwald F, Klingmuller D: Testicular function after radioiodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med 27:503-507, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002590050535
  222. Hyer S, Vini L, O'Connell M, Pratt B, Harmer C: Testicular dose and fertility in men following I(131) therapy for thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 56:755-758, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.t01-1-01545.x
  223. Sarkar SD, Beierwaltes WH, Gill SP, Cowley BJ: Subsequent fertility and birth histories of children and adolescents treated with 131I for thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 17:460-464, 1976
  224. Mazzaferri EL: Gonadal damage from 131I therapy for thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:313-314, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01611.x
  225. van Tol KM, Jager PL, de Vries EG, Piers DA, Boezen HM, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP, Links TP: Outcome in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with negative diagnostic whole-body scanning and detectable stimulated thyroglobulin. Eur J Endocrinol 148:589-596, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1480589
  226. Pineda JD, Lee T, Ain K, Reynolds JC, Robbins J: Iodine-131 therapy for thyroid cancer patients with elevated thyroglobulin and negative diagnostic scan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1488-1492, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.80.5.1488
  227. Pacini F, Agate L, Elisei R, Capezzone M, Ceccarelli C, Lippi F, Molinaro E, Pinchera A: Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer with detectable serum Tg and negative diagnostic (131)I whole body scan: comparison of patients treated with high (131)I activities versus untreated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4092-4097, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.9.4092
  228. Wang W, Larson SM, Tuttle RM, Kalaigian H, Kolbert K, Sonenberg M, Robbins RJ: Resistance of [18f]-fluorodeoxyglucose-avid metastatic thyroid cancer lesions to treatment with high-dose radioactive iodine. Thyroid 11:1169-1175, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1089/10507250152741028
  229. Kabasakal L, Selcuk NA, Shafipour H, Ozmen O, Onsel C, Uslu I: Treatment of iodine-negative thyroglobulin-positive thyroid cancer: differences in outcome in patients with macrometastases and patients with micrometastases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31:1500-1504, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-004-1516-y
  230. Fatourechi V, Hay ID, Javedan H, Wiseman GA, Mullan BP, Gorman CA: Lack of impact of radioiodine therapy in tg-positive, diagnostic wholebody scan-negative patients with follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1521-1526, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.4.1521
  231. Wang W, Macapinlac H, Larson SM, Yeh SD, Akhurst T, Finn RD, Rosai J, Robbins RJ: [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography localizes residual thyroid cancer in patients with negative diagnostic (131)I whole body scans and elevated serum thyroglobulin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2291-2302, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.7.2291
  232. Helal BO, Merlet P, Toubert ME, Franc B, Schvartz C, Gauthier-Koelesnikov H, Prigent A, Syrota A: Clinical impact of (18)F-FDG PET in thyroid carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulin levels and negative (131)I scanning results after therapy. J Nucl Med 42:1464-1469, 2001
  233. Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB: The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 82:375-388, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980115)82:2<389::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-V
  234. O'Bryan RM, Baker LH, Gottlieb JE, Rivkin SE, Balcerzak SP, Grumet GN, Salmon SE, Moon TE, Hoogstraten B: Dose response evaluation of adriamycin in human neoplasia. Cancer 39:1940-1948, 1977 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197705)39:5<1940::AID-CNCR2820390505>3.0.CO;2-0
  235. Gottlieb JA, Hill CS Jr, Ibanez ML, Clark RL: Chemotherapy of thyroid cancer. An evaluation of experience with 37 patients. Cancer 30:848-853, 1972 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197209)30:3<848::AID-CNCR2820300336>3.0.CO;2-2
  236. Gottlieb JA, Hill CS Jr: Chemotherapy of thyroid cancer with adriamycin. Experience with 30 patients. N Engl J Med 290:193-197, 1974 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197401242900404
  237. Haugen BR: Management of the patient with progressive radioiodine non-responsive disease. Semin Surg Oncol 16:34-41, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199901/02)16:1<34::AID-SSU7>3.0.CO;2-2
  238. Ain KB, Egorin MJ, DeSimone PA: Treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with paclitaxel: phase 2 trial using ninety-six-hour infusion. Collaborative Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Health Intervention Trials(CATCHIT) Group. Thyroid 10:587-594, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2000.10.587
  239. Santini F, Bottici V, Elisei R, Montanelli L, Mazzeo S, Basolo F, Pinchera A, Pacini F: Cytotoxic effects of carboplatinum and epirubicin in the setting of an elevated serum thyrotropin for advanced poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4160-4165, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2001-011151
  240. Saad MF, Ordonez NG, Rashid RK, Guido JJ, Hill CS Jr, Hickey RC, Samaan NA: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. A study of the clinical features and prognostic factors in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 63:319-342, 1984 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198411000-00001
  241. Machens A, Niccoli-Sire P, Hoegel J, Frank-Raue K, van Vroonhoven TJ, Roeher HD, Wahl RA, Lamesch P, Raue F, Conte-Devolx B, Dralle H; European Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (EUROMEN) Study Group: Early malignant progression of hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 349:1517-1525, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012915
  242. Horvit PK, Gagel RF: The goitrous patient with an elevated serum calcitonin-- what to do? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:335-337, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.2.335
  243. Pacini F, Fontanelli M, Fugazzola L, Elisei R, Romei C, Di Coscio G, Miccoli P, Pinchera A: Routine measurement of serum calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases allows the preoperative diagnosis of unsuspected sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:826-829, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.78.4.826
  244. Ozgen AG, Hamulu F, Bayraktar F, Yilmaz C, Tuzun M, Yetkin E, Tuncyurek M, Kabalak T: Evaluation of routine basal serum calcitonin measurement for early diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in seven hundred seventy-three patients with nodular goiter. Thyroid 9:579-582, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.579
  245. Rieu M, Lame MC, Richard A, Lissak B, Sambort B, Vuong-Ngoc P, Berrod JL, Fombeur JP: Prevalence of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: the importance of routine measurement of serum calcitonin in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42:453-460, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02662.x
  246. Cohen R, Campos JM, Salaun C, Heshmati HM, Kraimps JL, Proye C, Sarfati E, Henry JF, Niccoli-Sire P, Modigliani E: Preoperative calcitonin levels are predictive of tumor size and postoperative calcitonin normalization in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Groupe d'Etudes des Tumeurs a Calcitonine (GETC). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:919-922, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.2.919
  247. Greene FL, Sobin LH: The TNM system: our language for cancer care. J Surg Oncol 80:119-120, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.10114
  248. Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, Bilezikian JP, Beck-Peccoz P, Bordi C, Conte-Devolx B, Falchetti A, Gheri RG, Libroia A, Lips CJ, Lombardi G, Mannelli M, Pacini F, Ponder BA, Raue F, Skogseid B, Tamburrano G, Thakker RV, Thompson NW, Tomassetti P, Tonelli F, Wells SA Jr, Marx SJ: Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5658-5671, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.12.5658
  249. Wells SA Jr, Dilley WG, Farndon JA, Leight GS, Baylin SB: Early diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Intern Med 145:1248-1252, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.145.7.1248
  250. Gilliland FD, Hunt WC, Morris DM, Key CR: Prognostic factors for thyroid carcinoma. A population-based study of 15,698 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program 1973-1991. Cancer 79:564-573, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970201)79:3<564::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-0
  251. Moretti F, Farsetti A, Soddu S, Misiti S, Crescenzi M, Filetti S, Andreoli M, Sacchi A, Pontecorvi A: p53 re-expression inhibits proliferation and restores differentiation of human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma cells. Oncogene 14:729-740, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1200887
  252. Quiros RM, Ding HG, Gattuso P, Prinz RA, Xu X: Evidence that one subset of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are derived from papillary carcinomas due to BRAF and p53 mutations. Cancer 103:2261-2268, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21073
  253. Sherman SI: Anaplastic carcinoma: clinical aspects. Thyroid cancer: a comprehensive guide to clinical management. Totowa: Humana Press, 1999
  254. O'Neill JP, O'Neill B, Condron C, Walsh M, Bouchier-Hayes D: Anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid cancer: improved insight and therapeutic strategy into a highly aggressive disease. J Laryngol Otol 119:585-591, 2005
  255. Dahl PR, Brodland DG, Goellner JR, Hay ID: Thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the skin: a cutaneous manifestation of a widely disseminated malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 36:531-537, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70239-1
  256. Takashima S, Morimoto S, Ikezoe J, Takai S, Kobayashi T, Koyama H, Nishiyama K, Kozuka T: CT evaluation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154:1079-1085, 1990 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.154.5.2108546
  257. Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA: Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases. Cancer 66:321-330, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19900715)66:2<321::AID-CNCR2820660221>3.0.CO;2-A
  258. Sugitani I, Kasai N, Fujimoto Y, Yanagisawa A: Prognostic factors and therapeutic strategy for anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 25:617-622, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002680020166
  259. Junor EJ, Paul J, Reed NS: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: 91 patients treated by surgery and radiotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol 18:83-88, 1992
  260. Kihara M, Miyauchi A, Yamauchi A, Yokomise H: Prognostic factors of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Surg Today 34:394-398, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-003-2737-6
  261. Heron DE, Karimpour S, Grigsby PW: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: comparison of conventional radiotherapy and hyperfractionation chemoradiotherapy in two groups. Am J Clin Oncol 25:442-446, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000421-200210000-00003
  262. Ain KB: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: behavior, biology, and therapeutic approaches. Thyroid 8:715-726, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.715