The Concentration of Cadmium in Urine, and Its Role in Health-risk Assessment of Residents in the Vicinity of Abandoned Mines in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea

경상북도 일부 폐금속광산 인근지역 주민들의 요중 카드뮴 농도 및 건강영향평가

  • Yun, Sung-Ho (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Chang-Yoon (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital) ;
  • Hwang, Tae-Yoon (Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Won, Kyu-Chang (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Do, Jun-Young (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Lee, Se-Jin (Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Park, Yeong-Mog (Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Jun, Kwan-Soo (Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Lee, Gae-Ho (Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Do-Young (GyeongSangBukdo Government Public Institute of Health & Environment) ;
  • Park, Kwang-Seub (GyeongSangBukdo Government Public Institute of Health & Environment) ;
  • SaKong, Joon (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital)
  • 윤성호 (영남대학교병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 김창윤 (영남대학교병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 황태윤 (영남대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 원규장 (영남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 도준영 (영남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 이세진 (영남대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실) ;
  • 박영목 (영남대학교 건설시스템공학과) ;
  • 전관수 (영남대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 이계호 (충남대학교 화학과) ;
  • 이도영 (경상북도 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 박광섭 (경상북도 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 사공준 (영남대학교병원 산업의학과)
  • Received : 2009.07.15
  • Accepted : 2010.09.10
  • Published : 2010.09.30

Abstract

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the concentration of urine cadmium and health risks of residents in the vicinity of abandoned metal mines in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Methods: The concentration of cadmium in the soil, water, and agricultural crops was measured in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Butdeun and Suksan, which have abandoned metal mines. We measured the concentration of cadmium in the urine of residents from the following areas: 78 from village A, 99 from village C and 147 from control areas. Other health-risk assessments were performed on each resident, such as measuring the concentration of ${\beta}_2$-MG and a bone density test. Results: In abandoned mine areas, the mean concentration of cadmium was higher in agricultural soil and in the crops than in that of control areas. The concentration of cadmium in the stream exceeded the guideline level. In regard to provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of cadmium, the actual intake rate through crops was 33.81%, 72.74% in abandoned mine areas and 5.03%, 6.16% in control areas. Residents in abandoned mine areas, A village and C village had a geometric mean of urine Cd of 1.90 ${\mu}g$/g cr and 1.45 ${\mu}g$/g cr. These measurements were significantly higher than those of residents in control areas, B village and D village, 0.59 ${\mu}g$/g cr and 0.65 ${\mu}g$/g cr (p<0.01). Following adjustments for age, sex, smoking habit, and occupational history, the concentration of urine cadmium of residents in the Butdeun abandoned meta mine was higher by 1.62 ${\mu}g$/g cr as compared with the control group (p<0.01). Residents from the Suksan abandoned metal mine also had a higher concentration by 1.07 ${\mu}g$/g cr (p<0.01). A mul-tiple linear regression analysis was performed for the factors associated with T-score, and this showed that the concentration of urine cadmium was not an influential factor. Conclusions: Based on these measurements, areas with abandoned metal mines contaminated streams, agricultural soil, and crops of the adjacent areas, with cadmium. Because residents in the adjacent areas intake contaminated crops, their urine cadmium was increased. Despite a lack of evidence demonstrating the detrimental effect of increased urine cadmium in residents, an additional study is needed to assess the health risks of residents in the vicinity of abandoned metal mines.

목적: 이 연구는 경상북도 내 일부 폐금속광산에 대해 인근 지역의 토양과 수질에서 카드뮴의 오염수준을 측정하고 체내유입기전으로 의심되는 농작물의 카드뮴 함량을 측정한 후 지역주민들의 요중 카드뮴 농도 및 건강상태를 평가하여 대조지역과 비교함으로써 폐금속광산이 인근 지역주민들의 체내 카드뮴 농도와 건강상태에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 수행되었다. 방법: 경상북도 내 붓든폐금속광산과 석산폐금속광산을 대상으로 인근 지역의 토양, 수질, 농작물 내 카드뮴 농도를 측정하고, 폐금속광산 인근지역인 A village 주민 78명, C village 주민 99명, 대조지역 주민 147명을 대상으로 요중 카드뮴 농도를 측정하고 요중 ${\beta}_2$-MG 농도와 골밀도 검사 등 카드뮴에 의한 건강영향평가를 실시하였다. 결과: 폐금속광산지역의 경작지 토양과 경작되는 농산물에서 대조지역보다 평균 카드뮴 농도가 높게 나타났고 하천수의 카드뮴 농도는 하천수 수질 기준치를 초과하고 있었다. 카드뮴의 1일 잠정섭취허용량(PTDI)에 대한 농작물(쌀, 고추, 콩)을 통한 실제 섭취율(%)을 보면 폐금속광산 지역이 33.81%, 72.74%로 대조지역의 5.03%, 6.16%보다 훨씬 높은 수준이었다. 폐금속광산지역인 A village와 C village 주민들의 요중 카드뮴 농도 기하평균은 각각 1.90 ${\mu}g$/g cr, 1.45 ${\mu}g$/g cr으로, 대조지역인 B village와 D village 주민들의 기하평균 0.59 ${\mu}g$/g cr, 0.65 ${\mu}g$/g cr보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다(p<0.01). 연령, 성별, 흡연습관 및 폐금속광산 관련 직업력을 보정한 후에 붓든폐금속광산지역 주민의 요중 카드뮴 농도는 대조지역 주민에 비해 1.62 ${\mu}g$/g cr 높았고(p<0.01), 석산폐금속광산지역 주민 역시 대조지역 주민에 비해 1.07 ${\mu}g$/g cr 높았다(p<0.01). T-score 관련 요인들에 대해 다중선형회귀분석을 실시한 결과 요중 카드뮴 농도의 영향은 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 폐금속광산이 인근 지역의 하천수, 경작지 토양, 농작물을 카드뮴에 오염시키고, 인근지역 주민들이 오염된 농작물을 섭취함으로써 체내 카드뮴 농도가 증가되었다. 증가된 체내 카드뮴 농도가 지역주민들에게 건강상 위해를 초래했다는 근거는 없었지만 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

Keywords

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