References
- Adami HO, Trichopoulos D (2003). Obesity and mortality from cancer. N Engl J Med, 348, 1623-4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp030029
- Alexander DD, Cushing CA, Lowe KA, et al (2009). Meta-analysis of animal fat or animal protein intake and colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 1402-9. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26838
- Baron JA (2005). Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer: a meta analysis study, an ongoing saga. J Am Med Ass, 294, 2904-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.22.2904
- Block G, Hartman AM, Naughton D (1990). A reduced dietary questionnaire: development and validation. Epidemiology, 1, 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199001000-00013
- Byers T, Nestle M, McTiernan A, et al (2002). American Cancer Society and Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin, 52, 92-119. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.52.2.92
- Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thrumind K, et al (2003). Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med, 348, 1625-38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021423
- Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thrumind K, et al (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med, 348, 1625-38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021423
- Choi S, Mason JB (2000). Folate and carcinogenesis: an integrated scheme. J Nutrition, 130, 129-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.2.129
- Campbell PT, Deka A, Jacobs EJ, et al (2010). Prospective study reveals associations between colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus or insulin use in men. Gastroenterology, 139, 1138-46. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.072
- Cross AJ, Ferrucci LM, Risch A, et al (2010). A large prospective study of meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: an investigation of potential mechanisms underlying this association. Cancer Res, 70, 2406-14. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3929
- Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR (2002). Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutrition, 132, S3456-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.11.3456S
- Frezza EE, Wachtel MS, Chiriva-Internati M (2006). Influence of obesity on the risk of developing colon cancer. Gut, 55, 285-91. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2005.073163
- Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, et al (1994). A prospective study of family history and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med, 331, 1669-74. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199412223312501
- Galal O (2003). Nutrition related health patterns in the Middle East. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr, 12, 337-43.
- Giovannucci E, RimmEB, Stampfer MI, et al (1994). Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res, 54, 2390-7.
- Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al (1997). Physical activity, obesity and risk of colorectal adenoma in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 7, 253-63.
- Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Tosteson TD, et al (1994). A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med, 21, 141-7.
- Gunter MJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Cortessis VK, et al (2005). Meat intake, cooking-related mutagens and risk of colorectal adenoma in a sigmoidoscopy-based case-control study. Carcinogenesis, 26, 637-42.
- Harding S, Rosato M, Teyhan A (2009). Trends in cancer mortality among migrants in England and wales, 1979-2003. Eur J Cancer, 45, 2168-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2009.02.029
- Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, Batterham A, et al (2009). Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure- time physical activity. Colorectal Dis, 11, 689-701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01767.x
- Heavy PM, McKenna D & Rowland IR (2004). Colorectal cancer and the relationship between genes and the environment. Nutr Cancer, 48, 124-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc4802_2
- Irigaray P, Newby JA, Clapp R, et al (2007). Lifestyle-related factors and environmental agents causing cancer: an overview. Biomed Pharmacother, 61, 640-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2007.10.006
- IARC Working group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (1993). Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxin. Vol. 56. IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans.
- Jass JR (2005). What is new in hereditary colorectal cancer? Arch Pathol Lab Med, 129, 1380-4.
- Johnson IT (2001). Mechanisms and anticarcinogenic effects of diet-related apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa. Nutr Res Reviews, 14, 229-56. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200128
- La Vecchia C, Altieri A, Tavani A (2001). Vegetables, fruit, antioxidants and cancer: a review of Italian studies. Eur J Nutr, 40, 261-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s394-001-8354-9
- Musaiger AO, Miladi (2001). Food consumption patterns and dietary habits in the Arab countries of Gulf. FAO/RNE, UAE University, Al-Ain UAE.
- Negri E, Franceshi S, Parpinel M, et al (1998). Fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7, 667-71.
- Omran S, Ismail AA (2010). Knowledge and beliefs of Jordanians toward colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Nursing, 33, 141-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181b823f3
- Pietinen P, Hartman AM, Haapa E, et al (1988). A self-administered food use questionnaire with a portion size picture booklet. Am J Epidemiol, 128, 655-66. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115013
- Physical Activity: Department of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Surveillance and Population-Based Prevention World Health Organization 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland For further information: www.who.int/chp/steps GPAQ v2.0.
- Ronellenfitsch U, Kyobutungi C, Ott JJ, et al (2009). Stomach cancer mortality in two large cohorts of migrants from the former Soviet Union to Israel and Germany: are there implications for prevention? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 21, 409-16. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283155220
- Shimizu N, Nagata C, Shimizu H, et al (2003). Height, weight, and alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: a prospective study. Br J Cancer, 7, 1038-43.
- Sanjoaquin MA, Allen N, Couto E, et al (2005). Folate intake and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analytical approach. Int J Cancer, 113, 8258.
- Schrauzer GN, White DA & Schneider CJ (1977). Cancer mortality correlation studies. III: Statistical associations with dietary selenium intakes. Bioinorganic Chemistry, 7, 33-9.
- Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, et al (2000) Lack of effect of a low-fat diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med, 342, 1149-55. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004203421601
- Sheila AB, Nicholas ED, Robert L, et al (2003). Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Lancet, 361, 1496-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13174-1
- Stewart BW& Kleihues P (2003). World cancer report. Geneva, World Health Organization/Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
- Slattery ML, Berry TD, Potter J, et al (1997). Diet diversity, diet composition and risk of colon cancer (United States). Cancer Causes and Control, 8, 872-82. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018416412906
- Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, et al (1994). Vegetables, fruit and colon cancer in the Iwo Women's Health Study. Am I Epidemiol, 139, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116921
- Sung JJ, Lau JY, Goh KL, et al (2005). Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in Asia: implications for screening. Lancet Oncol, 6, 871-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70422-8
- Tarawenh M, Nimri O (2007). Cancer incidence in Jordan. Jordan National Cancer Registry.
- Timothy JK, Paul NA, Elizabeth AS, et al (2009) Cancer incidence in vegetarians: results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Am J Clin Nutr, 89, S1620-6. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736M
- Ulrich CM, Bigler J, Whitton JA, et al (2001). Epoxide hydrolase Tyr113His polymorphism is associated with elevated risk of colorectal polyps in the presence of smoking and high meat intake. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 10, 875-82.
- US department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and Human Services (2005).Nutrition and your Health: Dietary Guiedlines for Americans.6th ed. Home and Garden Bulletin no.232. Washington, DC: US government Printing Office.
- WCRF, World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) (2008). Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer; a Global Perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research.
- Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al (1990). Relation of meat, fat and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med, 13, 1664-72.
- WHO, World Health Organization(2006). Cancer, Geneva(Fact Sheet No. 297).
- WHO, World Health Report(2005). Make every mother and child count. Geneva, World Health Organization.
- Wu AH, Paganin-Hill A, Ross RK, et al (1987). Alcohol, physical activity, and other risk factors for colorectal cancer: a prospective study. Br J Cancer, 55, 687-94. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1987.140