Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지

Predictors of Breast Cancer among Women in a Northern State of Malaysia: a Matched Case-control Study

Matalqah, Laila;Radaideh, Khaldoon;Yusoff, Zuraidah Mohd;Awaisu, Ahmed

  • Published : 20110600
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer has been increased in South East Asia countries, but there are limited data for breast cancer risk factors in these countries. To clarify the risk for breast cancer among the Malaysian women, a matched case-control study was conducted. Method: Between October 2009 and April 2010, a survey was prospectively conducted among women admitted to clinics of Penang General Hospital for examination and/or treatment by using a questionnaire. Therefore, characteristics of patients diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 150) were compared with control cases (n = 150) admitted to hospital for non-neoplastic, non-hormone related diseases. Results: Family history of a distant relative with breast cancer (OR= 2.84), history of first-degree relatives with breast cancer (OR= 2.95), history of benign breast disease (OR= 2.43), menstrual irregularity (OR= 4.24), and use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) (OR= 2.15) were found to be significant risk factors for breast cancer in our population. Furthermore, education more than 11 years (OR= 0.40), breastfeeding (OR= 0.50), being employed (OR= 0.45) and practicing low fat diet (OR= 0.53) were strongly protective against breast cancer development. Conclusion: The results emphasize the importance of conducting a series of awareness campaigns that highlights the protective role of longer breastfeeding period against breast cancer and the negative relationships between OCP use and high fat diet with this disease.

Keywords

References

  1. Bennicke K, Conrad C, Sabroe S, Sorensen H (1995). Cigarette smoking and breast cancer. BMJ, 310, 1431. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6992.1431
  2. Bernstein L. (1998). Breastfeeding experience and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7, 365-9.
  3. Brinton L, Gammon M, Malone K, et al (1997). Modification of oral contraceptive relationships on breast cancer risk by selected factors among younger women. Contraception, 55, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(97)00012-7
  4. Brinton L, Hoover R, Fraumeni JR (1983). Reproductive factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. Br J Cancer, 47, 757-62 https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1983.128
  5. Brinton L, Potischman N, Swanson C, et al (1995). Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk. Cancer Cause Control, 6, 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051791
  6. Brinton L, Schairer C, Hoover R, et al(1988). Menstrual factors and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Invest, 6, 245-54. https://doi.org/10.3109/07357908809080645
  7. Brown L, Gridley G, Wu A, et al (2009). Low level alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and risk of breast cancer in Asian-American women. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 120, 203-10.
  8. Byrne C, Ursin G, Ziegler R (1996). A comparison of food habit and food frequency data as predictors of breast cancer in the NHANES I/NHEFS cohort. J Nutr, 26, 2757-64.
  9. CARIF-UM (2008). CARIF-UM Release New Malaysian Breast Cancer Genetic Study Kuala Lumpur, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF) and University Malaya (UM).
  10. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1996). Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Contraception, 54 (3 suppl), 1S-106S.
  11. Dales L, URY H (1978). An improper use of statistical significance testing in studying covariables. Int J Epidemiol, 7, 373-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/7.4.373
  12. Daud NA (2004). A study of risk factors of breast cancer among registered female patient in kuala Lumpur hospital between July 2001 to September 2001. NCD Malaysia, 3, 29-34.
  13. Ewertz M, Duffy S, Adami H, et al (1990). Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer, 46, 597-603. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910460408
  14. Furberg H, Newman B, Moorman P, et al (1999). Lactation and breast cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol, 28, 396-402. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/28.3.396
  15. Gilliland F, Hunt W, Banumgartner K, et al (1998). Reproductive risk factors for breast cancer in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the New Mexico Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol, 148, 683-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/148.7.683
  16. Greenland S (2008). Invited commentary: variable selection versus shrinkage in the control of multiple confounders. Am J Epidemiol, 167, 523-9.
  17. Krieger N (1990). Social class and the black/white crossover in the age-specific incidence of breast cancer: a study linking census-derived data to population-based registry records. Am J Epidemiol, 131,804-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115571
  18. Kropp S, Becher H, Nieters A, et al(2001). Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by age 50 years among women in Germany. Am J Epidemiol, 154, 624-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.7.624
  19. Kuru B, Ozaslan C, Ozdemir P, et al (2002). Risk factors for breast cancer in Turkish women with early pregnancies and long-lasting lactation. Acta Oncol, 41, 556-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841860214964
  20. Lim G, Halimah Y (2002). The first report of the national cancer registry cancer incidence in Malaysia. Nat Cancer Reg, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
  21. Lim G, Halimah Y (2004). Second report of the national cancer registry cancer incidence in Malaysia 2003. Nat Cancer Reg, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
  22. Lima F, Latorre M, Costa M, Fisberg R (2008). Diet and cancer in Northeast Brazil: evaluation of eating habits and food group consumption in relation to breast cancer. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 24, 820-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008000400012
  23. McPherson K, Steel CM, Dixon JM(2000). ABC of breast diseases. Breast cancer - epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. BMJ, 321, 624-8 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7261.624
  24. Ministry of Health Malaysia. Report of the Second National Health and Morbidity Survey Conference. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Public Health Institute, 1997
  25. Newcomb P, Egan K, Titus-Ernstoff L, et al (1999). Lactation in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 150, 174-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009977
  26. Norsa'adah B, Rusli B, Imran A, et al (2005). Risk factors of breast cancer in women in Kelantan, Malaysia. Singapore Med J, 46, 698-705
  27. Ozmen V, Ozcinar B, Karanlik H, et al (2009). Breast cancer risk factors in Turkish women - a University Hospital based nested case control study. World J Surg Oncol, 7,37-44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-7-37
  28. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al (2005). Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 55, 74-108. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74
  29. Pharoah PD, Day NE, Duffy S, et al (1997). Family history and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Cancer, 71, 800-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970529)71:5<800::AID-IJC18>3.0.CO;2-B
  30. Rejali L, Jaafar M, Ismail N (2007). Serum selenium level and other risk factors for breast cancer among patients in a Malaysian hospital. Environ Health Prev Med, 12, 105-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02898024
  31. Romieu I, Hernandez-Avila M, Lazcano E, Lopez L, Romero-Jaime R (1996). Breast cancer and lactation history in Mexican women. Am J Epidemiol, 143, 543-52. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008784
  32. Rosemawati A, Sallehudin A (2001). Cancer registration in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Cancer Prev, 2 (IACR Supplement), 43-5.
  33. Shapiro S, Rosenberg L, Hoffman M, et al (2000). Risk of breast cancer in relation to the use of injectable progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen/progestogen contraceptives. Am J Epidemiol, 151, 396-403. Erratum: 1134. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010219
  34. Stephans FO (1997). Breast cancer: aetiological factors and associations. (a possible protective role of phytoestrogens). Aust NZJ Surg, 67,755-60 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1997.tb04574.x
  35. Tan K (2009). Knowledge, attitude and practice on breastfeeding in Klang, Malaysia. Int Med J, 8, 17-21.
  36. Tao S, Yu M, Ross R, et al(1998). Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women of Beijing. Int J Cancer, 42, 495-8.
  37. Terry P, Miller A, Rohan T (2002). Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: a long latency period? Int J Cancer, 100, 723-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10536
  38. Wakai K, Tamakoshi K, Date C, et al (2005). Dietary intakes of fat and fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: a prospective study in Japan. Cancer Sci, 96, 590-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00084.x
  39. Wang Q, Ross R, Yu M, et al (1992). A case-control study of breast cancer in Tianjin, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1, 435-9.
  40. Weir R, Day P, Ali W (2007). Risk factors for breast cancer in women: A systematic review of the literature. NZHTA Report. 10(2).
  41. Wynder EL, Cohen LA, Rose DP, Stellman SD (1994) Dietary fat and breast cancer: where do we stand on the evidence? J Clin Epidemiol, 47, 217-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(94)90001-9
  42. Yuan J, Yu M, Ross R, et al (1988). Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women in Shanghai. Cancer Res, 48, 1949-53.