References
- Alam SE, Alam SE (1998). Prevalence and pattern of smoking in Pakistan. JPMA, 48, 64-6.
- Al-Haddad N, Hamadeh RR, Al-Haddad N, Hamadeh RR (2003). Smoking among secondary-school boys in Bahrain: prevalence and risk factors. East Mediterr Health J, 9, 78-86.
- Al-Mas'oudi TM (2008). Prevalence of sheesha smoking in Oman. Proceedings of the 5th Scientific Conference for Medical Students in GCC Countries on "Genomic Research in developing countries-Bridging the Gap" 2008 February 6-9; Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain. Manama: Arabian Gulf University,70.
- Al-Mulla AM, Helmy SA, Al-Lawati J, et al (2008). Prevalence of tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years in Health Ministers' Council/Gulf Cooperation Council Member States, 2001-2004. J of School Health, 78, 337-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00311.x
- Almutairi KM (2004). Predicting smoking behavior among male Saudi Arabian college students. (Dissertation). The University of Nebraska. Lincoln.
- Al-Turki YA (2006). Smoking habits among medical students in Central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J, 27, 700-3.
- Anjum Q, Ahmed F, Ashfaq T (2008). Knowledge, attitude and perception of waterpipe smoking (shisha) among adolescents aged 14-19 years. J Pak Med Assoc, 58, 312-7
- Asfar T, Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Maziak W (2005). Comparison of patterns of use, beliefs, and attitudes related to waterpipe between beginning and established smokers. BMC Public Health, 5, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-19
- Ash News release (2007) "Shisha 200 times worse than a cigarette". (cited 24 June 2011). Available at URL: http://www.ash.org.uk
- Baddoura R, Wehbeh-Chidiac C (2001). Prevalence of tobacco use among the adult Lebanese population. Eastern Med Hlth J, 7, 819-28.
- Behbehani NN, Hamadeh RR, Macklai NS, et al (2004) Knowledge of and attitudes towards tobacco control among smoking and non-smoking physicians in 2 Gulf Arab states. Saudi Med J, 25, 585-91.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007). Decline in smoking prevalence-New York City, 2002-2006. MMWR, 56, 604-8.
- Chaaya M, El-Roueiheb Z, Chemaitelly H, et al (2004). Argileh smoking among university students: a new tobacco epidemic. Nicotine Tobacco Res, 6, 457-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001696628
- Chaaya M, Jabbour S, El-Roueiheb Z, et al (2004). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of argileh (water pipe or hubble-bubble) and cigarette smoking among pregnant women in Lebanon. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1821-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.04.008
- Chaouachi K (2007). The medical consequences of narghile (hookah, shisha) use in the world. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 55, 165-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2006.12.008
- Chattopadhyay A (2000). Emperor Akbar as a healer and his eminent physicians. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad, 30, 151-7
- Dar-Odeh NS, Bakri FG, Al-Omiri MK, et al (2010). Narghile (water pipe) smoking among university students in Jordan: prevalence, pattern and beliefs. Harm Reduc J, 7, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-7-10
- DAWN; Karachi (2006) WHO registers concern over Shisha popularity. June 01, 2006. (cited 24 June 2011). Available at URL: http:// DAWN.com. Available from: URL: http://www.dawn.com/2006/06/01/local12/htm.
- Djordjevic MV, Stellman SD, Zang E (2000). Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 92, 106-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.2.106
- Eissenberg T, Ward KD, Smith-Simone S, Maziak W (2008). Waterpipe tobacco smoking on a U.S. college campus: prevalence and correlates. J Adolesc Health, 42, 526-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.10.004
- El-Roueiheb Z, Tamim H, Kanj M, et al (2008). Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among Lebanese adolescents, a crosssectional study, 2003-2004. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10, 309-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701825775
- Gunaid AA, Sumairi AA, Shidrawi RG, et al (1995). Oesophageal and gastric carcinoma in the Republic of Yemen. Brit J Cancer, 71, 409-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1995.83
- Habib M, Mohamed MK, Abdel-Aziz F, et al (2001). Hepatitis C virus infection in a community in the Nile Delta: risk factors for seropositivity. Hepatology, 33, 248-53. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2001.20797
- Inhorn MC , Buss KA (1994). Ethnography, epidemiology and infertility in Egypt. Social Sci Med, 39, 671-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90023-X
- Jabbour S, El-Roueiheb Z, Sibai AM (2003). Narghile (waterpipe) smoking and incident coronary heart disease: a case-control study. Ann Epidemiol, 13, 570.
- Jackson D, Aveyard P (2008). Waterpipe smoking in students: prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake. Evidence from one British university. BMC Public Health, 8, 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-174
- Jawaid A, Zafar AM, Rehman TU, et al (2008). Knowledge, attitudes and practice of university students regarding waterpipe smoking in Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Dis, 12, 1077-84.
- Kandela P (2000). Nargile smoking keeps Arabs in Wonderland. Lancet, 356, 1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)72871-3
- Kiter G, Ucan ES, Ceylan E, et al (2000) Water-pipe smoking and pulmonary functions. Respir Med, 94, 891-4. https://doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2000.0859
- Knishkowy B, Amitai Y (2005). Water-pipe (narghile) smoking: An emerging health risk behavior. Pediatrics, 116, e113-9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-2173
- Labib N, Radwan G, Mikhail N, et al (2007). Comparison of cigarette and water pipe smoking among female university students in Egypt. Nicotine Tob Res, 9, 591-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701239696
- Mandil A, Hussein A, Omer H, Turki G, Gaber I (2007). Characteristics and risk factors of tobacco consumption among University of Sharjah students, 2005. East Mediterr Health J, 13, 1449-58. https://doi.org/10.26719/2007.13.6.1449
- Marshall L, Schooley M, Ryan H, et al (2006). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth tobacco surveillance-United States, 2001-2002. MMWR Surveill Summ, 55,1-56.
- Maziak W, Eissenberg T, Rastam S, et al (2004). Beliefs and attitudes related to narghile (waterpipe) smoking among university students in Syria. Ann Epidemiol, 14, 646-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.11.003
- Maziak W, Eissenberg T, Rastam S, et al (2004) Beliefs and attitudes related to narghile (waterpipe) smoking among university students in Syria. Ann Epidemiol,14, 646-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.11.003
- Maziak W, Ward KD, Afifi Soweid RA, Eissenberg T (2004). Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic. Tob Control, 13, 327-33. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.008169
- Maziak W, Ward KD, Mzayek F, et al (2005). Mapping the health and environmental situation in informal zones in Aleppo, Syria: report from the Aleppo household survey. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 78, 547-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-005-0625-7
- Milaat WA, Al-Bar HS, Ghabrah TM, Abalkhail BA, Suliman NK (1999). Preventive practices and non healthy behaviors among female university employees in Saudi Arabia. Bahrain Med Bulletin, 21, 75-9.
- Morsy MA, Khaled MM (2001). Direct electron paramagnetic resonance study of tobacco. 1. Manganese (II) as a marker. J Agric Food Chem, 49, 683-6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0010937
- Munckhof WJ, Konstantinos A, Wamsley M, et al (2003) A cluster of tuberculosis associated with use of marijuana water pipe. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis, 7, 860-5.
- Nafae A, Misra S P, Dhar S N, Shah S N (1973). Bronchogenic carcinoma in Kashmir Valley. Indian J Chest Dis, 15, 285-95.
- Neergaard J, Singh P, Job J, Montgomery S (2007). Waterpipe smoking and nicotine exposure: a review of the current evidence. Nicotine Tob Res, 9, 987-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701591591
- Nisar N, Billoo N, Gadit AA, et al (2005). Pattern of tobacco consumption among adult women of low socioeconomic community Karachi, Pakistan. JPMA, 55, 111-4.
- Nisar N, Qadri MH, Fatima K, et al (2007). A community based study about knowledge and practices regarding tobacco consumption and passive smoking in Gadap Town, Karachi. JPMA, 57, 186-8.
- Parna K, Usin J, Ringmets I (2008). Cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adolescents in Estonia: HBSC survey results, 1994-2006. BMC Public Health, 8, 392. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-392
- Phillips BA, Danner FJ (1995). Cigarette smoking and sleep disturbance. Arch Intern Med, 155, 734-7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430070088011
- Poyrazoglu S, Sarli S, Gencer Z, Günay O (2010). Waterpipe (narghile) smoking among medical and non-medical university students in Turkey. Ups J Med Sci, 115, 210-6 https://doi.org/10.3109/03009734.2010.487164
- Primack BA, Fertman CI, Rice KR, chi-Mejia AM, Fine MJ (2010). Waterpipe and cigarette smoking among college athletes in the United States. J Adolesc Health, 46, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.004
- Primack BA, Sidani J, Agarwal AA, et al (2008). Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among U.S. university students. Ann Behav Med, 36, 81-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-008-9047-6
- Radwan G N, Israel E, El-Setouhy M, et al (2003) Impact of religious rulings (fatwa) on smoking. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 33, 1087-101.
- Rapp K, Buechele G, Weiland SK (2007). Sleep duration and smoking cessation in student nurses. Addict Behav, 32, 1505-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.11.005
- Rice VH, Weglicki LS, Templin T, et al (2006) Predictors of Arab American adolescent tobacco use. Merrill Palmer Q, 52, 327-42. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0020
- Riedel B W, Durrence HH, Lichstein KL, et al (2004). The relation between smoking and sleep: The influence of smoking level, health, and psychological variables. Behav Sleep Med, 2, 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15402010bsm0201_6
- Sabra AA, Taha AZ, Al Sebiany AA, Al Kurashi NY, Al Zubier AG (2007). Coronary heart disease risk factors: prevalence and behavior among male university students in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 82, 21-42.
- Shafagoj YA , Mohammed FI (2002). Levels of maximum endexpiratory carbon monoxide and certain cardiovascular parameters following hubble-bubble smoking. Saudi Med J, 23, 953-8.
- Shafagoj YA, Mohammed FI, Hadidi KA (2002). Hubble-bubble (water pipe) smoking: levels of nicotine and cotinine in plasma, saliva and urine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 40, 249-55. https://doi.org/10.5414/CPP40249
- Shihadeh A (2003). Investigation of the mainstream smoke aerosol of the argileh water pipe. Food Chem Toxicol, 41, 143-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00220-X
- Shihadeh A, Saleh R (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocacrbons, carbon monoxide, "tar," and nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narghile water pipe. Food Chem Toxicol, 43, 655-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.12.013
- Smith SY, Curbow B, Stillman FA (2007). Harm perception of nicotine products in college freshmen. Nicotine Tob Res, 9, 977-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701540796
- Smith-Simone S, Maziak W, Ward K, Eissenberg T (2008). Waterpipe tobacco smoking: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in two U.S. samples. Nicotine Tob Res, 10, 393-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701825023
- Smith-Simone SY, Curbow BA, Stillman FA (2008a). Differing psychosocial risk profiles of college freshmen waterpipe, cigar, and cigarette smokers. Addict Behav, 33, 1619-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.017
- Taha AZ, Sabra AA, Al-Mustafa ZZ, et al (2010). Water pipe (shisha) smoking among male students of medical colleges in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med, 30, 222-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.62838
- Taha AZA (2007). Prevalence of risk-taking behaviors. Bahrain Med Bulletin, 29, 1-10.
- Tamim H, Al-Sahab B, Akkary G, et al (2007). Cigarette and nargileh smoking practices among school students in Beirut, Lebanon. Am J Health Behav, 31, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.31.1.6
- Tamim H, Terro A, Kassem H, et al (2003). Tobacco use by university students, Lebanon, 2001. Addict, 98, 933-9. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00413.x
- The Sacred Narghile. (updated 2008) (cited 2 September 2011). Available at URL: http://www.sacrednarghile.com/en/index.php
- US Department of Health and Human Services (2004). The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General- Executive Summary. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Control and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
- Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Gray JN, et al (2007). Characteristics of US waterpipe users: a preliminary report. Nicotine Tob Res, 9, 1339-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701705019
- Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Rastam S, et al (2006). The tobacco epidemic in Syria. Tob Control,15, 24-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2005.014860
- Weglicki LS, Templin T, Hammad A, et al (2007). Health issues in the Arab American community. Tobacco use patterns among high school students: do Arab American youth differ? Ethn Dis, 17, S3-22-S3-24.
- Weglicki LS, Templin TN, Rice VH, Jamil H, Hammad A (2008). Comparison of cigarette and water-pipe smoking by Arab and non-Arab-American youth. Am J Prev Med, 35, 334-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.037
- WHO, 2005. http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/en/ Accessed August 2007.
- World Health Organization (2005) Toboacco regulatory advisory note waterpipe tobacco smoking: Health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators. Geneva.
- World Health Organization (2010) (Tobacco Free Initiative). Advisory note waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization [WHO]. Why is tobacco a public health priority?
- Zahran FM, Ardawi MS, Al-Fayez SF (1985). Carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations in smokers of shisha and cigarettes in Saudi Arabia. BMJ, 291, 1768-70.
- Zoughaib SS, Adib SM, Jabbour J, et al (2004). Prevalence and determinants of water pipe or narghile use among students in Beirut's southern suburbs. J Med Leban, 52, 142-8.