Infection and chemotherapy

The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases (대한감염학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-positive Cocci: Past 50 Years, Present and Future

항생제 내성: 지난 50년간의 변화와 향후 전망 - 그람양성균

  • Song, Jae-Hoon (Division of Infectious Diseases, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine)
  • 송재훈 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 감염내과)
  • Published : 2011.12.31
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Widespread development of antimicrobial resistance by major bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococci, and gram-negative bacilli have emerged as a global healthcare concern. Antimicrobial resistance was first identified during the 1940s and 50s with penicillin resistance in S. aureus . During the 1970s and 80s, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) rapidly emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen in hospitals throughout the world. In the 1990s, a variation of MRSA emerged as community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), which is contracted outside of the hospital setting, and has become one of the most common pathogens associated with skin and skin structure infections in the United States and other parts of the world. Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) was first reported in 1996, and high-level vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) was reported in 2002. S. pneumoniae has demonstrated a significant increase in resistance to macrolides and beta-lactam agents since 1980s, particularly in Asian countries while penicillin resistance is not prevalent among non-meningeal isolates according to the new breakpoints from CLSI. Vancomycin resistant enterococci, particularly E. faecium, is a major concern associated with nosocomial infections in many hospitals. Given the widespread emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant gram-positive cocci during recent decades, the problem is likely to continue to increase as a critical, clinical problem.

Keywords

References

  1. Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, Edwards JE, Gilbert D, Rice LB, Scheld M, Spellberg B, Bartlett J. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1086/595011
  2. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:135-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/40.1.135
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin--United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:565-7.
  4. Grundmann H, Aires-de-Sousa M, Boyce J, Tiemersma E. Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat. Lancet 2006;368:874-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68853-3
  5. Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Genet Evol 2008;8:747-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.007
  6. Ko KS, Lee JY, Suh JY, Oh WS, Peck KR, Lee NY, Song JH. Distribution of major genotypes among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Asian countries. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:421-6. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.1.421-426.2005
  7. Kim JM, Park ES, Jeong JS, Kim KM, Kim JM, Oh HS, Yoon SW, Chang HS, Chang KH, Lee SI, Lee MS, Song JH, Kang MW, Park SC, Choe KW, Pai CH. Multicenter surveillance study for nosocomial infections in major hospitals in Korea. Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Committee of the Korean Society for Nosocomial Infection Control. Am J Infect Control 2000;28:454-8. https://doi.org/10.1067/mic.2000.107592
  8. Chong Y, Lee K, Park YJ, Jeon DS, Lee MH, Kim MY, Chang CH, Kim EC, Lee NY, Kim HS, Kang ES, Cho HC, Paik IK, Lee HS, Jang SJ, Park AJ, Cha YJ, Kang SH, Lee MH, Song W, Shin JH. Korean nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in 1997. Yonsei Med J 1998;39:569-77. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.1998.39.6.569
  9. Lee K, Chang CL, Lee NY, Kim HS, Hong KS, Cho HC. Korean nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in 1998. Yonsei Med J 2000;41:497-506. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2000.41.4.497
  10. Kim HB, Jang HC, Nam HJ, Lee YS, Kim BS, Park WB, Lee KD, Choi YJ, Park SW, Oh MD, Kim EC, Choe KW. In vitro activities of 28 antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from tertiary-care hospitals in Korea: a nationwide survey. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1124-7. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.4.1124-1127.2004
  11. Hong SG, Yong D, Lee K, Kim EC, Lee WK, Jeong SH, Song WK, Park YJ, Kim MN, Uh Y, Shin JH, Lee J, Ahn JY, Lee SW, Kim JS, Shin HB. Antimicrobial resistance of clinically important bacteria isolated from hospitals located in representative provinces of Korea. Korean J Clin Microbiol 2003;6:29-36.
  12. Hong SG, Lee J, Yong D, Kim EC, Jeong SH, Park YJ, Choi TY, Uh Y, Shin JH, Lee WK, Ahn JY, Lee SH, Woo GJ, Lee K. Antimicrobial resistance of clinically important bacteria isolated from 12 hospitals in Korea. Korean J Clin Microbiol 2004;7:171-7.
  13. Lee H, Yong D, Lee K, Hong SG, Kim EC, Jeong SH, Park YJ, Choi TY, Uh Y, Shin JH, Lee WK, Lee J, Ahn JY, Lee SH, Woo GJ. Antimicrobial resistance of clinically important bacteria isolated from 12 hospitals in Korea in 2004. Korean J Clin Microbiol 2005;8:66-73.
  14. Lee H, Kim CK, Lee J, Lee SH, Ahn JY, Hong SG, Park YJ, Jeong SH, Kim EC, Lee WK, Uh Y, Shin JH, Choi TY, Kwak HS, Lee K. Antimicrobial resistance of clinically important bacteria isolated from 12 hospitals in Korea in 2005 and 2006. Korean J Clin Microbiol 2007;10:59-69.
  15. Salgado CD, Farr BM, Calfee DP. Community-acquired methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:131-9. https://doi.org/10.1086/345436
  16. Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, Talan DA; EMERGEncy ID Net Study Group. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2006;355:666-74. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055356
  17. Liu C, Graber CJ, Karr M, Diep BA, Basuino L, Schwartz BS, Enright MC, O'Hanlon SJ, Thomas JC, Perdreau-Remington F, Gordon S, Gunthorpe H, Jacobs R, Jensen P, Leoung G, Rumack JS, Chambers HF. A population-based study of the incidence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in San Francisco, 2004-2005. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1637-46. https://doi.org/10.1086/587893
  18. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, Borchardt SM, Boxrud DJ, Etienne J, Johnson SK, Vandenesch F, Fridkin S, O'Boyle C, Danila RN, Lynfield R. Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA 2003;290:2976-84. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.22.2976
  19. Song JH, Hsueh PR, Chung DR, Ko KS, Kang CI, Peck KR, Yeom JS, Kim SW, Chang HH, Kim YS, Jung SI, Son JS, So TM, Lalitha MK, Yang Y, Huang SG, Wang H, Lu Q, Carlos CC, Perera JA, Chiu CH, Liu JW, Chongthaleong A, Thamlikitkul V, Van PH; ANSORP Study Group. Spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between the community and the hospitals in Asian countries: an ANSORP study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1061-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr024
  20. Kim HB, Shin DH, Park KU, Oh MD, Kim EC, Choe KW. The methicillin-resistance rate of Staphylococcus aureus isolatd from anterior nares of healthy adults in the community. Korean J Infect Dis 1998;30:527-31.
  21. Kim ES, Song JS, Lee HJ, Choe PG, Park KH, Cho JH, Park WB, Kim SH, Bang JH, Kim DM, Park KU, Shin S, Lee MS, Choi HJ, Kim NJ, Kim EC, Oh MD, Kim HB, Choe KW. A survey of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Korea. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:1108-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm309
  22. Mun HM, Kim SD, Chun B, Lee S, Kim MN, Sim JJ, Choi HR, Park HJ, Han MK, Kwak SH, Hong MJ, Woo JH. Community and hospital onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Korean J Nosocomial Infect Control 2009;14:24-35.
  23. Chung G, Cha J, Han S, Jang H, Lee K, Yoo J, Yoo J, Kim H, Eun S, Kim B, Park O, Lee Y. Nationwide surveillance study of vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains in Korean hospitals from 2001 to 2006. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010;20:637-42.
  24. Howden BP, Davies JK, Johnson PD, Stinear TP, Grayson ML. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus, including vancomycin-intermediate and heterogeneous vancomycin- intermediate strains: resistance mechanisms, laboratory detection, and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010;23:99-139. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00042-09
  25. Perichon B, Courvalin P. VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:4580-7. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00346-09
  26. Tiwari HK, Sen MR. Emergence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from a tertiary care hospital from northern part of India. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:156. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-156
  27. Aligholi M, Emaneini M, Jabalameli F, Shahsavan S, Dabiri H, Sedaght H. Emergence of high-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. Med Princ Pract 2008;17:432-4. https://doi.org/10.1159/000141513
  28. Chambers HF. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus? Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:178-82. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0702.010204
  29. Hansman D. Penicillin-insensitive pneumococci. Br Med J 1976;2:1503-4.
  30. Jacobs MR, Koornhof HJ, Robins-Browne RM, Stevenson CM, Vermaak ZA, Freiman I, Miller GB, Witcomb MA, Isaäcson M, Ward JI, Austrian R. Emergence of multiply resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 1978;299:735-40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197810052991402
  31. Kim SH, Song JH, Chung DAR, Thamlikitkul V, Yang Y, Wanh H, So TM, Hsueh PR, Yasin R, Carlos CC, Van PH, Lalitha MK, Shimono N, Perera J, Shibl AM, Baek JY, Kang C, Ko, KS, Peck KR. Changing trend of antimicrobial resistance and serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries: an ANSORP study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (in press)
  32. Hsueh PR, Shyr JM, Wu JJ. Changes in macrolide resistance among respiratory pathogens after decreased erythromycin consumption in Taiwan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:296-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01348.x
  33. Uttley AH, Collins CH, Naidoo J, George RC. Vancomycinresistant Enterococci. Lancet 1988;1:57-8.
  34. Leclercq R, Derlot E, Duval J, Courvalin P. Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 1988;319:157-61. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198807213190307
  35. Frieden TR, Munsiff SS, Low DE, Willey BM, Williams G, Faur Y, Eisner W, Warren S, Kreiswirth B. Emergence of vancomycinresistant Enterococci in New York City. Lancet 1993;342:76-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91285-T
  36. Reik R, Tenover FC, Klein E, McDonald LC. The burden of vancomycin- resistant enterococcal infections in US hospitals, 2003 to 2004. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;62:81-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.013
  37. Deshpande LM, Fritsche TR, Moet GJ, Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci from North America and Europe: a report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;58:163-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.12.022
  38. Werner G, Coque TM, Hammerum AM, Hope R, Hryniewicz W, Johnson A, Klare I, Kristinsson KG, Leclercq R, Lester CH, Lillie M, Novais C, Olsson-Liljequist B, Peixe LV, Sadowy E, Simonsen GS, Top J, Vuopio-Varkila J, Willems RJ, Witte W, Woodford N. Emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among Enterococci in Europe. Euro Surveill 2008;13:pii 19046.
  39. Brown DF, Hope R, Livermore DM, Brick G, Broughton K, George RC, Reynolds R; BSAC Working Parties on Resistance Surveillance. Non-susceptibility trends among Enterococci and non-pneumococcal streptococci from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001-06. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62(Suppl 2):ii75-85.
  40. Bonten MJ, Willems R, Weinstein RA. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci: why are they here, and where do they come from? Lancet Infect Dis 2001;1:314-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00145-1
  41. Klare I, Badstübner D, Konstabel C, Böhme G, Claus H, Witte W. Decreased incidence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococci isolated from poultry meat and from fecal samples of humans in the community after discontinuation of avoparcin usage in animal husbandry. Microb Drug Resist 1999;5:45-52. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.1999.5.45
  42. Salgado CD, Farr BM. Outcomes associated with vancomycinresistant Enterococci: a meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:690-8. https://doi.org/10.1086/502271
  43. DiazGranados CA, Zimmer SM, Klein M, Jernigan JA. Comparison of mortality associated with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:327-33. https://doi.org/10.1086/430909
  44. Park JW, Kim YR, Shin WS, Kang MW, Han KJ, Shim SI. Susceptibility tests of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. Korean J Infect Dis 1992;24:133-7.
  45. Lee K, Kim MN, Kim JS, Hong HL, Kang JO, Shin JH, Park YJ, Yong D, Jeong SH, Chong Y; KONSAR Group. Further Increases in carbapenem-, amikacin-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa in Korea: KONSAR study 2009. Yonsei Med J 2011;52:793-802. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2011.52.5.793
  46. Korea Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (KONIS) Report : Data Summary from July 2009 through June 2010. Accessed at: http://www.cdc.go.kr. Accessed 1 December 2011.
  47. Cheong HJ, Song JY, Eom JS, Kim WJ, Choi SJ, Choi JH, Lee H, Chung MH, Lee KM, Shin DH, Sohn BR, Choi JS, Woo HJ, Kwon JA, Lee KW, Choe KW, Park SC. Colonization rate, risk factor for acquisition and genetic diversity of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) isolated from rectal culture of patients in intensvie care units from ten large hospitals in Korea. Korean J Infect Dis 2002;34:276-84.
  48. Yi SH, Kim SD, Chun BC, Lee J, Kim MN. Prevalence of vanA vancomycin-resistant Enterococci and epidemiologic survey of chicken farms located in Seoul and Kyunggi province. Korean J Nosocomial Infect Control 2007;12:77-84.
  49. Han SH, Chin BS, Lee HS, Jeong SJ, Choi HK, Kim CO, Yong D, Choi JY, Song YG, Lee K, Kim JM. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome. J Infect 2009;58:182-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2009.01.013

Cited by

  1. The Changing Patterns of Antibiotics Usage in Korea during 1981-2008 vol.44, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2012.44.6.411
  2. 황색포도알균과 표피포도알균에 대한 포토프린과 라다클로린의 광역학 효과 vol.12, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.14400/jdc.2014.12.6.407
  3. 중환자실 간호사의 다제내성균 감염관리 수행에 영향을 미치는 요인 vol.27, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2015.27.3.325
  4. Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Rate of Medically Important Microorganisms between Japan and Korea vol.18, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5145/acm.2015.18.4.111
  5. Synergy effect of legal highs with antibiotics vol.37, pp.6, 2011, https://doi.org/10.12925/jkocs.2020.37.6.1635