Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Increase in the Contents of Ginsenosides in Raw Ginseng Roots in Response to Exposure to 450 and 470 nm Light from Light-Emitting Diodes

  • Park, Sang-Un (Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Ahn, Deok-Jong (Punggi Ginseng Experiment Station, Gyeongbuk Provincial Agricultural Research & Extension Services) ;
  • Jeon, Hyeon-Jeong (Punggi Ginseng Experiment Station, Gyeongbuk Provincial Agricultural Research & Extension Services) ;
  • Kwon, Tae-Ryong (Punggi Ginseng Experiment Station, Gyeongbuk Provincial Agricultural Research & Extension Services) ;
  • Lim, Hyoun-Sub (Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Choi, Bo-Seong (School of Biotechnology and LED-IT Fusion Technology Research Center, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Baek, Kwang-Hyun (School of Biotechnology and LED-IT Fusion Technology Research Center, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Bae, Han-Hong (School of Biotechnology and LED-IT Fusion Technology Research Center, Yeungnam University)
  • Received : 2011.04.20
  • Accepted : 2011.12.05
  • Published : 2012.04.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

An light-emitting diode (LED)-based light source was used as a monochromatic light source to determine the responses of raw ginseng roots (Panax ginseng Meyer) to specific emission spectra with respect to the production of ginsenosides. The ginsenoside content in the ginseng roots changed in response to the LED light treatments at $25^{\circ}C$ relative to the levels in the control roots that were treated in the dark or at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. Ginseng roots were exposed to LEDs with four different peak emission wavelengths, 380, 450, 470, and 660 nm, in closed compartments. Compared with the control $4^{\circ}C$-treated roots, roots that were treated with 450 and 470 nm light showed a significantly increased production of ginsenosides (p<0.05), with increases of 64.9% and 74.1%, respectively. The contents of the ginsenosides $Rb_2$, Rc, and $Rg_1$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the 450 and 470 nm-treated root samples. The ratio of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, and Rd) to protopanaxatriol ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the 450 and 470 nm-treated root samples than in the control $4^{\circ}C$-treated roots. This is the first report that demonstrates the increase and conversion of ginsenosides in raw ginseng roots in response to exposure to LED light.

Keywords

References

  1. Chang YS, Chang YH, Sung JH. The effect of ginseng and caffeine products on the antioxidative activities of mouse kidney. J Ginseng Res 2006;30:15-21. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2006.30.1.015
  2. Ernst E. Panax ginseng: an overview of the clinical evidence. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:259-263. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.259
  3. Lee ST. Cognitive improvement by ginseng in Alzheimer's disease. J Ginseng Res 2007;31:51-53. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2007.31.1.051
  4. Wolf-Dieter R, Lin WM, Gabriele G, Radad K. Perspectives for ginsenosides in models of Parkinson's disease. J Ginseng Res 2007;31:127-136. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2007.31.3.127
  5. Nam KY. Clinical applications and efficacy of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). J Ginseng Res 2002;26:111-131. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2002.26.3.111
  6. Vuksan V, Sievenpipper J, Jovanovski E, Jenkins AL. Current clinical evidence for Korean red ginseng in management of diabetes and vascular disease: a Toronto's ginseng clinical testing program. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:264-273. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.264
  7. Lee SY, Kim YK, Park NI, Kim CS, Lee CY, Park SU. Chemical constituents and biological activities of the berry of Panax ginseng. J Med Plants Res 2010;4:349-353.
  8. Cho DH, Park KJ, Yu YH, Ohh SH, Lee HS. Root-rot development of 2-year old ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten in the continuous cultivation filed. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1995;19:175-180.
  9. Ginseng production guide for commercial growers. Victoria: British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, 2003.
  10. Ali MB, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Copper-induced changes in the growth, oxidative metabolism, and saponin production in suspension culture roots of Panax ginseng in bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep 2006;25:1122-1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0174-x
  11. Thanh NT, Murthy HN, Yu KW, Seung Jeong C, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Effect of oxygen supply on cell growth and saponin production in bioreactor cultures of Panax ginseng. J Plant Physiol 2006;163:1337-1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.08.014
  12. Woo SS, Song JS, Lee JY, In DS, Chung HJ, Liu JR, Choi DW. Selection of high ginsenoside producing ginseng hairy root lines using targeted metabolic analysis. Phytochemistry 2004;65:2751-2761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.08.039
  13. Park CS, Yoo MH, Noh KH, Oh DK. Biotransformation of ginsenosides by hydrolyzing the sugar moieties of ginsenosides using microbial glycosidases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010;87:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2567-6
  14. Liang Y, Zhao S. Progress in understanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2008;10:415-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00064.x
  15. Cheng LQ, Na JR, Kim MK, Bang MH, Yang DC. Microbial conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to minor ginsenoside F2 and gypenoside XVII by Intrasporangium sp. GS603 isolated from soil. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007;17:1937-1943.
  16. Okazaki H, Tazoe F, Okazaki S, Isoo N, Tsukamoto K, Sekiya M, Yahagi N, Iizuka Y, Ohashi K, Kitamine T et al. Increased cholesterol biosynthesis and hypercholesterolemia in mice overexpressing squalene synthase in the liver. J Lipid Res 2006;47:1950-1958. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M600224-JLR200
  17. Kim MK, Lee BS, In JG, Sun H, Yoon JH, Yang DC. Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of ginseng leaf. Plant Cell Rep 2006;25:599-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0095-0
  18. Noh KH, Oh DK. Production of the rare ginsenosides compound K, compound Y, and compound Mc by a thermostable beta-glycosidase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Biol Pharm Bull 2009;32:1830-1835. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.32.1830
  19. Karikura M, Miyase T, Tanizawa H, Taniyama T, Takino Y. Studies on absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. VII. Comparison of the decomposition modes of ginsenoside-$Rb_1$ and -$Rb_2$in the digestive tract of rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1991;39:2357-2361. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.2357
  20. Zhao J, Davis LC, Verpoorte R. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2005;23:283-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.01.003
  21. Ebel J, Mithofer A. Early events in the elicitation of plant defence. Planta 1998;206:335-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050409
  22. Hu X, Neill S, Cai W, Tang Z. Hydrogen peroxide and jasmonic acid mediate oligogalacturonic acid-induced saponin accumulation in suspension-cultured cells of Panax ginseng. Physiol Plant 2003;118:414-421. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00124.x
  23. Kim BG, Kim JH, Kim J, Lee C, Ahn JH. Accumulation of flavonols in response to ultraviolet-B irradiation in soybean is related to induction of flavanone 3-beta-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase. Mol Cells 2008;25:247-252.
  24. Zhou B, Li Y, Xu Z, Yan H, Homma S, Kawabata S. Ultraviolet A-specifi c induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the swollen hypocotyls of turnip (Brassica rapa). J Exp Bot 2007;58:1771-1781. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm036
  25. Shin KS, Murthy HN, Heo JW, Paek KY. Induction of betalain pigmentation in hairy roots of red beet under different radiation sources. Biol Plant 2003;47:149-152.
  26. Yu KW, Gao W, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Jasmonic acid improves ginsenoside accumulation in adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Biochem Eng J 2002;11:211-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00029-3
  27. Ali MB, Yu KW, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation induces ginsenosides accumulation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant in suspension culture Panax ginseng roots in bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep 2006;25:613-620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0065-6
  28. Bae KH, Choi YE, Shin CG, Kim YY, Kim YS. Enhanced ginsenoside productivity by combination of ethephon and methyl jasmoante in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) adventitious root cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2006;28:1163-1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-006-9071-1
  29. Kim YS, Yeung EC, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Combined effects of phytohormone, indole-3-butyric acid, and methyl jasmonate on root growth and ginsenoside production in adventitious root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Biotechnol Lett 2007;29:1789-1792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-007-9442-2
  30. Yu KW, Murthy HN, Jeong CS, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Organic germanium stimulates the growth of ginseng adventitious roots and ginsenoside production. Process Biochem 2005;40:2959-2961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.01.015
  31. Chen H, Chen F. Kinetics of cell growth and secondary metabolism of a high-tanshinone-producing line of the Ti transformed Salvia miltiorrhiza cells in suspension culture. Biotechnol Lett 1999;21:701-705. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005562410037
  32. Jabs T, Tschope M, Colling C, Hahlbrock K, Scheel D. Elicitor-stimulated ion fluxes and $O_2$ - from the oxidative burst are essential components in triggering defense gene activation and phytoalexin synthesis in parsley. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:4800-4805. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4800
  33. Chong TM, Abdullah MA, Fadzillah NM, Lai OM, Lajis NH. Jasmonic acid elicitation of anthraquinones with some associated enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant responses in Morindaelliptica. Enzym Microb Technol 2005;36:469-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.11.002
  34. Hajnos ML, Zobel AM, Głowniak K. The influence of ultraviolet radiation on the content of pharmacologically active taxoids in yew tissues. Phytomedicine 2001;8:139-143. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00010
  35. Fonseca JM, Rushing JW, Rajapakse NC, Thomas RL, Riley MB. Potential implications of medicinal plant production in controlled environments: the case of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). HortScience 2006;41:531-535.
  36. Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute. Korean Ginseng: Chapter 5. Process of ginseng. Daejeon: Korea Ginseng &Tobacco Research Institute, 1994, p.43-62.
  37. Kim WY, Kim JM, Han SB, Lee SK, Kim ND, Park MK, Kim CK, Park JH. Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J Nat Prod 2000;63:1702-1704. https://doi.org/10.1021/np990152b
  38. Takaku T, Kameda K, Matsuura Y, Sekiya K, Okuda H. Studies on insulin-like substances in Korean red ginseng. Planta Med 1990;56:27-30. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960877
  39. Yun TK, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kim SI, Yun HY. Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. J Korean Med Sci 2001;16 Suppl:S6-S18. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S6

Cited by

  1. An Overview of LEDs’ Effects on the Production of Bioactive Compounds and Crop Quality vol.22, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091420
  2. Effects of various ginsenosides and ginseng root and ginseng berry on the activity of Pancreatic lipase vol.26, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0090-6
  3. Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from fresh ginseng vol.37, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.117
  4. Human epicardial adipose tissue has a specific transcriptomic signature depending on its anatomical peri-atrial, peri-ventricular, or peri-coronary location vol.108, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvv208
  5. Monitoring of active constituents of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizome stored under supplemented white LED-light with different light intensities vol.1245, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1245.19
  6. Effects of Different Light Intensities on the Growth and Accumulation of Photosynthetic Products in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyers vol.58, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.58.131