Journal of Environmental Health Sciences (한국환경보건학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Health (한국환경보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Concentration of PFOA and PFOS in Whole Blood and Factors Controlling Their Exposure Among Koreans

한국인의 혈 중 PFOA와 PFOS 농도와 노출요인

  • Suh, Chun-Hui (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Lee, Chae-Kwan (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Lee, So-Ryong (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Park, Mi-Hee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Tae (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Son, Byung-Chul (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Kim, Jeong-Ho (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Kim, Kun-Hyung (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University)
  • 서춘희 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이채관 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이소룡 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 박미희 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이종태 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 손병철 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 김정호 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 김건형 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소)
  • Received : 2012.03.26
  • Accepted : 2012.04.12
  • Published : 2012.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in blood and factors controlling their exposure among Koreans. Methods: Study subjects were selected to include 718 members of the general population residing in five metropolitan cities and the Gangwon Province area from August 2008 to January 2009. A questionnaire was administered to investigate lifestyle, socio-demographic characteristics, and other related factors. Blood samples were collected and extracted using solid-phase extraction and anion-exchange methods, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC, Agilent 1200 Series) coupled with a Triple Quad LC-MS/MS system (Agilent 6410). Results: Geometric mean concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in the blood were measured as 1.82 and 6.06 ng/ml, respectively. Mean PFOA and PFOS concentrations generally increased with age in both genders. Blood PFOA concentration was significantly different according to such variables as age, family income, residential district, and province. Blood PFOS concentration was significantly different by such variables as gender, age, lifestyle factors such as regular exercise, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. Also, family income, hazardous facilities, job classification, and province contributed significantly to differences in blood PFOS concentration levels. Conclusions: Blood PFOA and PFOS concentrations in Koreans were similar with those found in Japan, the USA, and Germany, but less than those in Australia. PFOA and PFOS exposure seems to be affected by a variety of factors in Korea. Therefore, investigation is required for each factor to assess the relative contribution of different variables.

Keywords

References

  1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). PFCs: outcome of the 2009 Survey on the production, use and release of PFOS, PFAS, PFOA, PFCA, their related substances and products/ mixtures containing these substances. Available: http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/? cote=env/jm/mono(2011)1&doclanguage= en [accessed 12 January 2012].
  2. Bus J. Compilation of board comments on draft PFOA panel report, EPA Report. February IS, 2006.
  3. Kerstner-Wood C, Coward L, Gorman G. Protein binding of perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate to plasma (human, rat, and various human-derived plasma protein fractions. Southern Research Corporation, Study 9921.7. US EPA docket AR-226-1354. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC), 2004.
  4. Fromme H, Tittlemier SA, Volkel W, Wilhelm M, Twardella D. Perfluorinated comounds - Exposure assessment for the general population in western countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009; 212: 239-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.007
  5. Emmett EA, Shofer FS, Zhang H, Freeman D, Desai C, Shaw LM. Community exposure to perfluorooctanoate: Relationships between serum concentrations and exposure sources. JOEM. 2006; 48: 759-770.
  6. Olsen GW, Logan PW, Hansen KJ, Simpson CA, Burris JM, Burlew MM, et al. An occupational exposure assessment of a perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride production site: biomonitoring. AIHAJ. 2003; 64: 651-659.
  7. Holzer J, Midasch O, Rauchfuss K, Kraft M, Reupert R, Angerer J, et al. Biomonitoring of perfluorinated compounds in children and adults exposed to perfluorooctanoate-contaminated drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 2008; 116: 651-657. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11064
  8. Begley TH, White K, Honigfort P, Twaroski ML, Neches R, Walker RA. Perfluorochemicals: potential sources of and migration from food packaging. Food Addit Contam. 2005; 22: 1023-1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500183474
  9. Ehresman DJ, Froehlich JW, 01sen GW, Chang SC, Butenhoff JL. Comparison of human whole blood, plasma, and serum matri,ces for the determination of pefluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other lluorochernicals. Environ Res. 2007; 103: 176-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2006.06.008
  10. Olsen GW, Burlew MM, Marshall JC, Burris JM, Handel JH. Analysis of episodes of care in a perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluonde production facility. J Occup Environ Med. 2004; 46: 837-846. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000135546.70469.87
  11. Kannan K, Corsolini F, Falandysz J, Fillmann G, Kumar KS, Loganathan BG, et al. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochernicals in human blood from several countries. Environ Sci Technol. 2004; 38: 4489-4495. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0493446
  12. Midasch O, Schettgen T, Angerer J. Pilot study on the perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate exposure of the German general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2006; 209: 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.06.002
  13. KFDA, The survey of exposure level for PFOS and PFOA in human. 2006.
  14. Jang SH, Lee CK, Kim DH, Kim KB, Ahn JH, Kim HD, et al. Lifestyle and Work related Factors Associated with Serum PFOA among Workers at Manufacturing Companies. Korean J Occup Environ Med, 2008; 20: 233-244.
  15. KFDA. Exposure assessment of major perfluorinated compounds among Koreans. 2009.
  16. KFDA. Database of biological samples for human biomonitoring of hazard materials. 2010.
  17. Karrman A, Ericson I, van Bavel B, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Glynn A, et al. Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996- 2004, in Sweden. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115: 226-230.
  18. Harada K, Saito N, Inoue K, Yoshinaga T, Watanabe T, Sasaki S, et al. The influence of time, sex and geographic factors on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in human serum over the last 25 years. J Occup Health. 2004; 46: 141- 147. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.46.141
  19. Fromme H, Midasch O, Twardella D, Angerer JS, Boehmer B. Occurrence of perXuorinated substances in an adult German population in southern Bavaria. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2007; 80: 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-006-0136-1
  20. Karrman A, Mueller JF, van Bavel B, Harden F, Toms LM, Lindstrom G. Levels of 12 perfluorinated chemicals in pooled australian serum, collected 2002-2003, in relation to age, gender, and region. Environ Sci Technol. 2006; 40: 3742-3748. https://doi.org/10.1021/es060301u
  21. Kudo N, Katakura M, Sato Y, Kawashima Y. Sex hormone-regulated renal transport of perfluorooctanoic acid. Chem Biol Interact. 2002; 139: 301- 316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2797(02)00006-6
  22. Butenhoff J, Costa G, Elcombe C, Farrar D, Hansen K, Iwai H, et al. Toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate in male cynomolgus monkeys after oral dosing for 6 months. Toxicol Sci. 2002; 69: 244- 257. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/69.1.244
  23. Kudo N, Kawashima Y. Toxicity and toxicokinetics of perfluorooctanoic acid in humans and animals. J Toxicol Sci. 2003; 28: 49-57. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.28.49
  24. Melzer D, Rice N, Depledge MH, Henley WE, Galloway TS. Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Health Perspect. 2010; 118: 686-692. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901584
  25. Eriksen KT, Sorensen M, McLaughlin JK, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Determinants of plasma PFOA and PFOS levels among 652 Danish men. Environ Sci Technol. 2011; 45: 8137- 8143. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100626h
  26. Lehmler HJ. Synthesis of environmentally relevant fluorinated surfactants-a review. Chemosphere. 2005; 58: 1471-1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.078
  27. Shoeib M, Harner T, M Webster G, Lee SC. Indoor sources of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCS) in Vancouver, Canada: implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol. 2011; 45: 7999-8005. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103562v
  28. Goosey E, Harrad S. Perfluoroalkyl compounds in dust from Asian, Australian, European, and North American homes and UK cars, classrooms, and offices. Environ Int. 2011; 37: 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.001
  29. Haug LS, Salihovic S, Jogsten IE, Thomsen C, van Bavel B, Lindström G, et al. Levels in food and beverages and daily intake of perfluorinated compounds in Norway. Chemosphere. 2010; 80: 1137- 1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.023
  30. Clarke DB, Bailey VA, Routledge A, Lloyd AS, Hird S, Mortimer DN, et al. Dietary intake estimate for perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluorocompounds (PFCs) in UK retail foods following determination using standard addition LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010; 27: 530-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440040903476590
  31. Haug LS, Thomsen C, Brantsaeter AL, Kvalem HE, Haugen M, Becher G, et al. Diet and particularly seafood are major sources of perfluorinated compounds in humans. Environ Int. 2010; 36: 772-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.016
  32. Cho CR, Eom IC, Kim EJ, Kim SJ. Evaluation of the Level of PFOS and PFOA in Environmental Media from Industrial Area and Four Major River Basin. J Korean Soc Environ Analysis 2009; 12: 296-306.

Cited by

  1. Study on the biodegradation of alternatives (four species including C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>F<sub>9</sub>KO<sub>3</sub>S) for perfluorooctane sulfonate vol.30 Suppl, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5620/eht.s2015008
  2. Study on the biodegradation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and PFOS alternatives vol.31, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5620/eht.e2016002