Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Natural Bioactive Products on the Growth and Ginsenoside Contents of Panax ginseng Cultured in an Aeroponic System

  • Kim, Geum-Soog (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Lee, Seung-Eun (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Noh, Hyung-Jun (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kwon, Hyuck (International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute) ;
  • Lee, Sung-Woo (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kim, Seung-Yu (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kim, Yong-Bum (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration)
  • Received : 2011.08.30
  • Accepted : 2012.05.29
  • Published : 2012.10.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of natural bioactive products such as Manda enzyme (T1), Yangmyeongwon (T2), effective microorganisms (T3), and Kelpak (T4) on the growth and ginsenoside contents of Panax ginseng cultured in an aeroponic system using a two-layer vertical type of nutrient bath under natural light conditions. The growth of ginseng plants showed specific characteristics according to the positions in which they were cultured due to the difference of light transmittance and temperature in the upper and lower layers during aeroponic culture in a two-layer vertical type of system. The growth of the aerial part of the leaves and stems of ginseng plants cultured in the lower layer (4,000 to 6,000 lx, $23^{\circ}C$ to $26^{\circ}C$) of the nutrient bath was observed to be superior to that of the ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer (12,000 to 15,000 lx, $25^{\circ}C$ to $28^{\circ}C$). The leaf area was significantly larger in the treatment of T2 and T4 (46.70 $cm^2$) than with other treatments. Conversely, the values of the root weight and root diameter were higher in ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer of the nutrient bath. The root weight was significantly heavier in the treatment of T4 (6.46 g) and T3 (6.26 g) than with other treatments. The total ginsenoside content in the leaves and roots was highest in the ginseng plants cultured by the treatment of T1, at 16.20%, while the total ginsenoside content obtained by other treatments decreased in the order of T4, T5 (control), T2, and T3, at 13.21%, 12.30%, 14.84%, and 14.86%, respectively. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaves was found to be significantly higher in the treatment of T1 in the lower layer of the nutrient bath, at 15.30%, while the content of the ginseng roots in the treatments of T3 and T4, at 1.27% and 1.23%, respectively, was significantly higher than in other treatments in the upper layer of the nutrient bath.

Keywords

References

  1. Cheng JT. Merit of ginseng in the improvement of insulin resistance. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:155-159. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.155
  2. Vuksan V, Sievenpipper J, Jovanovski E, J AL. Current clinical evidence for Korean red ginseng in management of diabetes and vascular disease: a Toronto's ginseng clinical testing program. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:264-273. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.264
  3. Cho WC, Chung WS, Lee SK, Leung AW, Cheng CH, Yue KK. Ginsenoside Re of Panax ginseng possesses signifi cant antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effi cacies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;550:173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.056
  4. Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, Chun KS, Park JH, Lee SK, Kwon H, Surh YJ. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett 2000;150:41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00369-9
  5. Kim HS, Lee EH, Ko SR, Choi KJ, Park JH, Im DS. Effects of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res 2004;27:429-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980085
  6. Suh SO, Boo YJ, Park JM, Kim J. Prospective study for Korean red ginseng extract as an immune modulator following a curative surgery in patients with advanced colon cancer. J Ginseng Res 2007;31:54-59. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2007.31.1.054
  7. Surh YJ, Na HK, Lee JY, Keum YS. Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor promoting activities of heatprocessed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Korean Med Sci 2001;16 Suppl:S38-S41. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S38
  8. Van Kampen J, Robertson H, Hagg T, Drobitch R. Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2003;184:521-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.08.002
  9. Lopez MV, Cuadrado MP, Ruiz-Poveda OM, Del Fresno AM, Accame ME. Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1770:1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.06.008
  10. Kang KS, Yamabe N, Kim HY, Yokozawa T. Effect of sun ginseng methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats. Phytomedicine 2007;14:840-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.01.002
  11. Kwon YS, Jang KH. The effect of Korean red ginseng on liver regeneration after 70% hepatectomy in rats. J Vet Med Sci 2004;66:193-195. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.66.193
  12. Kim DH, Moon YS, Jung JS, Min SK, Son BK, Suh HW, Song DK. Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Neurosci Lett 2003;343:62-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00300-8
  13. Kim DH, Moon YS, Lee TH, Jung JS, Suh HW, Song DK. The inhibitory effect of ginseng saponins on the stress-induced plasma interleukin-6 level in mice. Neurosci Lett 2003;353:13-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.070
  14. Kim GS, Hyun DY, Kim YO, Lee SE, Kwon H, Cha SW, Park CB, Kim YB. Investigation of ginsenosides in different parts of Panax ginseng cultured by hydroponics. Korean J Hort Sci Technol 2010;28:216-226.
  15. Kim GS, Hyun DY, Kim YO, Lee SW, Kim YC, Lee SE, Son YD, Lee MJ, Park CB, Park HK et al. Extraction and preprocessing methods for ginsenosides analysis of Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer. Korean J Med Crop Sci 2008;16:446-454.
  16. Lee JC, Cheon SK, Kim YT, Kim SD, Ahn SB. Studies on the optimum light intensity for growth of Panax ginseng. II. Study on the difference of the optimum light intensity for the growth of ginseng plant according to the root age. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1982;6:149-153.
  17. Cheon SG, Lee TS, Yun JH, Lee SS. Effect of light transmittance control on the growth status of aerial parts during the growing season of Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2003;27:202-206. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2003.27.4.202
  18. Lee CH, Lee JC, Cheon SK, Kim YT, Ahn SB. Studies on the optimum light intensity for growth of Panax ginseng. I. Effects of light intensity on growth of shoots and roots of ginseng plants. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1982;6:38-45.
  19. Cheon SK, Mok SK, Lee SS. Effect of light intensity and quality on the growth and quality of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). III. Effects of light intensity on the quality of ginseng plant. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1991;15:144-151.
  20. Hwang WI, Hwang YK, Lee JY, Lee JY, Okuda H. Antitumor and immunopotentiating effects of Manda enzyme. Nat Prod Sci 1996; 2:29-36.
  21. Kim DC, Hwang WI, In MJ. In vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities of extracts from a fermented food. J Food Biochem 2003;27:449-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2003.tb00593.x
  22. Ashima T, Okimasu E. Immunostimulatory effects of fermented vegetable product on the non-specifi c immunity of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish Sci 2005;71:257-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00958.x
  23. Luo YM, Cheng XJ, Yuan WX. Effects of ginseng root saponins and ginsenoside Rb1 on immunity in cold water swim stress mice and rats. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1993;14:401-404.
  24. Song X, Zang L, Hu S. Amplifi ed immune response by ginsenoside-based nanoparticles (ginsomes). Vaccine 2009;27:2306-2311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.040
  25. Yokozawa T, Liu ZW, Dong E. A study of ginsenoside- Rd in a renal ischemia-reperfusion model. Nephron 1998;78:201-206. https://doi.org/10.1159/000044911
  26. Chang TL, Ding HY, Kao YW. Role of ginsenoside Rd in inhibiting 26S proteasome activity. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:12011-12015. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf801427e
  27. Ye R, Li N, Han J, Kong X, Cao R, Rao Z, Zhao G. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rd against oxygenglucose deprivation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Res 2009;64:306-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.03.016
  28. Crouch IJ, van Staden J. Effect of seaweed concentrate from Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss on Meloidogyne incognita infestation on tomato. J Appl Phycol 1993;5:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182420
  29. Crouch IJ, Van Staden J. Commercial seaweed products as biostimulants in horticulture. J Home Consum Hortic 1993;1:19-76. https://doi.org/10.1300/J280v01n01_03
  30. Kowalski B, Jager AK, Van Staden J. The effect of a seaweed concentrate on the in vitro growth and acclimatization of potato plantlets. Potato Res 1999;42:131-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02358403
  31. Featonby-Smith BC, Van Staden J. Identification and seasonal variation of endogenous cytokinins in Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenf. Bot Mar 1984;27:527-531.
  32. Robertson-Andersson DV, Leitao D, Bolton JJ, Anderson RJ, Njobeni A, Ruck K. Can kelp extract (KELPAK) be useful in seaweed mariculture? J Appl Phycol 2006;18:315-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9030-1

Cited by

  1. Effects of Vermicompost Application on the Growth and Ginsenoside Content of Panax ginseng in a Reclaimed Field vol.49, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2016.49.2.138
  2. The Potential of Minor Ginsenosides Isolated from the Leaves of Panax ginseng as Inhibitors of Melanogenesis vol.16, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16011677
  3. Isolation and Quantification of Ginsenoside Rh23, a New Anti-Melanogenic Compound from the Leaves of Panax ginseng vol.23, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020267
  4. Effects of Enhanced Light Transmission Rate During the Early Growth Stage on Plant Growth, Photosynthetic Ability and Disease Incidence of Above Ground in Panax ginseng vol.23, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2015.23.4.284
  5. Cambial meristematic cells: a platform for the production of plant natural products vol.32, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2015.02.003
  6. The Effects of Environmental Factors on Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Enzyme Gene Expression and Saponin Abundance vol.24, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010014
  7. Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer Herbal Preparation HRG80 in Preventing and Mitigating Stress-Induced Failure of Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Co vol.13, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13040057
  8. A short-term, hydroponic-culture of ginseng results in a significant increase in the anti-oxidative activity and bioactive components vol.29, pp.7, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-020-00735-5
  9. The Potential of Introduction of Asian Vegetables in Europe vol.6, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6030038
  10. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antithrombotic Effects of Ginsenoside Compound K Enriched Extract Derived from Ginseng Sprouts vol.26, pp.13, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134102
  11. Growth and bioactive phytochemicals of Panax ginseng sprouts grown in an aeroponic system using plasma-treated water as the nitrogen source vol.11, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82487-8