Journal of Environmental Health Sciences (한국환경보건학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Health (한국환경보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Review on Toxic Substances in the Liquid and Gas Phases of Electronic Cigarettes

전자담배 액상 및 기체상 중 유해물질 고찰

  • Shin, Ho-Sang (Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University)
  • 신호상 (공주대학교 사범대학, 환경교육과)
  • Received : 2013.10.01
  • Accepted : 2013.12.05
  • Published : 2013.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: Electronic cigarettes are battery powered devices that convert a nicotine-containing liquid into an inhalable vapor. The device aerosolizes nicotine so that it is readily entrained into the respiratory tract, from where it enters the bloodstream. Information on the safety of E-cigarettes is required. Methods: Seventeen articles on studies analyzing toxic substances in the liquid and gas phases of electronic cigarettes were reviewed. Results: Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, known to be carcinogenic agents in humans or animals, were detected in the liquid and gas phases. In addition, diethyl phthalate, acetone, ethanol, cresol, xylene, propylene, styrene, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol cis-3-hexen-1-ol, methyl cinnamate and undecane were identified in the liquid and gas phases of E-cigarettes. Propylene glycol, glycerin, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-hydroxy-2- propanone, acetic acid, 1-menthone, 2,3-butanediol, menthol, carvone, maple lactone, benzyl alcohol, 2-methyl-2-pentanoic acid, ethyl mantel, ethyl cinnamate, myosamine, benzoic acid, 2,3-bipyridine, cotinine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1'1-oxybis-2-propanol were detected in the vapors of E-cigarettes. Conclusion: The hazardous compounds identified in the liquid and gas phases of E-cigarettes should be controlled for the lowest concentrations in the raw materials and production procedures.

Keywords

References

  1. Etter JF, Bullen C. Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction. 2011; 106(11): 2017-2028. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03505.x
  2. American Legacy Foundation. Tabacco Fact Sheet. Available:http://www.legacyforhealth.org/content/download/582/6926/file/LEG-FactSheet-eCigarettes-JUNE2013.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  3. Paschke T, Scherer G, Heller WD. Effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke composition and biological activity: a literature overview. Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International. 2002; 20(3): 107-47.
  4. Riker CA, Lee K, Darville A, Hahn EJ. E-cigarette: promise or peril. Nurs Clin N Am. 2012; 47: 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2011.10.002
  5. Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, Evangelopoulou V, Connolly GN, Behrakis PK. Acute pulmonary effects of using an e-cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest. 2011; 141: 1400-406.
  6. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Evaluation of e-cigarettes. Available: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/scienceresearch/ucm173250.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  7. Shin HS, Kim HJ, Oh JA, Lim HH, Cho YH, Yang EY. Toxicity assessment of liquid and gas phase of electronic cigarettes (I), the Ministry Health and Welfare. 2011. p.134-136
  8. Okamoto M, Kita T, Okuda H, Tanaka T, Nakashima T. Effects of aging on acute toxicity of nicotine in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1994; 75(1): 1-6.
  9. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2004) Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans), Lyon, France, World Health Organization.
  10. Hecht SS. Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998; 11(6): 559-603. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx980005y
  11. Health New Zealand. Safety Report on the Ruyan e-Cigarette Cartridge and Inhaled Aerosol. Available: http://www.healthnz.co.nz/RuyanCartridgeReport30-Oct-08.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  12. Health New Zealand. Ruyan E-cigarette Bench-Top Tests., Available:http://www.healthnz.co.nz/DublinEcigBenchtopHandout.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  13. Alliance Technologies LLC. Characterization of Liquid "Smoke Juice" for Electronic Cigarettes. Available:http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/4.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013]. .
  14. Blackburn MicroTech Solutions. Analysis of Components from Gamucci Electronic Cigarette Cartridges, Tobacco Flavour Regular Smoking Liquid. Available:http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/7.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  15. Alliance Technologies LLC. Characterization of Regal Cartridges for Electronic Cigarettes. Available: http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/8.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  16. Alliance Technologies LLC. Characterization of Regal Cartridges for Electronic Cigarettes-Phase II. Available:http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/9.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  17. NJOY. NJOY E-cigarette Health Risk Assessment. Available:http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/5.php [accessed 7 October 2013].
  18. Evans Analytical Group. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis Report. Available: http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/14.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  19. Catholic University of Leuven. Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control. Available:http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/15.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  20. Kim HJ, Shin HS. Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2013; 1291: 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.035
  21. Shin HS, Kim HJ, Oh JA, Lim HH, Cho YH, Yang EY. Toxicity assessment of liquid and gas phase of electronic cigarettes (II), the Ministry Health and Welfare. 2012. p.149-154
  22. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans (methanal, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-buxy-2-propanol). Available:http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf[accessed 7 October 2013].
  23. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). IRIS on methanal, Available:http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0419. htm [accessed 7 October 2013].
  24. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Chemical summary for ethanal prepared by office of pollution prevention and toxics. Available:http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_acetal.txt [accessed 7 October 2013].
  25. Lim HH, Shin HS. Measurement of aldehydes in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bull Kor Chem Soc. 2013; 34(9): 2691-2696. https://doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.9.2691
  26. Ohta K, Uchiyama S, Inaba Y, Nakagome H, Kunugita N. Determination of carbonyl compounds generated from the electronic cigarette using coupled silica cartridges impregnated with hydroquinone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Bunseki Kagaku. 2011; 60(10): 791-797. https://doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.60.791
  27. Hadwiger ME, Trehy ML, Moore W, Ye T, Algire J, Westenberger B. Identification of amino-tadalafil and rimonabant in electronic cigarette products using high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A. 2010; 1217(48): 7547-7555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.018
  28. Oh JA, Shin HS. Identification and quantification of hazardous compounds in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry J Chromatogr Sci. 2013; submitted
  29. The New Zealand Ministry of Health. The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. Available:http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagescm/1003/$File/chemicalconstituentscigarettespriorities.pdf [accessed 7 October 2013].
  30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco Use. Targeting the Nation's Leading Killer: At a Glance 2010. Available:http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/osh.htm [accessed 7 October 2013].
  31. Public Health Service Smoking and Health. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Available:http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/M/Q [accessed 7 October 2013].

Cited by

  1. Development of a sampling method for carbonyl compounds released due to the use of electronic cigarettes and quantitation of their conversion from liquid to aerosol vol.1429, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.061
  2. Determination of carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette refill solutions and aerosols through liquid-phase dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivatization vol.190, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6553-2