Korean Journal of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회지)

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Calcium Status and Bone Mineral Density by the Level of Sodium Intake in Young Women

성인 여성의 나트륨 섭취수준과 칼슘 영양상태 및 골밀도

  • Yoon, Jin-Sook (Department of Food and Nutriton, Keimyung University) ;
  • Lee, Mi Jung (Department of Food and Nutriton, Keimyung University)
  • 윤진숙 (계명대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이미정 (계명대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2013.02.04
  • Accepted : 2013.04.22
  • Published : 2013.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that sodium excretion is positively related to calcium excretion in the urine. As excessive sodium intake is a common nutritional problem in Korea, we intended to investigate associations among sodium intake levels and calcium status, evaluated by 24 hour recall method and urinary excretion, and bone status. We collected dietary information for non-consecutive three days from 139 young adult women 19~29 years. After classifying the subjects into 4 groups based on the dietary sodium levels by daily total sodium intake (mg) and sodium density (sodium intake per 1000 kcal energy intake), we compared the bone status, nutrient intakes, urinary calcium and sodium excretions. The results showed a positive association between total daily sodium intake and intake of other nutrients. However, no significant differences in nutrients intakes were observed among subject groups classified by sodium density levels. There were no significant differences of bone density among groups by total daily sodium intake as well as by sodium density. While total daily sodium intake showed significantly positive relationship with urinary sodium (p < 0.05) and calcium (p < 0.05), sodium density was not related to urinary excretion of calcium and sodium. Our results suggested that promoting balanced meals providing appropriate amounts of energy intake is the essential component of nutrition education for improving calcium status of young Korean women with excessive sodium intake.

Keywords

References

  1. Braun M, Palacios C, Wigertz K, Jackman LA, Bryant RJ, McCabe LD, Martin BR, McCabe GP, Peacock M, Weaver CM (2007): Racial differences in skeletal calcium retention in adolescent girls with varied controlled calcium intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 85(6): 1657-1663
  2. Cho JH, Paik HY (1992): A comparative study on urinary Ca excretion in young and middle-aged Korean women. Korean J Nutr 25(2): 132-139
  3. Choi MJ, Jung YJ (1998): The relationship between food habit, nutrient intakes and bone mineral density and bone mineral content in adult women. Korean J Nutr 31(9): 1446-1456
  4. Choong SS, Balan SN, Chua LS, Say YH (2012): Preference and intake frequency of high sodium foods and dishes and their correlations with anthropometric measurements among Malaysian subjects. Nutr Res Pract 6(3): 238-245 https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.3.238
  5. Chung YJ, Lee KM, Park JW, Chung SP (2001): Factor which are related with BMD in premenopausal women. J Korean Fam Med 22(3): 363-370
  6. Cohen AJ, Roe FJ (2000): Review of risk factors for osteoporosis with particular reference to a possible aetiological role of dietary salt. Food Chem Toxicol 38(2-3): 237-253 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00145-3
  7. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P (2012): Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 31(4): 489-498 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.003
  8. FAO & WHO (2001): Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Food and Nutrition Division FAO Rome, pp.151-171
  9. Foxall RJ, Jakobsen J, Cashman KD, Flynn A, Fairweather-Tait SJ (2008): Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 23(9): 1477-1485 https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.080408
  10. Gennari C (2001): Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly. Public Health Nutr 4(2B): 547-559
  11. Harrington M, Cashman KD (2003): High salt intake appears to increase bone resorption in postmenopausal women but high potassium intake ameliorates this adverse effect. Nutr Rev 61(5): 179-183 https://doi.org/10.1301/nr.2003.may.179-183
  12. Jones G, Beard T, Parameswaran V, Greenaway T, von Witt R (1997): A population-based study of the relationship between salt intake, bone resorption and bone mass. Eur J Clin Nutr 51(8): 561-565 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600452
  13. Koo JO, Ahn HS, Yoo SY (2008): Study of bone mineral density, body composition and dietary habits of 20-30 years women. Korean J Community Nutr 13(4): 489-498
  14. Korea Food & Drug Administration, Korea Health Industry Development Institute (2007): Two-dimensional model kit of food and it's bowl
  15. Korean Nutrition Society (2010): Dietary reference intakes for Koreans, Seoul, Korea
  16. Kurtz TW, Al-Bancer HA, Morris RC (1987): "Salt-sensitive" essential hypertension in men. N Eng J Med 317(17): 1043-1048 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198710223171702
  17. Kwon IS, Kim IG, Kang CM, Yoo TW, Park BJ, Kang HS, Lee HS, Kim CI, Cho HC, Bae SH, Park SC (2001): Vitamin D and estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and their interaction associated with bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women. Korean J Intern Med 60(5): 421-432
  18. Lee HJ, Lee HO (1999): A study on the bone mineral density and related factors in Korean postmenopausal women. Korean J Nutr 32(2): 197-203
  19. Lee HJ, Lee IG (1996): Bone mineral density of Korean motherdaughter pairs : Relations to anthropometric measurement, body composition, bone markers, nutrient intakes and energy expenditure. Korean J Nutr 29(9): 991-1002
  20. Libuda L, Kersting M, Alexy U (2012): Consumption of dietary salt measured by urinary sodium excretion and its association with body weight status in healthy children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr 15(3): 433-441 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011002138
  21. Lim HJ (2011): A study on the calcium and sodium intakes and urinary calcium excretion of adults in Busan. Korean J Community Nutr 16(2): 215-226 https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.215
  22. Lim JH, Bae HS, Lee SM, Ahn HS (2008): Dietary and non-dietary factors related to bone mineral density in female college students. Korean J Community Nutr 13(3): 418-425
  23. Metz JA, Anderson JJ, Callagher PN Jr (1993): Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and protein, and physical activity level are related to radial bone mass in young adult women. Am J Clin Nutr 58(4): 537-542 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/58.4.537
  24. Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs & Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010): Korea health statistics 2009: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-3). Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
  25. Mizushima S, Tsuchida K, Yamori Y (1999): Preventive nutritional factors in epidemiology : Interaction between sodium and calcium. Clin Exp Pharmacol physiol 26(7): 573-575 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03083.x
  26. Park JY (2010): Association between bone mineral density, bone marker and nutrients intake in pre- and postmenopausal women. MS Thesis, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, pp.1-12
  27. Shortt C, Flynn A (1990): Sodium-calcium inter-relationships with specific reference to osteoporosis. Nutr Res Rev 3(1): 101-115 https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR19900008
  28. Song YJ, Paik HY (2002): Effect of dietary factors on bone mineral density in Korean college women. Korean J Nutr 35(4): 464-472
  29. Song YJ, Paik HY (2003): Effect of dietary, biochemical and other factors on bone mineral density change for 2 Years in Korean college women. Korean J Nutr 36(2): 175-182
  30. Strazzullo P, D'Elia L, Kandala NB, Cappuccio FP (2009): Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 339: b4567 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4567
  31. Suleiman S, Nelson M, Li F, Buxton-Thomas M, Moniz C (1997): Effect of calcium intake and physical activity level on bone mass and turnover in healthy, white, postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 66(4): 937-943 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/66.4.937
  32. Takachi R, Inoue M, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Ishihara J, Sawada N, Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Iso H, Tsubono Y, Tsugane S (2010): Consumption of sodium and salted foods in relation to cancer and cardiovascular disease: the Japan public health center-based prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 91(2): 456-464 https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28587
  33. Teucher B, Dainty JR, Spinks CA, Majsak-Newman G, Berry DJ, Hoogewerff JA, Foxall RJ, Jakobsen J, Cashman KD, Flynn A, Fairweather-Tait SJ (2008): Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 23(9): 1477-1485 https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.080408
  34. Weaver C (1990): Assessing calcium status and metabolism. J Nutr 120(suppl 11): 1470-1473 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.suppl_11.1470
  35. Wigertz K, Palacios C, Jackman LA, Martin BR, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Peacock M, Pratt JH, Weaver CM (2005): Racial differences in calcium retention in response to dietary salt in adolescent girls. Am J Clin Nutr 81(4): 845-850 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.4.845
  36. Wilson TA, Adolph AL, Butte NF (2009): Nutrient adequacy and diet quality in non-overweight and overweight Hispanic children of low socioeconomic status: the Viva la familia study. J Am Diet Assoc 109(6): 1012-1021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.03.007
  37. Yoon JS, Jang H (2011): Diet quality and food patterns of obese adult women from low income classes. Korean J Community Nutr 16(6): 706-715 https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.706
  38. Yu KH, Kong YA, Yoon JS (1996): A study on dietary factors, urinary levels of Ca, Na and the bone status of women in urban and rural area. Korean J Community Nutr 1(1): 71-78
  39. Yu CH, Lee JS, Lee IH, Kim SH, Lee SS, Jung IK (2002): Nutritional factors related to bone mineral density in the different age groups of Korean women. Korean J Nutr 35(7): 779-790

Cited by

  1. 곤약 가공을 위한 응고제 선정 및 식중독균에 대한 항균 활성 확인 vol.27, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2014.27.4.699
  2. 성인초기 여성의 골밀도, 생화학적 골표지자 및 골건강 관련 요인 vol.44, pp.5, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.5.504
  3. 대학생의 나트륨 관련 영양지식과 식행동 및 나트륨 급원식품 섭취빈도 조사 vol.25, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2015.2.25.1.12
  4. 20세 이상 저소득층 여성의 연령에 따른 비만 및 영양상태 평가 - 제4기(2007~2009) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 - vol.25, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2015.4.25.2.246
  5. 전국 권역별, 연령별 여자 성인과 노인의 짠맛 미각판정치, 식태도 및 식행동 비교 vol.20, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.109
  6. 서울지역 음식점 메뉴의 나트륨 및 칼륨 함량 비교 vol.30, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2015.30.2.189
  7. 어린이집 조리종사자 대상의 나트륨 저감화 행동변화단계에 따른 영양지식, 식태도, 식행동, 자아효능감 비교 vol.48, pp.5, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.429
  8. 20대 저체중 한국여성의 건강 및 영양 상태: 2010~2012년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 vol.49, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.2.99
  9. 광주지역 성인의 나트륨 배설량과 비만의 관계 vol.23, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.38
  10. Quality Characteristics of Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) Jangachi Prepared with Different Vinegars vol.34, pp.5, 2013, https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2018.34.5.441
  11. Relationship between Nutrient Intakes and Anthropometric Values, and Bone Mineral Density of Pre- and Post-menopausal Women in the Gyeongnam Area vol.28, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2018.12.28.6.432
  12. Nutrition Knowledge and Eating Behaviors among College Students in the Pyeongtaek Area vol.30, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2020.6.30.3.235