DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Who Leads Nonprofit Advocacy through Social Media? Some Evidence from the Australian Marine Conservation Society's Twitter Networks

  • Published : 2014.05.31

Abstract

While much in the field of public management has emphasized the importance of nonprofit advocacy activities in policy and decision-making procedures, few have considered the relevance and impact of leading actors on structuring diverse patterns of information sharing and communication through social media. Building nonprofit advocacy is a complicated process for a single organization to undertake, but social media applications such as Facebook and Twitter have facilitated nonprofit organizations and stakeholders to effectively share information and communicate with each other for identifying their mission as it relates to environmental issues. By analyzing the Australian Marine Conservation Society's (AMCS) Twitter network data from the period 1 April to 20 April, 2013, this research discovered diverse patterns in nonprofit advocacy by leading actors in building advocacy. Based on the webometrics approach, analysis results show that nonprofit advocacy through social media is structured by dynamic information flows and intercommunications among participants and followers of the AMCS. Also, the findings indicate that the news media and international and domestic nonprofit organizations have a leading role in building nonprofit advocacy by clustering with their followers.

Keywords

References

  1. Australian Marine Conservation Society. (2010). Australian marine conservation society annual report 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2013, from http://www.marineconservation.org.au/ pages/annual-reports.html.
  2. Australian Marine Conservation Society. (2013). About us and our work. Retrieved April 7, 2013, from http://www.marineconservation.org.au.
  3. Bird, D., Ling, M. & Haynes, K. (2011). Flooding Facebook: the use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 27(1), 27-33.
  4. Boris, E. T. (2006). "Nonprofit orgniazations in a democarcy-roles and responsibilities." In Nonprofits and Government: Collaboration and Conflict, 2nd ed., edited by Elizabeth Boris and C. Eugene Steuerle (2-35). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
  5. Boris, E. T. & Krehely, J. (2002). "Civic participation and advocacy." In State of Nonprofit America, edited by Lester A. Salamon (299-330). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  6. Boris, E. T. & Mosher-Williams, R. (1998). Nonprofit advocacy organizations: Assessing the definitions, classification, and data. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 27: 488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764098274006
  7. Borgatti, S., Everett, M. G., & Freeman, L. (2002). UCINET for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
  8. Borgatti, S. (2005). Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27, 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008
  9. Bortree, D. S., & Seltzer, T. (2009). Dialogic strategies and outcomes: An analysis of environmental advocacy groups' Facebook profiles. Public Relations Review, 35(3), 317-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.05.002
  10. Bresciani, S. & Schmeil, A. (2012). Social media platforms for social good. Retrieved September 28, 2013, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6227944.
  11. Burby, R. J., Deyle, R. E., Godschalk, D. R., & Olshansky, R. B. (2000). Creating hazard resilient communities through land-use planning. Natural Hazards Review, 1(2), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2000)1:2(99)
  12. Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  13. Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and closure: an introduction to social capital. New York: Oxford University Press.
  14. Ciszek, E. (2013). Advocacy and amplification: Nonprofit outreach and empowerment through participatory media. Public Relations Journal, 7(2), 187-213
  15. Chun, A. & Reyes, L. F. L. (2012). Social media in government. Government Information Quarterly, 29, 441-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.07.003
  16. Douvere, F. & Badman, T. (2012). MISSION REPORT Reactive monitoring mission to Great Bbarrier Reef (Australia) 6th to 14th March 2012 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation: UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
  17. Finn, P. G., Udy, N. S., Baltais, S. J., Price, K., & Coles, L. (2010). Assessing the quality of seagrass data collected by community volunteers in Moreton Bay Marine Park, Australia. Environmental Conservation, 37(1), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000251
  18. Golbeck, J., Grimes, J., & Rogers, A. (2010). Twitter use by the U.S. Congress. Journal of theAmerican Society for Information Science and Technology, 61, 1612-1621.
  19. Green, S. J., White, A. T., Christie, P., Kilarski, S., Meneses, A. T., Samonte-Tan, G., ... & Claussen, J. D. (2011). Emerging marine protected area networks in the Coral Triangle: Lessons and way forward. Conservation and Society, 9(3), 173. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.86986
  20. Greenberg, J., & MacAulay, M. (2009). NPO 2.0? Exploring the web presence of environmental nonprofit organizations in Canada. Global Media Journal-Canadian Edition, 2, 63-88.
  21. Greenpeace. (2012). Boom Goes the Reef: Australia's coal export boom and the industrialisation of the Great Barrier Reef. Sydney, Australia: Greenpeace.
  22. Hansen, D. L., Shneiderman, B., & Smith, M. A. (2011). Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL: Insights from a connected world. Bulington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
  23. Hopkins, B. R. (1992). Charity, advocacy, and the law. New York: John Wiley.
  24. Hopley, D., Smithers, S. G., & Parnell, K. E. (2007). The geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: development, diversity and change. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  25. Hsu, C. & Park, H. W. (2012). Mapping online social networks of Korean politicians. Government Information Quarterly, 29(2), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.09.009
  26. Khan, G. F. & Park, H. W. (2013). The e-government research domain: A triple helix network analysis of collaboration at the regional, country, and institutional levels. Government Information Quarterly, 30(2), 182-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.09.003
  27. Leroux, K. & Goerdel, H. (2009). Political advocacy by nonprofit organizations: A strategic management explanation. Public Performance and Management Review, 32(4): 514-536. https://doi.org/10.2753/PMR1530-9576320402
  28. Lin, N. (2001). Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  29. Littman, R., Willis, B. L., & Bourne, D. G. (2011). Metagenomic analysis of the coral holobiont during a natural bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 3(6), 651-660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00234.x
  30. Lovejoy, K. & Saxton, G. D. (2012). Information, community, and action: How nonprofit organizations use social media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01576.x
  31. Mejias, U. (2011). The twitter revolution must die. International Journal of Learning and Media, 2(4), 3-5.
  32. Mertig,A. G., Riley, E. D., & Denton, E. M. (2002). "The environmental movement in the United States." In Handbook of Environmental Sociology, edited by Riley E. Dunlap and William Michelson (448-481). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  33. Nah, S. & Saxton, G. D. (2013). Modeling the adoption and use of social media by nonprofit organizations. New Media & Society, 15(2), 294-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812452411
  34. Nicholson-Crotty, J. (2007). Politics, policy, and the motivations for advocacy in nonprofit reproductive health and family planning provides. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(1): 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006291778
  35. Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6
  36. O'Reilly, R. (2007). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns of business models for the next generation of sofeware. Communication and Strategies, 1, 17.
  37. Pinho, J. C. & Macedo, I. M. (2006). The Benefits and Barriers Associated with the Use of the Internet Within the Non-Profit Sector, Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 16(1), 171-193, DOI: 10.1300/J054v16n01_09
  38. Pope, J. A., Isely, E.S., & Asamoa-Tutu, F. (2009). Developing a Marketing Strategy for Nonprofit Organizations: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21(2), 184-201, DOI: 10.1080/10495140802529532
  39. Randolph, J. (2012). Environmental Land Use Planning and Management. Washington DC: Island Press.
  40. Reid, E. J. (2006). "Advocacy and the challenges it presents for nonprofits." In Nonprofits and Government: Collaboration and Conflict, 2nd ed., edited by Elizabeth Boris and C. Eugene Steuerle (343-371). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
  41. Rothwell, D. & Stephens, T. (2004). Global climate change, the Great Barrier Reef and our obligations. On Line Opinion, November 19, 2004. Retrieved April 7, 2013, from http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=2770.
  42. Shih, C. (2011). The Facebook era: Tapping online social networks to market, sell and innovate. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  43. Scott, J. (2000). Social Network Analysis: A handbook. London: Sage Publications.
  44. Solis, B. & Breakenridge, D. (2009). Putting the public back in public relations: How social media is reinventing the aging business of PR. Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press
  45. Smith, M. A., Shneiderman, B., Milic-Frayling, N., Rodrigues, E. M., Barash, V., Dunne, C., & Gleave, E. (2010). Analyzing (social media) networks with NodeXL. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Communities and technologies, University Park, PA, USA.
  46. The International Ecotourism Society. (2013, April 19). Queensland's Draft Ecotourism Plan Now Open for Public Comment. Retrieved April 19, 2013, from http://www.ecotourism.org/news/queenslands-draft-ecotourism-plan-now-open-public-comment.
  47. The State Government of Queensland. (2013). Queensland Ecotourism Plan 2013-2020. Queensland, Australia: The State Government of Queensland.
  48. Townsend, K. (2011). Project Manta. Victoria, Australia: The Earth Institute.
  49. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2013, April 7). Great Barrier Reef - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved on April 7, 2013, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/marine-programme/.
  50. Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  51. Waters, R. D., Burnett, E., Lamm, A., & Lucas, J. (2009). Engaging stakeholders through social networking: How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.006

Cited by

  1. Twitter hashtags for health: applying network and content analyses to understand the health knowledge sharing in a Twitter-based community of practice vol.49, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0051-6
  2. Exploring persuasive message strategy for international aid campaigns: potential donors’ inter-attitudinal structure using Galileo model vol.49, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0065-0
  3. More than entertainment: YouTube and public responses to the science of global warming and climate change vol.54, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018414554730
  4. Evolution of the International Hyperlink Network vol.19, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2016.1217135
  5. Redefining community based on place attachment in a connected world vol.114, pp.38, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712125114
  6. Uncovering stakeholders in public–private relations on social media: a case study of the 2015 Volkswagen scandal vol.51, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0462-7
  7. Unveiling cultures in emergency response communication networks on social media: following the 2016 Louisiana floods pp.1573-7845, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0595-3
  8. Dynamics of social economy self-organized on social media: following social entrepreneur forum and social economy network on Facebook pp.1573-7845, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0663-8
  9. Social media, trust, and disaster: Does trust in public and nonprofit organizations explain social media use during a disaster? pp.1573-7845, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0594-4
  10. Climate change and YouTube: Deliberation Potential in Post-video Discussions pp.1752-4040, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1289108
  11. Two-side face of knowledge building using scientometric analysis vol.52, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0711-z
  12. Big data analysis of local government 3.0: Focusing on Gyeongsangbuk-do in Korea vol.110, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.007
  13. Classifying Twitter Topic-Networks Using Social Network Analysis vol.3, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117691545
  14. Network Analysis of Actors and Policy Keywords for Sustainable Environmental Governance: Focusing on Chinese Environmental Policy vol.11, pp.15, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154068
  15. Smart, Sustainable and Citizen Centered: A Network Analysis of Urban R&D Trends in Seoul, South Korea vol.12, pp.15, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155933
  16. Investigating public biodiversity conservation awareness based on the propagation of wildlife-related incidents on the Sina Weibo social media platform vol.15, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed1