The Causal Relationship between Andropause Symptoms, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation in Middle-Aged Men

중년 남성의 갱년기 증상, 우울과 자살생각 간의 관계

  • Baek, Sunsook (Department of Nursing, College of Natural Sciences, Kunsan National University) ;
  • Yeoum, Soongyo (Department of Nursing, Seoil University) ;
  • Cho, Juyeon (Department of Nursing, Suwon College)
  • 백선숙 (국립군산대학교 자연과학대학 간호학과) ;
  • 염순교 (서일대학교 간호과) ;
  • 조주연 (수원과학대학교 간호학과)
  • Received : 2014.08.01
  • Accepted : 2014.10.18
  • Published : 2014.10.31

Abstract

The study was conducted to identify the causal relationship between andropause symptoms, depression and suicidal ideation as well as to conform the direct and indirect effect of andropause symptom and depression on the suicidal ideation in middle-aged men. The data were collected from 231 middle-aged men who live in three other cities from August to September, 2013. Collected data were analysed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and path analysis. There were positive relationships between andropause symptoms and depression (r=.495, p<.001), andropause symptoms and suicidal ideation (r=.326, p=<.001), and depression and suicidal ideation (r=.559, p=<.001). The depression was identified as a factor influencing on suicidal ideation, indirectly in middle-aged men (indirect effect=.260). In order to prevent and control suicidal in middle-aged men, development of depression and suicide prevention programs and a multidisciplinary intervention approaches are required in community.

본 연구는 중년 남성의 갱년기 증상과 우울 및 자살생각 간의 인과관계를 확인하고, 갱년기 증상과 우울이 자살생각에 미치는 직접 및 간접효과를 확인하고자 시도되었다. 자료수집은 2013년 8월에서 9월까지 40~64세의 중년남성 231명을 대상으로 구조화된 설문지를 이용하였다. 수집된 자료는 t-검정, ANOVA, Pearson 상관계수(correlation coefficients) 및 경로분석(path analysis)을 이용하여 분석되었다. 분석결과 중년 남성의 갱년기 증상과 우울(r=.495, p<.001), 갱년기 증상과 자살생각(r=.326, p=<.001) 및 우울과 자살생각(r=.559, p=<.001) 간에는 각각 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 갱년기 증상은 자살생각에 직접적으로 의미 있는 영향을 미치지 않았고 우울을 매개로 자살생각에 영향을 미치는 것(indirect effect=.260)으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 중년 남성의 자살생각을 통제하고 조절하기 위해서는 지역사회 내에 우울관리와 더불어 갱년기 증상을 우선적으로 고려한 다 학제적 중재적 접근과 자살예방 프로그램 개발이 요구된다.

Keywords

References

  1. An, S. K. (2003). Mental health present: depression of middle aged men, Health Life, 2003(11), 48. (in Korean).
  2. Back, S. S., Ha, E. H., Ryo, E. N., Song, M. S. (2012). Effects of life stress and depression in undergraduates on suicidal ideation, Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 18(4), 157-163. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2012.18.4.157
  3. Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: the scale for suicide ideation, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47(2), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.343
  4. Byun, E. K., Park, S. H., Yoon, S. J. (2013). Factors affecting middle-age crisis in middle-age men, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 15(3), 1415-1426. (in Korean).
  5. Choi, H. C., Cho, B. L., Oh, B. J., Kim, H. S. (2011). Physical activity and exercise for men with late onset hypogonadism, Korean Journal of Andrology, 29(3), 181-190. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5534/kja.2011.29.3.181
  6. Choi, Y. H., Kim, S. H. (2008). Suicide ideation and related factors, According to Depression in Older Adults, 28(2), 345-355. (in Korean).
  7. Choi, H. A., Lee, D. S., Kim, Y. J. (2011). Analysis on depression and suicidal ideation of Korean female adults : by using Korea national health and nutrition examination survey, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 13(2B), 709-720. (in Korean).
  8. Choi, K. S., Oh, H. E., Shim, C. S. (2008). A study on the relationship between climacteric symptom depression and coping among middle-aged women, Journal of Agricultural Medicine & Community Health, 33(3), 335-345. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5393/JAMCH.2008.33.3.335
  9. Cho, H. J., Yim, H. W., Jo, S. J., Bang, M. H. (2008). Gender differences in depressive symptoms and reluctance to seek help, The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 13(3), 283-297. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.18205/kpa.2008.13.3.003
  10. Chon, K. K., Choi, S. C., Yang, B. C. (2001). Integrated adaptation of CES-D in Korea, Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6(1), 59-76. (in Korean).
  11. Crosby, A. E., Sacks, J. J. (2002). Exposure to suicide: incidence and association with suicidal ideation and behavior: United States, 1994, Suicide Life Threat Behavior, 32(3), 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.32.3.321.22170
  12. Han, K. L., Chung, Y. K., Lee, J. O. (2002). A study on the relationship between stress and climacteric symptoms of midlife men, The Journal of Korean Community Nursing, 13(3), 513-520. (in Korean).
  13. Hakkinen, K., Pakarinen, A. (1993). Acute hormonal responses to two different fatiguing heavy-resistance protocols in male athletes, Journal of Applied Physiology, 74, 882-887. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.882
  14. Heo, M. L., Im, S. B. (2012). Depression and health promoting behavior depending on the climacteric symptoms of middle-aged male workers, Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing, 21(3), 239-246. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5807/kjohn.2012.21.3.239
  15. Hobbs, M., McLaren, S. (2009). The interrelations of agency, depression, and suicidal ideation among older adults, Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 39(2), 161-171. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2009.39.2.161
  16. Jang, M. Y., Jung, E. Y., Kim, E. Y. (2014). Effect of life satisfaction, preparation for old age, aging anxiety on the depression in middle aged men, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 16(1), 493-505. (in Korean).
  17. Jang, S. N., Kawachi, I., Chang, J., Boo, K., Shin, H. G., Lee, H., Cho, S. I. (2009). Marital status, gender, and depression: analysis of the baseline survey of the Korean longitudinal study of aging(KLoSA), Social Science & Medicine, 69(11), 1608-1625. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.007
  18. Jang, S. H., Lee, M. A. (2010). A study on factors related to adolescents suicide ideation: focusing on social support and buffering effects of self-esteem, Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 17(8), 27-55. (in Korean).
  19. Jo, K. H., Kim, Y. K. (2008). Influencing factors on depression, suicidal thought, and life satisfaction of Korean elders, Journal of Korean Academy Nursing, 14(2), 176-187. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.5977/JKASNE.2008.14.2.176
  20. Karpansalo, M., Kauhanen, J., Lakka, T. A., Manninen, P., Kaplan, G. A., Salonen, J. T. (2005). Depression and early retirement: prospective population based study in middle aged men, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 70-74. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.010702
  21. Kennedy, M. A., Parhar, K. K., Samra, J., Gorzalka, B. (2005). Suicide ideation in different generations of immigrants, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(6), 353-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000611
  22. Kim, H. K. (2006). Comparison of physical, psychosocial and cognitive factors, and depression between middle-aged women and middle-aged men, Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing, 18(3), 446-456. (in Korean).
  23. Kim, Y. B. (2008). Correlation of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation among Korean adults, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cheju National University. (in Korean).
  24. Kim, K. S., Choi, K. O., Hyun, K. S., Yeon, E. J., Kim, S. Y., Kim, O. S., So, H. S., Kim, H. S. (2014). Medical surgical nursing, Soomoonsa, Seoul. (in Korean).
  25. Kim, J, H., Lee, Y. J. (2005). A study of andropause symptoms and life satisfaction among middle-aged men, Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, 16(2), 186-194. (in Korean).
  26. Kim, S. W., Oh, S. J., Paick, J. S., Kim, S. C. (2004). Development of the Korean-translation of androgen deficiency in aging males(ADAM) questionnaire, Korean Journal of Urology, 45(7), 674-679. (in Korean).
  27. Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). National health and nutrition examination survey: The 5th (2012) results report: 2012 National health statistics, Seoul: Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family. (in Korean).
  28. Korea Statistical Information Service (2013). The average life span of the Koreans. Retrieved to http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1571277&cid=49018&categoryId=49018
  29. Korean Statistical Information Service (2010). Cause of death statistics, 2009. Retrieved September, 10, 2010, from http://kosis.kr/ups/ups_011ist01.jsp?grp_no=1005&pubcode=YD&type=F.
  30. Lee, J. Y. (2014). Campaign for life respect and suicidal prevention. Be happy. Retrieved to http://www.catholictimes.org/view.aspx?AID=258946
  31. Lee, M. S. (2003). Social stress and psychological well-being of middle-aged employed men in Korea, Korean Journal of Sociology, 37(3), 25-56. (in Korean).
  32. Lee, W. C., Ha, J. H. (2011). The association between nonstandard employment and suicidal ideation: data from the first-fourth Korea national health and nutrition examination surveys, Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 23(1), 89-97. (in Korean).
  33. Lee, M. Y., Park, H. J. (2013). A study on late-onset of hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, depression, and quality of life among middle-aged men, Korean Journal Adult Nursing, 25(5), 483-493. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.5.483
  34. Miranda, R., Gallagher, M., Bauchner, B., Vaysman, R., Marroquin, B. (2012). Cognitive inflexibility as a prospective predictor of suicidal ideation among young adult with a suicide attempt history, Depression and Anxiety, 29(3), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20915
  35. Mishara, B. L. (1995). Beyond suicide: The impact on family and friends, helpers, individuals, and society, In Mashara, B. L. (Ed.), The impact of suicide (p.1-6), New York: Springer.
  36. Morley, J. E., Charlton, E., Patrick, P., Kaiser, F. E., Cadeau, P., McCready, D., Perry, H. M. (2000). Validation of a screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging males, Metabolism, 49, 1239-1242. https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2000.8625
  37. Oh, I. G. (2009). The impact of social network and hopelessness on suicide ideation among the low-income adults -focus on interaction effect of use of community welfare center service-, Journal of Welfare for the Aged, 44, 111-130. (in Korean).
  38. Park, B. G. (2008). Study on moderating effect of psycho-social characteristic in the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation among community elderly, Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 28(4), 969-990. (in Korean).
  39. Park, S. M., Cho, S. I., Moon, S. S. (2010). Factors associated with suicidal ideation: role of emotional and instrumental support, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4), 389-397. (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.03.002
  40. Park, M. G., Kang, S. C., Lee, T. W., Lee, J., Kang, S. H., Moon, D. G., Kim, J. J. (2007). Attitude of Korean males toward late-onset hypogonadism : survey of males in their 40s and above, Korean Journal of Andrology, 25(1), 26-31. (in Korean).
  41. Park, K. B., Shin, M. S. (1990). College goal and suicidal ideation among high school students, Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 20-32. (in Korean).
  42. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population, Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
  43. Rhee, Y. S., Kim, J. H. (2011). Effect of abuse on suicidal ideation among the older adults: focused on the mediating effect of depression and self esteem, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 13(4B), 2015-2026. (in Korean).
  44. Tajar, A., Huhtaniemi, I. T., O' Neil, T. W., Finn, J. D., Pye, S. R., Lee, D. M., Bartfai, G., Boonen, S., Casanueva, F. F., Forti, G., Giwercman, A., Han, T. S., Kula, K., Labrie, F., Lean, M. J., Pendleton, N., Punab, M., Vanderschueren, D., Wu, F. C. (2012). Characteristics of androgen deficiency in late-onset hypogonadism: results from the European male aging study, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 97, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1927
  45. Yonhap News (2014). 1st suicide rate of Korea in OECD for eight years, Retrieved to 2014. 3 from http://blog.naver.com/darkhouse?Redirect=Log&logNo=10175055527.
  46. Yoo, S. J. (2008). Male climateric syndrome -late onset hypogonadism(LOH) in males-, Korean Journal of Medicine, 75(3), 262-264. (in Korean).