The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics

The Korean Academy of Prosthodonitics (대한치과보철학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Physico-mechanical properties and prosthodontic applications of Co-Cr dental alloys: a review of the literature

  • Al Jabbari, Youssef S. (Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair)
  • Received : 2013.08.14
  • Accepted : 2014.02.12
  • Published : 2014.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) alloys are classified as predominantly base-metal alloys and are widely known for their biomedical applications in the orthopedic and dental fields. In dentistry, Co-Cr alloys are commonly used for the fabrication of metallic frameworks of removable partial dentures and recently have been used as metallic substructures for the fabrication of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations and implant frameworks. The increased worldwide interest in utilizing Co-Cr alloys for dental applications is related to their low cost and adequate physico-mechanical properties. Additionally, among base-metal alloys, Co-Cr alloys are used more frequently in many countries to replace Nickel-Chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys. This is mainly due to the increased concern regarding the toxic effects of Ni on the human body when alloys containing Ni are exposed to the oral cavity. This review article describes dental applications, metallurgical characterization, and physico-mechanical properties of Co-Cr alloys and also addresses their clinical and laboratory behavior in relation to those properties.

Keywords

References

  1. Crook P. Corrosion of cobalt based alloys. In Davis J, eds. Corrosion. Materials Park OH. ASM International, 1987, p.657-700.
  2. Evans EJ, Thomas IT. The in vitro toxicity of cobalt-chromemolybdenum alloy and its constituent metals. Biomaterials 1986;7:25-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(86)90084-0
  3. Craig RG, Hanks CT. Reaction of fibroblasts to various dental casting alloys. J Oral Pathol 1988;17:341-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01547.x
  4. Viennot S, Dalard F, Lissac M, Grosgogeat B. Corrosion resistance of cobalt-chromium and palladium-silver alloys used in fixed prosthetic restorations. Eur J Oral Sci 2005;113:90-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00190.x
  5. Mueller H. Tarnish and corrosion of dental alloys. In Davis J, eds. Corrosion. Materials Park OH. ASM International, 1987,p. 1351-2.
  6. Marti A. Cobalt-base alloys used in bone surgery. Injury 2000;31:18-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-1383(00)80018-2
  7. ANSI/ADA Specification No. 38. Classification system for cast alloys. Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment. J Am Dent Assoc 1984;109:766. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0185
  8. ISO 6871-1. Dental base metal alloys. Part 1: Cobalt-based alloys. International Organization for Standardization. 1st ed. Geneva; 1994.
  9. Wataha JC. Alloys for prosthodontic restorations. J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:351-63. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpr.2002.123817
  10. Asgar K, Peyton FA. Effect of microstructure on the physical properties of cobalt-base alloys. J Dent Res 1961;40:63-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345610400012501
  11. Hero H, Syverud M, Gjönnes J, Horst JA. Ductility and structure of some cobalt-base dental casting alloys. Biomaterials 1984;5:201-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(84)90016-4
  12. Asgar K, Allan FC. Microstructure and physical properties of alloys for partial denture castings. J Dent Res 1968;47:189-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345680470020201
  13. Anusavice KJ, Phillips RW. Phillips' science of dental materials. Philadelphia; WB Saunders; 1996. p. 423-59.
  14. van Noort R, Lamb DJ. A scanning electron microscope study of Co-Cr partial dentures fractured in service. J Dent 1984;12:122-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(84)90045-9
  15. Geis-Gerstorfer J, Sauer KH, Passler K. Ion release from Ni- Cr-Mo and Co-Cr-Mo casting alloys. Int J Prosthodont 1991;4:152-8.
  16. Geis-Gerstorfer J, Weber H. In vitro corrosion behavior of four Ni-Cr dental alloys in lactic acid and sodium chloride solutions. Dent Mater 1987;3:289-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(87)80064-7
  17. Okazaki Y, Gotoh E. Comparison of metal release from various metallic biomaterials in vitro. Biomaterials 2005;26:11-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.005
  18. Montero-Ocampo C, Rodriguez AS. Effect of carbon content on the resistance to localized corrosion of as-cast cobalt- based alloys in an aqueous chloride solution. J Biomed Mater Res 1995;29:441-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820290404
  19. Yeung AL, Lo EC, Chow TW, Clark RK. Oral health status of patients 5-6 years after placement of cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures. J Oral Rehabil 2000;27:183-9. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2000.00512.x
  20. Chandler JA, Brudvik JS. Clinical evaluation of patients eight to nine years after placement of removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1984;51:736-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(84)90366-4
  21. Schwalm CA, Smith DE, Erickson JD. A clinical study of patients 1 to 2 years after placement of removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1977;38:380-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(77)90090-7
  22. Bergman B, Ericson G. Cross-sectional study of the periodontal status of removable partial denture patients. J Prosthet Dent 1989;61:208-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(89)90375-2
  23. Budtz-Jorgensen E, Isidor F. A 5-year longitudinal study of cantilevered fixed partial dentures compared with removable partial dentures in a geriatric population. J Prosthet Dent 1990;64:42-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(90)90151-2
  24. Yannikakis SA, Zissis AJ, Polyzois GL. Removable partial denture repairs: A survey. Quintessence Dent Technol 2000; 23:184-90.
  25. Korber E, Lehmann K, Pangidis C. Control studies on periodontal and periodontal-gingival retention of partial prosthesis. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1975;30:77-84.
  26. Vermeulen AH, Keltjens HM, van't Hof MA, Kayser AF. Ten-year evaluation of removable partial dentures: survival rates based on retreatment, not wearing and replacement. J Prosthet Dent 1996;76:267-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(96)90170-5
  27. Bates JF. Studies related to the fracture of partial dentures; Flexural fatigue of a cobalt-chromium alloy. Br Dent J 1965; 118:532-7.
  28. Bates JF. Studies related to the fracture of partial dentures. The functional strain in cobalt-chromium dentures. A preliminary report. Br Dent J 1966;120:79-83.
  29. Elarbi EA, Ismail YH, Azarbal M, Saini TS. Radiographic detection of porosities in removable partial denture castings. J Prosthet Dent 1985;54:674-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(85)90248-3
  30. Dharmar S, Rathnasamy RJ, Swaminathan TN. Radiographic and metallographic evaluation of porosity defects and grain structure of cast chromium cobalt removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1993;69:369-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(93)90182-N
  31. Lewis AJ. Radiographic evaluation of porosities in removable partial denture castings. J Prosthet Dent 1978;39:278-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(78)80095-X
  32. Lewis AJ. Failure of removable partial denture castings during service. J Prosthet Dent 1978;39:147-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(78)80011-0
  33. Lewis AJ. Microporosity in casting alloys. Aust Dent J 1975; 20:161-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1975.tb04361.x
  34. Wictorin L, Julin P, Möllersten L. Roentgenological detection of casting defects in cobalt-chromium alloy frameworks. J Oral Rehabil 1979;6:137-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1979.tb01273.x
  35. Eisenburger M, Addy M. Radiological examination of dental castings - a review of the method and comparisons of the equipment. J Oral Rehabil 2002;29:609-14. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00938.x
  36. Jang KS, Youn SJ, Kim YS. Comparison of castability and surface roughness of commercially pure titanium and cobaltchromium denture frameworks. J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:93-8. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpr.2001.116168
  37. Morris H, Farah JW, Craig RG, Hood JA. Stress distribution within circumferential clasp arms. J Oral Rehabil 1976;3:387-94 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1976.tb01453.x
  38. Bridgeman JT, Marker VA, Hummel SK, Benson BW, Pace LL. Comparison of titanium and cobalt-chromium removable partial denture clasps. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:187-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(97)70124-0
  39. Au AR, Lechner SK, Thomas CJ, Mori T, Chung P. Titanium for removable partial dentures (III): 2-year clinical follow-up in an undergraduate programme. J Oral Rehabil 2000;27:979-85. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2000.00576.x
  40. Lassila LV, Vallittu PK. Effect of water and artificial saliva on the low cycle fatigue resistance of cobalt-chromium dental alloy. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:708-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(98)70059-9
  41. Angelini E, Bonino P, Pezzoli M, Zucchi F. Tensile strength of Cr-Co dental alloys solder joints. Dent Mater 1989;5:13-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(89)90085-7
  42. Louly AC, Mora AF, Moore BK, Andres CJ, Goodacre CJ. Tensile strength of preceramic solder joints formed using an infrared heat source. Int J Prosthodont 1991;4:425-31.
  43. Pattee HE. High temperature brazing, in Schwartz MM eds. Source book on brazing and brazing technology. Materials Park OH. ASM International, 1980, p. 17-63.
  44. Luthy H, Marinello CP, Reclaru L, Scharer P. Corrosion considerations in the brazing repair of cobalt-based partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1996;75:515-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(96)90456-4
  45. Bertrand C, Le Petitcorps Y, Albingre L, Dupuis V. The laser welding technique applied to the non precious dental alloys procedure and results. Br Dent J 2001;190:255-7.
  46. Bertrand C, Poulon-Quintin A. Proposals for optimization of laser welding in prosthetic dentistry. J Prosthodont 2010;19:69-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-849X.2009.00523.x
  47. van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater 2012;28:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.014

Cited by

  1. Formation of the χ-Phase Precipitate in Co-28Cr-6Mo Alloys with Additional Si and C vol.46, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3008-z
  2. Mechanical and interfacial characterization of laser welded Co-Cr alloy with different joint configurations vol.7, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2015.7.1.39
  3. Cobalt release and complications resulting from the use of dental prostheses vol.75, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12649
  4. Some aspects of finite element modelling of ultrasonically aided micro-EDM of CoCr alloys vol.112, pp.2261-236X, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201711203005
  5. Experimental issues at ultrasonically aided micro-EDM of CoCr alloys vol.112, pp.2261-236X, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201711203006
  6. Current Options of Making Implant Supported Prosthetic Restorations to Mitigate the Impact of Occlusal Forces vol.376, pp.1662-9507, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.376.66
  7. Prediction of tool-wear in turning of medical grade cobalt chromium molybdenum alloy (ASTM F75) using non-parametric Bayesian models pp.1572-8145, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-017-1317-3
  8. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated by Three CAD/CAM-Based Processing Techniques vol.9, pp.7, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070596
  9. Tribochemical Characterization and Tribocorrosive Behavior of CoCrMo Alloys: A Review vol.11, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11010030
  10. Metal-ceramic bond strength between a feldspathic porcelain and a Co-Cr alloy fabricated with Direct Metal Laser Sintering technique vol.10, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2018.10.1.25
  11. Evaluation of Biomechanical Health Degree of Peri-Implant Bone Through Finite Element Analysis: A First Approach pp.1758-826X, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1142/S1758825118500977
  12. Main factors affecting the structure and properties of titanium and cobalt alloys manufactured by the 3D printing vol.1115, pp.1742-6596, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1115/4/042008
  13. Assessment of corrosion resistance of cast cobalt- and nickel-chromium dental alloys in acidic environments vol.16, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000383
  14. Surface modification of CoCr alloys by electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts vol.8, pp.41, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA02634C
  15. The Adhesion of Oral Bacteria on Saliva-Coated Abutments vol.20, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12972/implantology.20160012
  16. 질화 지르코늄 코팅이 코발트 크롬 합금과 타이타늄 합금에서 의치상 레진과의 전단결합강도에 미치는 영향 vol.32, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.14368/jdras.2016.32.3.194
  17. Effect of Different Post-Sintering Temperatures on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Pre-Sintered Co-Cr Alloy vol.8, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121036
  18. Experimenting and Modeling of Ultrasonically Aided Electrical Discharge Machining on Co-Cr-Ni-W-Al Alloy vol.957, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.957.167
  19. A Comparative Assessment of Flexural Bond Strength of Ni–Cr Metal–Ceramic Alloy on Repeated Castings vol.9, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1240
  20. An Experimental Study on Micro-Milling of a Medical Grade Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Produced by Selective Laser Melting vol.12, pp.13, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132208
  21. ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES AND TRIBOLOGICAL WEAR OF THE Co-Cr ALLOYS USED FOR PROSTHETIC CONSTRUCTIONS vol.287, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6555
  22. Finite Element Modeling of Porous Microstructures With Random Holes of Different-Shapes and -Sizes to Predict Their Effective Elastic Behavior vol.9, pp.21, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/app9214536
  23. Effect of Bonding Agent on Metal‐Ceramic Bond Strength between Co‐Cr Fabricated with Selective Laser Melting and Dental Feldspathic Porcelain vol.28, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13058
  24. The Biomaterials of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty : Their Features, Function, and Effect on Outcomes vol.8, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.19.00212
  25. Approach to the Design and Manufacturing of Prosthetic Dental Restorations According to the Rules of Industry 4.0 vol.9, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1520/mpc20200020
  26. Dentistry 4.0 Concept in the Design and Manufacturing of Prosthetic Dental Restorations vol.8, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8050525
  27. Corrosion Resistance and Ion Release of Dental Prosthesis of CoCr Obtained by CAD-CAM Milling, Casting and Laser Sintering vol.10, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060827
  28. Effect of chemical passivation on corrosion behavior and ion release of a commercial chromium-cobalt alloy vol.14, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.34172/joddd.2020.037
  29. Formation of a Calcium Phosphate Layer with Immobilized Cobalt Chromite Nanoparticles on Cobalt−Chromium Alloy by a Laser-Assisted Biomimetic Process vol.10, pp.16, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165584
  30. Effects of Bonding Agents on Metal-Ceramic Bond Strength of Co-Cr Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting vol.13, pp.19, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194322
  31. Cobalt-Chromium Dental Alloys: Metal Exposures, Toxicological Risks, CMR Classification, and EU Regulatory Framework vol.10, pp.12, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121151
  32. In-Situ XRD Study of Phase Transformation Kinetics in a Co-Cr-W-Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder-Bed Fusion vol.11, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020176
  33. Reducing Contact Stress of the Surface by Modifying Different Hardness of Femoral Head and Cup in Hip Prosthesis vol.7, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2021.631940
  34. A comprehensive assessment of laser welding of biomedical devices and implant materials: recent research, development and applications vol.46, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2019.1708701
  35. Dental Co-Cr alloys fabricated by selective laser melting: A review article vol.59, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2021.59.2.248
  36. Retention force of polyetheretherketone and cobalt-chrome-molybdenum removable dental prosthesis clasps after artificial aging vol.25, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03642-5
  37. Carcinogenic hazard assessment of cobalt-containing alloys in medical devices: Review of in vivo studies vol.122, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104910
  38. Influence of build angulation on the mechanical properties of a direct-metal laser-sintered cobalt-chromium used for removable partial denture frameworks vol.126, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.06.014
  39. Optimization of the Manufacturing Process by Molding Cobalt-Chrome Alloys in Assembled Dental Frameworks vol.3, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis3030024
  40. An integrated benefit-risk assessment of cobalt-containing alloys used in medical devices: Implications for regulatory requirements in the European Union vol.125, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105004
  41. Additive manufacturing of Co-Cr alloys for biomedical applications: A concise review vol.36, pp.19, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-021-00244-z
  42. Effect of Ozone on Corrosion Behavior of a Cobalt-Chromium Alloy Used in Removable Partial Denture Framework: An In Vitro Study vol.12, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/23202068211015748
  43. A comparative study on surface strengthening characterisation and residual stresses of dental alloys using laser shock peening vol.42, pp.15, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1614987
  44. Additively Manufactured Commercial Co-Cr Dental Alloys: Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties vol.14, pp.23, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237350
  45. Polycarbonate-urethane coating can significantly improve talus implant contact characteristics vol.125, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104936
  46. Biomedical Alloys and Physical Surface Modifications: A Mini-Review vol.15, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010066
  47. Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure, residual stress, and mechanical properties of Co–Cr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting vol.126, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105051