Journal of Families and Better Life (가정과삶의질연구)

Korean Home Management Association (가정과삶의질학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Preschoolers' Effortful Control according to Paternal and Maternal Parenting Behaviors: Focusing on the Interaction Effect between Gender and Parenting Behaviors

부·모의 양육행동에 따른 유아의 의도적 통제: 유아 성별과 양육행동의 상호작용을 중심으로

  • Bae, Yun Jin (Korea Institute of Child Care and Education, School of Child Studies, Major in Child and Family Studies, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Lim, Ji Young (Korea Institute of Child Care and Education, School of Child Studies, Major in Child and Family Studies, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2013.11.25
  • Accepted : 2014.04.08
  • Published : 2014.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the relations among parent-reported, teacher-reported, and task-observed effortful control, and 2) the differences of preschoolers' effortful control based on preschoolers' gender and parenting behaviors (affectionate, controlled). In this study, the subjects were 221 preschoolers (104 boys, 117 girls) and their parents. The preschoolers' effortful controls was measured by Effortful Control Battery (Snack Delay, Turtle and Rabbit, and Red-Green Sign) and the Children's Behavior Questionnaire-Short Form. Parenting behavior was measured by the Parenting Style scale. The major results of this study were as follows. First, there were positive correlations between parent-reported effortful control and both teacher-reported and task-observed effortful control. Second, there were significant differences in preschoolers' effortful control by gender and level of affectionate parenting behavior. And there was an interaction effect between gender and level of affectionate parenting behavior on preschoolers' effortful control. The implications of this study were as follows. It is needed to evaluate effortful control in various circumstances and by multiple raters, and affectionate parenting behavior had an important role upon boys' effortful control rather than that of girls.

Keywords

References

  1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/ 4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
  2. Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213
  3. Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., & Ye, R. M. (1993). Child temperament in the U.S. and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7(5), 359-378. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070506
  4. Bae, K. J. (2001). Effects of individual and familial characteristics on preschoolers' theory-of-mind. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
  5. Bae, Y. J. (2012). The relationships among parents' effortful control, affectionate parenting behavior, preschooler's effortful control, prosocial behavior, and cognitive problem- solving ability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
  6. Bae, Y. J., & Lim, J. Y. (2011). Analysis of trends in research on effortful control. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 20(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2011.20.1.057
  7. Bae, Y. J., & Lim, J. Y. (2012). Factors affecting preschooler's prosocial behavior and cognitive problem- solving ability: Focusing on the parents' and preschooler's effortful control, and affectionate parenting behavior. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 33(3), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2012.33.3.1
  8. Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129836
  9. Boo, Y. (2012). The effects of emotional intelligence, maternal parenting behavior and teacher-child relationship on prosocial behavior of young children. Journal of the Society for Cognitive Enhancement and Intervention, 3(1), 127-152.
  10. Bronson, M. B. (2000). Self-regulation in early childhood: Nature and nurture. NY: The Guilford Press.
  11. Calkins, S. D., & Johnson, M. C. (1998). Toddler regulation of distress to frustrating events: Temperamental and maternal correlates. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(3), 379-395.
  12. Calkins, S. D., Smith, C. L., Gill, K. L., & Johson, M. C. (1998). Maternal interactive style across contexts: Relations to emotional, behavioral, and physiological regulation during toddlerhood. Social Development, 7(3), 350-369.
  13. Chang, H. I. (2010). The self-regulative temperament of effortful control: A review. The Korean Journal of Development Psychology, 23(3), 19-35.
  14. Chang, H., Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., & Sexton, H. R. (2011). Child effortful control as a mediator of parenting practices on externalizing behavior: Evidence for a sex-differentiated pathway across the transition from preschool to school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9437-7
  15. Choi, J.-S., & Ryu, J.-I. (2012). The effect of perceived parenting behavior by adolescents on self-control and aggression. Korea Journal of Counseling, 13(1), 273-290. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.13.1.201202.273
  16. Chung, M. J., & Yuh, J. (2010). The effects of perceived parental acceptance on social anxiety and depressive symptoms in children: Examining gendermoderating effects. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 48(9), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.6115/khea.2010.48.9.103
  17. Cumberland-Li, A., Eisenberg, N., & Reiser, M. (2004). Relations of young children's agreeableness and resiliency to effortful control and impulsivity. Social Development, 13(2), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.000263.x
  18. Eiden, R. D., Edwards, E. P., & Leonard, K. E. (2007). A conceptual model for the development of externalizing behavior problems among kindergarten children of alcoholic families: Role of parenting and children's self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1187-1201. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1187
  19. Eisenberg, N., Ma, Y., Chang, L., Zhou, Q., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. (2007). Relations of effortful control, reactive undercontrol, and anger to Chinese children's adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 19(2), 385-409.
  20. Eisenberg, N., Smith, C. L., Sadovsky, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004). Effortful control: Relations with emotion regulation, adjustment, and socialization in childhood. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 259-282). New York: Guilford Press.
  21. Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., Smith, C. L., Reiser, M., Shepard, S. A., Losoya, S. H., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Cumberland, A. J. (2003). The relations of effortful control and ego control to children's resiliency and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), 761-776. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.761
  22. Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children's effortful control, and externalizing, and problems: A three-wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76(5), 1055-1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00897.x
  23. Gilliom, M., Shaw, D. S., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M. A., Lukon, J. L., & Winslow, E. (2002). Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 222-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.222
  24. Gralinski, J. H., & Kopp, C. B. (1993). Every rules for behavior mother's requests to young children. Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 573-584. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.573
  25. Graziano, P. A., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2010). Maternal behaviour and children's early emotion regulation skills differentially predict development of children's reactive control and later effortful control. Infant and Child Development, 19(4), 333-353.
  26. Han, Y. S. (2010). The effects of mothers' emotional expressivity on children's aggression: Mediating effects of effortful control. Unpublished master's thesis. Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
  27. Heaven, P. C., Newbury, K., & Mak, A. (2004). The impact of adolescent and parental characteristics on adolescent levels of delinquency and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(1), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00077-1
  28. Hwang, H.-J. (2006). Agreement between parents' and teachers' ratings of preschoolers' emotional and behavioral problems. Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 45, 339-359.
  29. Jang, H. S. (2013). The mediating effect of effortful control and social information processing in the relationship between physical abused experience and reactive aggression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
  30. Jung, I.-H., & Hwang, H.-J. (2009). A study on development of child temperament rating scale for parents: From age 3 to Age 5. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 14(5), 91-116.
  31. Kang, H. K., & Cho, H. S. (2008). A comparison between parents' and teachers' ratings on preschoolers' behavioral problems. Early Childhood Education Research & Review, 12(2), 171-193.
  32. Karreman, A., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. A. G., & Dekovie, M. (2008). The relation between parental personality and observed parenting: The moderating role of preschoolers' effortful control. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3), 723-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.005
  33. Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., Tjebkes, T. L., & Husarek, S. J. (1998). Individual differences in emotionality in infancy. Child Development, 69(2), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06196.x
  34. Kochanska, G., Murray, K., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 220-232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220
  35. Kochanska, G., & Knnack, A. (2003). Effortful control as a personality characteristic of young children: An tecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1087-1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7106008
  36. Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation; A development perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199
  37. Kwon, Y. H. (2011). Relationships of child effortful control and problem behaviors: The mediating role of teacher-child relationships. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 20(3), 595-609. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2011.20.3.595
  38. Kyrios, M., & Prior, M. (1990). Temperament, stress and family factors in behavioural adjustment of 3-5 year old children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 13(1), 67-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549001300105
  39. Lee, H. S., & Yu, Y. O. (2010). Relations between mother's child-rearing beliefs and their child's selfcontrol according to age and gender. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 17(4), 239-260.
  40. Lee, S. Y., & Choi, J. A. (2012). A comparison study of parent and teacher ratings on protective factors and behavioral concerns of young children from multicultural families. Ewha Journal of Educational Research, 43(3), 59-84.
  41. Lee, Y. J., & Chung, E. J. (2013). Mediating effects of preschooler's effortful control: Relationship of maternal parenting and preschooler's psychological adjustment. The Korean Journal of Psychology, 32(1), 231-249.
  42. Lee, Y. S. (2010). The relationship between mother's parenting style and children's self-regulation. Journal of emotional & behavioral disabilities, 26(3), 63-90.
  43. Lemery-Chalfant, K., Doelger, L., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2008). Genetic relations between effortful and attentional control and symptoms of psychopathology in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 17(4), 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.581
  44. Lengua, L. J. (2008). Anxiousness, frustration, and effortful control as moderators of the relation between parenting and adjustment in middle-childhood. Social Development, 17(3), 554-577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00438.x
  45. Li-Grining, C. P. (2007). Effortful control among lowincome preschoolers in three cities: stability, change, and individual differences. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 208-221. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.208
  46. Lim, E.-J., & Kim, S.-Y. (2011). A structural relationship analysis between young children's social competence and emotion regulation ability and related variables according to gender. Journal of Early Childhood Education, 31(4), 5-29.
  47. Lim, H. S., & Park, S. Y. (2002). Child's sex, temperament, mother's emotion regulation and parenting as related to child's emotion regulation. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 23(1), 37-54.
  48. Moon, Y. K. (2010). The Effects of maternal emotional availability on preschooler's social skills and problem behaviors: Mediating effects of preschooler's effortful control. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
  49. Oh, H.-J. (2012). Relationships between mothers' parenting behaviors and young children's learning-related social skills by gender. Unpublished master's thesis. Daegu, Korea.
  50. Oh, H. J., & Lee, J.-H. (2013). Relationships between mothers' parenting behaviors and young children's learning-related social skills by gender. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 20(3), 185-203.
  51. Park, J. S. (2013). The relations between children's school adjustment and mother's autonomy support and involvement: The mediation effects of fear and effortful control. Unpublished master's thesis. Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  52. Park, S. Y. (2006). The effect of maternal parenting-efficacy on children's self-efficacy and children's self-regulation. Unpublished master's thesis. Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  53. Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Developmental and Psychology, 12, 427-441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400003096
  54. Putnam S. P., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Development of short and very short forms of the children's behavior questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 103-113.
  55. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at 3-7 years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72(5), 1394-1408. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00355
  56. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3. Social, emotional, personality development (pp. 105-176). New York: Wiley.
  57. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 99-166). New York: Wiley.
  58. Rothbart M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp.37-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  59. Rothbart, M. K., & Sheese, B. E. (2007). Temperament and emotion regulation, In J. J. Gross (Ed), Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York: Guilford.
  60. Ruff, H. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (1996). Attention in early development: Themes and variations. New York: Oxford University Press.
  61. Simonds, J., Kieras, J. E., Rueda, M. R., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Effortful control, executive attention, and emotional regulation in 7-10-year-old children. Cognitive Development, 22(4), 474-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.08.009
  62. Spinrad, T., Eisenberg, N., & Gartner, B. (2007). Measure of effortful regulation for young children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 2(6), 606-626.
  63. Seong, S.-L. (2007). A study on the mothers' child-rearing attitudes and children's pro-social behaviors in accordance with children's sex and age. Unpublished master's thesis. Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
  64. Valiente, C., Lemery-Chalfant, K., & Reiser, M. (2007). Pathways to problem behaviors: Chaotic homes, parent and child effortful control, and parenting. Social Development, 16(2), 249-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00383.x
  65. Venn, J. J. (2000). Assessing students with special needs (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
  66. Yu, H.-J. (2003). Parental acceptance-rejection bringing-up attitude and relation with a social emotion development of an infant. Unpublished master's thesis. Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.
  67. Zhou, Q., Hofer, C., Eisenberg, N., Reiser, M., Spinrad, T. L., & Fabes, R. A. (2007). The developmental trajectories of attention focusing, attentional and behavioral persistence, and externalizing problems during school-age years. Developmental Psychology, 43(2), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.369
  68. Zhou, Q., Main, A., & Wang, Y. (2010). The relations of temperamental effortful control and anger/frustration to chinese children's academic achievement and social adjustment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(1), 180-196. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015908

Cited by

  1. The Effects of Husband's Emotional Support and Mother-teacher Partnership on Maternal Parenting Stress vol.34, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7466/JKHMA.2016.34.6.41