Electrolytes & blood pressure (대한전해질대사연구회지)

The Korean Society of Electrolyte Metabolism (전해질고혈압연구회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Cisplatin-induced Kidney Dysfunction and Perspectives on Improving Treatment Strategies

  • Oh, Gi-Su (Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Hyung-Jin (Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine) ;
  • Shen, AiHua (Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Su Bin (Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine) ;
  • Khadka, Dipendra (Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine) ;
  • Pandit, Arpana (Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine) ;
  • So, Hong-Seob (Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine)
  • Received : 2014.11.28
  • Accepted : 2014.12.05
  • Published : 2014.12.30
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Cisplatin is one of the most widely used and highly effective drug for the treatment of various solid tumors; however, it has dose-dependent side effects on the kidney, cochlear, and nerves. Nephrotoxicity is the most well-known and clinically important toxicity. Numerous studies have demonstrated that several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory responses, are closely associated with cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Even though the establishment of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity can be alleviated by diuretics and pre-hydration of patients, the prevalence of cisplatin nephrotoxicity is still high, occurring in approximately one-third of patients who have undergone cisplatin therapy. Therefore it is imperative to develop treatments that will ameliorate cisplatin-nephrotoxicity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity and the new strategies for protecting the kidneys from the toxic effects without lowering the tumoricidal activity.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF]

References

  1. Yao X, Panichpisal K, Kurtzman N and Nugent K: Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: a review. The American journal of the medical sciences 334:115-24, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31812dfe1e
  2. Sastry J and Kellie SJ: Severe neurotoxicity, ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity following high-dose cisplatin and amifostine. Pediatric hematology and oncology 22:441-5, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1080/08880010590964381
  3. Miller RP, Tadagavadi RK, Ramesh G and Reeves WB: Mechanisms of Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Toxins 2:2490-518, 2010 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2112490
  4. Ciarimboli G: Membrane transporters as mediators of cisplatin side-effects. Anticancer research 34:547-50, 2014
  5. Ciarimboli G: Organic cation transporters. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems 38:936-71, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1080/00498250701882482
  6. Urakami Y, Nakamura N, Takahashi K, Okuda M, Saito H, Hashimoto Y and Inui K: Gender differences in expression of organic cation transporter OCT2 in rat kidney. FEBS letters 461:339-42, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01491-X
  7. Ciarimboli G, Deuster D, Knief A, Sperling M, Holtkamp M, Edemir B, Pavenstadt H, Lanvers-Kaminsky C, am Zehnhoff-Dinnesen A, Schinkel AH, Koepsell H, Jurgens H and Schlatter E: Organic cation transporter 2 mediates cisplatin-induced oto- and nephrotoxicity and is a target for protective interventions. The American journal of pathology 176:1169-80, 2010 https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2010.090610
  8. Franke RM, Kosloske AM, Lancaster CS, Filipski KK, Hu C, Zolk O, Mathijssen RH and Sparreboom A: Influence of Oct1/Oct2-deficiency on cisplatin-induced changes in urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Clin Cancer Res 16:4198-206, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0949
  9. Pabla N, Murphy RF, Liu K and Dong Z: The copper transporter Ctr1 contributes to cisplatin uptake by renal tubular cells during cisplatin nephrotoxicity. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 296:F505-11, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90545.2008
  10. Townsend DM, Tew KD, He L, King JB and Hanigan MH: Role of glutathione S-transferase Pi in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy=Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 63:79-85, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2008.08.004
  11. Hanigan MH, Lykissa ED, Townsend DM, Ou CN, Barrios R and Lieberman MW: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase- deficient mice are resistant to the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin. The American journal of pathology 159:1889-94, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63035-0
  12. Hanigan MH, Gallagher BC, Townsend DM and Gabarra V: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase accelerates tumor growth and increases the resistance of tumors to cisplatin in vivo. Carcinogenesis 20:553-9, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/20.4.553
  13. Townsend DM, Deng M, Zhang L, Lapus MG and Hanigan MH: Metabolism of Cisplatin to a nephrotoxin in proximal tubule cells. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 14:1-10, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000042803.28024.92
  14. Zhang L and Hanigan MH: Role of cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase in the metabolism of cisplatin. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 306:988-94, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.052225
  15. Kuhlmann MK, Burkhardt G and Kohler H: Insights into potential cellular mechanisms of cisplatin nephrotoxicity and their clinical application. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 12:2478-80, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/12.12.2478
  16. Pabla N and Dong Z: Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: mechanisms and renoprotective strategies. Kidney international 73:994-1007, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002786
  17. Jiang M and Dong Z: Regulation and pathological role of p53 in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 327:300-7, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.108.139162
  18. Lee RH, Song JM, Park MY, Kang SK, Kim YK and Jung JS: Cisplatin-induced apoptosis by translocation of endogenous Bax in mouse collecting duct cells. Biochemical pharmacology 62:1013-23, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(01)00748-1
  19. Ramesh G and Reeves WB: Salicylate reduces cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inhibition of tumor necrosis factoralpha. Kidney international 65:490-9, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00413.x
  20. Strasser A, O'Connor L and Dixit VM: Apoptosis signaling. Annual review of biochemistry 69:217-45, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.217
  21. Tsuruya K, Ninomiya T, Tokumoto M, Hirakawa M, Masutani K, Taniguchi M, Fukuda K, Kanai H, Kishihara K, Hirakata H and Iida M: Direct involvement of the receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways in cisplatin-induced renal tubular cell death. Kidney international 63:72-82, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00709.x
  22. Seth R, Yang C, Kaushal V, Shah SV and Kaushal GP: p53-dependent caspase-2 activation in mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor and its role in renal tubular epithelial cell injury. The Journal of biological chemistry 280:31230-9, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M503305200
  23. Takeda M, Kobayashi M, Shirato I, Osaki T and Endou H: Cisplatin-induced apoptosis of immortalized mouse proximal tubule cells is mediated by interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) family of proteases but inhibited by overexpression of Bcl-2. Archives of toxicology 71:612-21, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040050434
  24. Park MS, De Leon M and Devarajan P: Cisplatin induces apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells via activation of mitochondrial pathways. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 13:858-65, 2002
  25. Peyrou M, Hanna PE and Cribb AE: Cisplatin, gentamicin, and p-aminophenol induce markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the rat kidneys. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 99:346-53, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm152
  26. Price PM, Safirstein RL and Megyesi J: Protection of renal cells from cisplatin toxicity by cell cycle inhibitors. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 286:F378-84, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00192.2003
  27. Price PM, Yu F, Kaldis P, Aleem E, Nowak G, Safirstein RL and Megyesi J: Dependence of cisplatin-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo on cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 17:2434-42, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006020162
  28. Bassett EA, Wang W, Rastinejad F and El-Deiry WS: Structural and functional basis for therapeutic modulation of p53 signaling. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 14:6376-86, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1526
  29. Wei Q, Dong G, Yang T, Megyesi J, Price PM and Dong Z: Activation and involvement of p53 in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 293:F1282-91, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00230.2007
  30. Molitoris BA, Dagher PC, Sandoval RM, Campos SB, Ashush H, Fridman E, Brafman A, Faerman A, Atkinson SJ, Thompson JD, Kalinski H, Skaliter R, Erlich S and Feinstein E: siRNA targeted to p53 attenuates ischemic and cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 20:1754-64, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2008111204
  31. Clark JS, Faisal A, Baliga R, Nagamine Y and Arany I: Cisplatin induces apoptosis through the ERK-p66shc pathway in renal proximal tubule cells. Cancer letters 297:165-70, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2010.05.007
  32. Dickey DT, Wu YJ, Muldoon LL and Neuwelt EA: Protection against cisplatin-induced toxicities by N-acetylcysteine and sodium thiosulfate as assessed at the molecular, cellular, and in vivo levels. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 314:1052-8, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.087601
  33. Baliga R, Zhang Z, Baliga M, Ueda N and Shah SV: In vitro and in vivo evidence suggesting a role for iron in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Kidney international 53:394-401, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00767.x
  34. Davis CA, Nick HS and Agarwal A: Manganese superoxide dismutase attenuates Cisplatin-induced renal injury: importance of superoxide. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 12:2683-90, 2001
  35. Ma SF, Nishikawa M, Hyoudou K, Takahashi R, Ikemura M, Kobayashi Y, Yamashita F and Hashida M: Combining cisplatin with cationized catalase decreases nephrotoxicity while improving antitumor activity. Kidney international 72:1474-82, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002556
  36. Naziroglu M, Karaoglu A and Aksoy AO: Selenium and high dose vitamin E administration protects cisplatin-induced oxidative damage to renal, liver and lens tissues in rats. Toxicology 195:221-30, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2003.10.012
  37. Shiraishi F, Curtis LM, Truong L, Poss K, Visner GA, Madsen K, Nick HS and Agarwal A: Heme oxygenase-1 gene ablation or expression modulates cisplatin-induced renal tubular apoptosis. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 278:F726-36, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.5.F726
  38. Kawai Y, Nakao T, Kunimura N, Kohda Y and Gemba M: Relationship of intracellular calcium and oxygen radicals to Cisplatin-related renal cell injury. Journal of pharmacological sciences 100:65-72, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.FP0050661
  39. Yilmaz HR, Iraz M, Sogut S, Ozyurt H, Yildirim Z, Akyol O and Gergerlioglu S: The effects of erdosteine on the activities of some metabolic enzymes during cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacological research : the official journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society 50:287-90, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2004.03.003
  40. Badary OA, Abdel-Maksoud S, Ahmed WA and Owieda GH: Naringenin attenuates cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats. Life sciences 76:2125-35, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.11.005
  41. Chirino YI, Hernandez-Pando R and Pedraza-Chaverri J: Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst ameliorates renal damage and protein nitration in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. BMC pharmacology 4:20, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2210-4-20
  42. Kelly KJ, Meehan SM, Colvin RB, Williams WW and Bonventre JV: Protection from toxicant-mediated renal injury in the rat with anti-CD54 antibody. Kidney international 56:922-31, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00629.x
  43. Oh GS, Kim HJ, Choi JH, Shen A, Choe SK, Karna A, Lee SH, Jo HJ, Yang SH, Kwak TH, Lee CH, Park R and So HS: Pharmacological activation of NQO1 increases NAD(+) levels and attenuates cisplatin-mediated acute kidney injury in mice. Kidney international 85:547-60, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.330
  44. Ramesh G and Reeves WB: TNF-alpha mediates chemokine and cytokine expression and renal injury in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The Journal of clinical investigation 110:835-42, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200215606
  45. Kim YK, Choi TR, Kwon CH, Kim JH, Woo JS and Jung JS: Beneficial effect of pentoxifylline on cisplatininduced acute renal failure in rabbits. Renal failure 25:909-22, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1081/JDI-120026026
  46. Zhang B, Ramesh G, Norbury CC and Reeves WB: Cisplatin- induced nephrotoxicity is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha produced by renal parenchymal cells. Kidney Int 72:37-44, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002242
  47. Ramesh G and Reeves WB: p38 MAP kinase inhibition ameliorates cisplatin nephrotoxicity in mice. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 289:F166-74, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00401.2004
  48. Locksley RM, Killeen N and Lenardo MJ: The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell 104:487-501, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00237-9
  49. Ramesh G and Reeves WB: TNFR2-mediated apoptosis and necrosis in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 285:F610-8, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00101.2003
  50. Faubel S, Lewis EC, Reznikov L, Ljubanovic D, Hoke TS, Somerset H, Oh DJ, Lu L, Klein CL, Dinarello CA and Edelstein CL: Cisplatin-induced acute renal failure is associated with an increase in the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18, IL-6, and neutrophil infiltration in the kidney. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 322:8-15, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.119792
  51. Lu LH, Oh DJ, Dursun B, He Z, Hoke TS, Faubel S and Edelstein CL: Increased macrophage infiltration and fractalkine expression in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in mice. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 324:111-7, 2008
  52. Zhang Y, Yuan F, Cao X, Zhai Z, GangHuang, Du X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhao J and Hou W: P2X7 receptor blockade protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice by decreasing the activities of inflammasome components, oxidative stress and caspase-3. Toxicology and applied pharmacology: 2014
  53. Cornelison TL and Reed E: Nephrotoxicity and hydration management for cisplatin, carboplatin, and ormaplatin. Gynecologic oncology 50:147-58, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1993.1184
  54. Hanigan MH, Deng M, Zhang L, Taylor PT, Jr. and Lapus MG: Stress response inhibits the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 288:F125-32, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00041.2003
  55. Lynch ED, Gu R, Pierce C and Kil J: Reduction of acute cisplatin ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats by oral administration of allopurinol and ebselen. Hearing research 201:81-9, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2004.08.002
  56. Nisar S and Feinfeld DA: N-acetylcysteine as salvage therapy in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Renal failure 24:529-33, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1081/JDI-120006780
  57. Deng J, Kohda Y, Chiao H, Wang Y, Hu X, Hewitt SM, Miyaji T, McLeroy P, Nibhanupudy B, Li S and Star RA: Interleukin-10 inhibits ischemic and cisplatin-induced acute renal injury. Kidney international 60:2118-28, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00043.x
  58. Nagothu KK, Bhatt R, Kaushal GP and Portilla D: Fibrate prevents cisplatin-induced proximal tubule cell death. Kidney international 68:2680-93, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00739.x
  59. Kitada M and Koya D: Renal protective effects of resveratrol. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2013:568093, 2013
  60. Catalgol B, Batirel S, Taga Y and Ozer NK: Resveratrol: French paradox revisited. Frontiers in pharmacology 3:141, 2012
  61. Valentovic MA, Ball JG, Brown JM, Terneus MV, McQuade E, Van Meter S, Hedrick HM, Roy AA and Williams T: Resveratrol attenuates cisplatin renal cortical cytotoxicity by modifying oxidative stress. Toxicology in vitro: an international journal published in association with BIBRA 28:248-57, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.11.001
  62. Kim DH, Jung YJ, Lee JE, Lee AS, Kang KP, Lee S, Park SK, Han MK, Lee SY, Ramkumar KM, Sung MJ and Kim W: SIRT1 activation by resveratrol ameliorates cisplatin-induced renal injury through deacetylation of p53. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 301:F427-35, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00258.2010
  63. Do Amaral CL, Francescato HD, Coimbra TM, Costa RS, Darin JD, Antunes LM and Bianchi Mde L: Resveratrol attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Archives of toxicology 82:363-70, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-007-0262-x
  64. Kitada M, Kume S, Takeda-Watanabe A, Kanasaki K and Koya D: Sirtuins and renal diseases: relationship with aging and diabetic nephropathy. Clinical science 124:153-64, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20120190
  65. Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, Lamming DW, Lavu S, Wood JG, Zipkin RE, Chung P, Kisielewski A, Zhang LL, Scherer B and Sinclair DA: Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature 425:191-6, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01960
  66. Guarente L: Sirtuins, aging, and metabolism. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 76:81-90, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010629
  67. Hwang JH, Kim DW, Jo EJ, Kim YK, Jo YS, Park JH, Yoo SK, Park MK, Kwak TH, Kho YL, Han J, Choi HS, Lee SH, Kim JM, Lee I, Kyung T, Jang C, Chung J, Kweon GR and Shong M: Pharmacological stimulation of NADH oxidation ameliorates obesity and related phenotypes in mice. Diabetes 58:965-74, 2009 https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-1183
  68. Kim SY, Jeoung NH, Oh CJ, Choi YK, Lee HJ, Kim HJ, Kim JY, Hwang JH, Tadi S, Yim YH, Lee KU, Park KG, Huh S, Min KN, Jeong KH, Park MG, Kwak TH, Kweon GR, Inukai K, Shong M and Lee IK: Activation of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 prevents arterial restenosis by suppressing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circulation research 104:842-50, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.189837
  69. Houtkooper RH, Canto C, Wanders RJ and Auwerx J: The secret life of $NAD^+$: an old metabolite controlling new metabolic signaling pathways. Endocrine reviews 31:194-223, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0026
  70. Kim YH, Hwang JH, Noh JR, Gang GT, Kim do H, Son HY, Kwak TH, Shong M, Lee IK and Lee CH: Activation of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase ameliorates spontaneous hypertension in an animal model via modulation of eNOS activity. Cardiovascular research 91:519-27, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvr110
  71. Lee JS, Park AH, Lee SH, Kim JH, Yang SJ, Yeom YI, Kwak TH, Lee D, Lee SJ, Lee CH, Kim JM and Kim D: Beta-lapachone, a modulator of NAD metabolism, prevents health declines in aged mice. PloS one 7:e47122, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047122
  72. Kim YH, Hwang JH, Noh JR, Gang GT, Tadi S, Yim YH, Jeoung NH, Kwak TH, Lee SH, Kweon GR, Kim JM, Shong M, Lee IK and Lee CH: Prevention of salt-induced renal injury by activation of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, associated with NADPH oxidase. Free radical biology & medicine 52:880-8, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.007
  73. Kim HJ, Oh GS, Shen A, Lee SB, Choe SK, Kwon KB, Lee S, Seo KS, Kwak TH, Park R and So HS: Augmentation of NAD(+) by NQO1 attenuates cisplatin-mediated hearing impairment. Cell death & disease 5:e1292, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2014.255
  74. Gaikwad A, Long DJ, 2nd, Stringer JL and Jaiswal AK: In vivo role of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in the regulation of intracellular redox state and accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue. The Journal of biological chemistry 276:22559-64, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M101053200
  75. Gessner DK, Ringseis R, Siebers M, Keller J, Kloster J, Wen G and Eder K: Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB pathway by a grape seed and grape marc meal extract in intestinal epithelial cells. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition 96:1074-83, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01222.x
  76. Pazdro R and Burgess JR: The antioxidant 3H-1,2-dithiole- 3-thione potentiates advanced glycation end-product- induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. Experimental diabetes research 2012:137607, 2012
  77. Moscovitz O, Tsvetkov P, Hazan N, Michaelevski I, Keisar H, Ben-Nissan G, Shaul Y and Sharon M: A mutually inhibitory feedback loop between the 20S proteasome and its regulator, NQO1. Molecular cell 47:76-86, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.049
  78. Pardee AB, Li YZ and Li CJ: Cancer therapy with betalapachone. Current cancer drug targets 2:227-42, 2002 https://doi.org/10.2174/1568009023333854
  79. Imai S and Kiess W: Therapeutic potential of SIRT1 and NAMPT-mediated NAD biosynthesis in type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in bioscience 14:2983-95, 2009
  80. Abdellatif M: Sirtuins and pyridine nucleotides. Circulation research 111:642-56, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.246546
  81. Michan S and Sinclair D: Sirtuins in mammals: insights into their biological function. The Biochemical journal 404:1-13, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20070140
  82. Motta MC, Divecha N, Lemieux M, Kamel C, Chen D, Gu W, Bultsma Y, McBurney M and Guarente L: Mammalian SIRT1 represses forkhead transcription factors. Cell 116:551-63, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00126-6
  83. Ahn BH, Kim HS, Song S, Lee IH, Liu J, Vassilopoulos A, Deng CX and Finkel T: A role for the mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 in regulating energy homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:14447-52, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803790105
  84. Li S, Banck M, Mujtaba S, Zhou MM, Sugrue MM and Walsh MJ: p53-induced growth arrest is regulated by the mitochondrial SirT3 deacetylase. PloS one 5:e10486, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010486
  85. Abali H, Urun Y, Oksuzoglu B, Budakoglu B, Yildirim N, Guler T, Ozet G and Zengin N: Comparison of ICE (ifosfamide-carboplatin-etoposide) versus DHAP (cytosine arabinoside-cisplatin-dexamethasone) as salvage chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. Cancer investigation 26:401-6, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1080/07357900701788098