Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society (한국안광학회지)

The Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society (한국안광학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Induced Dioptric Blur on Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity

유발된 광학적 흐림이 시력과 대비감도에 미치는 영향

  • Received : 2014.05.12
  • Accepted : 2014.06.18
  • Published : 2014.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: To study the effect of an artificially induced dioptric blur on acuity and contrast sensitivity using the $Optec^{(R)}$ 6500. Methods: Healthy 31 subjects aged $22.90{\pm}1.92$ (male 16, female 15) who were recruited from university students with 6/6 (20/20) or better corrected visual acuity and normal binocularity. They were measured objective and subjective refraction for full correction and dioptric blur using 0.00 ~ +3.00 D (+0.50 D steps) trial lenses and trial frame. They were measured binocularly visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with the $Optec^{(R)}$ 6500 (Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) under day conditions (photopic condition, $85cd/m^2$). Results: The higher dioptric blur, the less distance visual acuity and decrease rate of visual acuity. The higher dioptric blur, the less contrast sensitivity at all frequencies, and the peak of contrast sensitivity was shifted from middle frequency (6 cpd) to low frequency (1.5 cpd). When the visual acuity was best visual acuity to 0.77, there was the peak point at 6 cpd which was normal contrast sensitivity peak point. Conclusions: If the low refractive error is uncorrected or the refractive error is inappropriate, the contrast sensitivity is decreased and the peak point of contrast sensitivity frequency is shifted abnormally though small uncorrected refractive error. So it will be considered that regular eye test and decision of refractive error correction is important.

목적: 인위적으로 유발된 광학적 흐림이 원거리 시력과 대비감도에 미치는 영향을 $Optec^{(R)}$ 6500으로 측정하여 알아보았다. 방법: 평균연령 $22.90{\pm}1.92$세의 대학생 31명(남자 16명, 여자 15명)을 대상자로 선정하였다. 타각적, 자각적 굴절검사를 실시하여 완전교정값을 구하였고, 광학적 흐림은 S0.00 D~S+3.00 D(+0.50 D step)까지 시험렌즈를 시험테에 장입하여 검사하였다. 원거리 시력과 대비감도는 $Optec^{(R)}$ 6500을 이용하여 측정하였고, 검사환경은 명소시 조건하에서 양안으로 측정하였다. 결과: 원거리 시력은 광학적 흐림의 양이 증가하면 감소되었고, 시력의 감소율(decrease rate)은 점점 작아졌다. 대비감도는 광학적 흐림의 양이 증가하면 모든 공간주파수의 대비감도가 감소되었고, 정점대비감도는 중간 공간주파수(6 cpd)에서 낮은 공간주파수(1.5 cpd)로 이동하는 현상을 보였다. 또한 시력은 최고시력에서 약 0.77까지 구간에서만 정상적인 대비감도의 정점인 6 cpd의 공간주파수에서 정점을 나타내었다. 결론: 적은 양의 굴절이상을 교정하지 않거나 부적절한 굴절교정상태이면, 적은 양이라 할지라도 대비감도가 저하되고 비정상적으로 정점대비감도가 이동하여 일상생활에 시각적 불편함을 야기할 수도 있으므로 항상 주기적인 시력검사와 신중한 안경처방값을 결정하여야 된다고 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Campbell FW, Robson JG. Application of fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. J Physiol. 1968;197(3):551-566. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008574
  2. Blakemore C, Campbell FW. On the existence of neurones in the human visual system selectively sensitive to the orientation and size of retinal images. J Physiol. 1969;203(1):237-260. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008862
  3. Campbell FW, Green DG. Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution. J Physiol. 1965;181(3):576-593. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007784
  4. Blakemore C, Nachmias J, Sutton P. The perceived spatial frequency shift: evidence for frequency-selective neurones in the human brain. J Physiol. 1970;210(3):727-750. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009238
  5. Bodis-Wollner I, Diamond SP. The measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity in cases of blurred vision associated with cerebral lesions. Brain. 1976;99(4):695-710. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/99.4.695
  6. Arden GB. The importance of measuring contrast sensitivity in cases of visual disturbance. Br J Ophthalmol. 1978;62(4):198-209. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.62.4.198
  7. Hess R, Woo G. Vision through cataracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1978;17(5):428-435.
  8. Bodis-Wollner I. Detection of visual defects using the contrast sensitivity function. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1980;20(1):135-153.
  9. Sekuler R, Owsley C, Hutman L. Assessing spatial vision of older people. Am J Optom Physiol Optics. 1982;59(12):961-968. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198212000-00005
  10. Jindra LE, Zemon V. Contrast sensitivity testing: a more complete assessment of vision. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989;15(2):141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-3350(89)80002-1
  11. Heitzmann J, Binder PS, Kassar BS, Nordan LT. The correction of high myopia using the excimer laser. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(12):1627-1634. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1993.01090120049021
  12. Bodis-Wollner I, Camisa JM. Contrast sensitivity measurement in clinical diagnosis, In: Lessell S, van Dalen JTW, editors. Neuro-ophthalmology. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1980;373-401.
  13. Regan D, Silver R, Murray TJ. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis-hidden visual loss: an auxilary diagnostic test. Brain. 1977;100(3):563-579. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/100.3.563
  14. Kim CJ, Kim HJ, Kim JM. Comparison of Contrast Sensitivity at Near Between Functional Progressive Addition Lenses and Single Vision Lenses. J Korean Oph Opt Soc. 2010;15(4):381-388.
  15. Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Cho SH, Cho BJ, Choi KY, Chung KH, et al. Comparison of Contrast Sensitivity with ACV(Visual Capacity Analyzer) in Different Types of Posterior Capsular Opacification. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2004;45(6):945-951.
  16. Paik JS, Kim MJ, Park SH, Joo CK. Contrast Sensitivity and Glare of Different Edge Designed Intraocular Lenses. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2007;48(2):259-265.
  17. Kim HS, Kim SW, Ha BJ, Kim EK, Kim TI. Ocular Aberrations and Contrast Sensitivity in Eyes Implanted with Aspheric and Spherical Intraocular Lenses. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2008;49(8):1256-1262. https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2008.49.8.1256
  18. Yoon JU, Chung JL, Hong JP, Ha BJ, Kim TI, Kim EK. Comparison of Wavefront Analysis and Visual Function Between Monofocal and Multifocal Aspheric Intraocular Lenses. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2009;50(2):195-201. https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2009.50.2.195
  19. Jeong JH, Kim MK, Wee WR, Lee JH. Comparison of Optical Performances in Eyes Implanted With Aspheric and Spherical Intraocular Lenses After Cataract Surgery. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2010;51(11):1445-1452. https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2010.51.11.1445
  20. Kang EC, Kim EK, Kim TI. Comparisons of Visual Acuity, Spherical Aberration and Contrast Sensitivity among Spheric, Aspheric $ReSTOR^{(R)}$, and Crystalens $HD^{(R)}$ Lenses. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2011;52(11):1275-1280. https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2011.52.11.1275
  21. Jun JB, Lee JE, Lee JS. A Comparative Study for Mesopic Contrast Sensitivity between Keratectomy(PRK) and Laser in Situ Keratomileusis(LASIK). J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2004;45(10):1724-1730.
  22. Hong JT, Lee J, Kim JY, Kim MJ, Tchah H. Clinical Results of Wavefront-guided LASIK. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2010;51(11):1438-1444. https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2010.51.11.1438
  23. Bae K, Keum JE, Chung TY, Chung ES. LASIK for Myopia with Presbyopia Using the Aspheric Micro-Monovision Technique. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2012;53(1):11-19. https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2012.53.1.11
  24. Woo GC, Dalziel CC. A pilot study of contrast sensitivity assessment of the cam treatment of amblyopia. Acta Ophthalmol. 1981;59(1):35-37.
  25. Shan Y, Moster ML, Roemer RA, Siegfried JB. Abnormal function of the parvocellular visual system in anisometropic amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophrhalmol Strabismus. 2000;37(2):73-78.
  26. Peter RH, Harold EB. Contrast sensitivity for letter and grating targets under various stimulus conditions. Optom Vis Sci. 1989;6611):774-781.
  27. Thorn F, Schwartz F. Effects of dioptric blur on Snellen and grating acuity. Optom Vis Sci. 1990;67(1):3-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199001000-00002
  28. Thorn F. Effects of dioptric blur on the vistech contrast sensitivity test. Optom Vis Sci. 1990;67(1):8-12.
  29. Hohberger B, Laemmer R, Adler W, Juenemann AG, Horn FK. Measuring contrast sensitivity in normal subjects with OPTEC 6500: influence of age and glare. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245(12):1805-1814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-007-0662-x
  30. Rocha KM, Soriano ES, Chalita MR, Yamada AC, Botts K, Botts J, et al. Wavefront analysis and contrast sensitivity of aspheric and spherical intraocular lenses: a randomized prospective study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(5):750-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2006.06.031
  31. Chung SA. Measuring photophobia using Optec $6500^{(R)}$ in children with intermittent exotropia. Master's Thesis. Yonsei University, Seoul. 2010;3-33.
  32. Hitchcock EM, Dick RB, Krieg EF. Visual contrast sensitivity testing: a comparison of two F.A.C.T. test types. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2004;26(2):271-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2003.10.007
  33. Terzi E, Bhren J, Wesemann W, Kohnen T. [Frankfurt- Freiburg Contrast and Acuity Test System (FF-CATS). A new test to determine contrast sensitivity under variable ambient and glare luminance levels]. Ophthalmologe. 2005;102(5):507-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-004-1125-y
  34. Ginsburg AP. Contrast sensitivity: determining the visual quality and function of cataract, intraocular lenses and refractive surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;7(1):19-26.
  35. Larsson E, Rydberg A, Holmstrm G. Contrast sensitivity in 10 year old preterm and full term children: a population based study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(1):87-90. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.081653
  36. Ginsburg AP, Evans DW, Cannon MW Jr, Owsley C, Mulvanny P. Large-sample norms for contrast sensitivity. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1984;61(2):80-84. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198402000-00003
  37. Thorn F, Schwartz F. Effects of dioptric blur on the vistech contrast sensitivity test. Optom Vis Sci. 1990;67(1):8-12.
  38. Frank T, Faye S. Effects of dioptric blur on snellen and grating acuity. Optom Vis Sci. 1990;67(1):3-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199001000-00002
  39. Russell LW, Niall CS, David AA. Measuring contrast sensitivity with inappropriate optical correction. Ophthal Physiol optics. 2000;20(6):442-451. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2000.00525.x
  40. Ginsburg AP. A new contrast sensitivity vision test chart. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1984;61(6):403-407. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198406000-00011
  41. Della Sala S, Bertoni G, Somazzi L, Stubbe F, Wilkins AJ. Impaired contrast sensitivity in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy: a new technique for rapid assessment. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69(2):136-142. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.69.2.136
  42. Hyvarinen L. Classification of visual impairment and disability. Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol. 1985;215:1-16.
  43. Regan D, Giaschi DE, Fresco BB. Measurement of glare sensitivity in cataract patients using low-contrast letter charts. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1993;13(2):115-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00439.x
  44. Pelli DG, Robson JG, Wilkins AJ. The design of a new letter chart for measuring contrast sensitivity. Clin Vision Sci. 1988;2(3):187-199.
  45. Ginsburg AP. Contrast sensitivity and functional vision. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2003;43(2):5-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004397-200343020-00004
  46. Lee EJ, Yoon MJ, Kim SH, Yang GT, Jeong JH, Kim HJ, et al. Changes of contrast sensitivity with decreasing luminance in photopic conditions. J Korean Oph Opt Soc. 2013;17(4):411-417.
  47. Field DJ. Relations between the statistics of natural images and the response properties of cortical cells. J Opt Sot of Am A. 1987;4(12):2379-2394. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.4.002379
  48. Vries HL. The quantum character of light and its bearing upon threshold of vision, the differential sensitivity and visual acuity of the eye. Physica. 1943;10(7):553-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(43)90575-0
  49. Oen FT, Lim TH, Chung MP. Contrast sensitivity in a large adult population. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1994;23(3):322-326.
  50. You YC, Choi TH, Lee HB. Normal contrast sensitivity for various ages. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2003;44(1):150-156.
  51. Ratliff F. Mach Bands: Quantitative Studies on Neural Networks in the Retina. San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1965;1-365.
  52. Kelly DH, Magnuski HS. Pattern detection and the twodimensional fourier transform: Circular targets. vision res. 1975;15(8-9):911-915. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(75)90230-8

Cited by

  1. Effects of Transmittance of Diffusive Blur on Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity vol.20, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2015.20.3.355
  2. The Changes in Contrast Sensitivity and Glare Sensitivity when Wearing Circle Contact Lenses after the Refractive Surgery vol.21, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2016.21.1.23
  3. Effect of Undercorrected Astigmatism on Visual Acuity According to Essential Astigmatism Power vol.23, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2018.23.4.415
  4. Effects of Illumination-Dependent Pupil Size on Higher Order Aberration vol.20, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.17337/jmbi.2018.20.3.313
  5. The Effect of Astigmatic Blur on Contrast Sensitivity among Groups of Natural Astigmatism Power vol.26, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2021.26.1.53