DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Design, Control and Evaluation Methods of PEM Fuel Cell Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: A review

고분자 전해질 연료전지 하이브리드 무인 비행기의 설계, 제어, 평가 기법 리뷰

  • Cha, Moon-Yong (Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research) ;
  • Kim, Minjin (Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research) ;
  • Sohn, Young-Jun (Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research) ;
  • Yang, Tae-Hyun (Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research)
  • 차문용 (한국에너지기술연구원 연료전지연구실) ;
  • 김민진 (한국에너지기술연구원 연료전지연구실) ;
  • 손영준 (한국에너지기술연구원 연료전지연구실) ;
  • 양태현 (한국에너지기술연구원 연료전지연구실)
  • Received : 2014.07.01
  • Accepted : 2014.08.31
  • Published : 2014.08.30

Abstract

Fuel cells are suitable for a power plant of a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as it is not only environmentally friendly and quiet but also more efficient than an internal combustion engine. A fuel cell hybrid UAV has better performance in endurance than a fuel cell only or battery only UAV. One of the key purposes of making fuel cell hybrid UAVs is having long endurance and now maximum 26 hours of flight is possible. Because optimal design and control methods for fuel cell hybrid UAVs are absolutely needed for their long endurance we have to check the methods. The aircraft made by using application-integrated design method has less BOP mass and better performances. The optimal design and control methods are generally based on computer simulations or Hardware-In-The-Loop simulations by using dynamic models for their design and control. The Hardware-In-The-Loop simulation (HILS) is to use a hardware device like a fuel cell stack as well as a simulation program and it allows for making optimally designed applications. This paper introduce efficient methods of design, control and evaluation for the fuel cell hybrid UAVs.

Keywords

References

  1. "EnergyOr fuel cell powered UAV reaches 10 h flight endurance", Fuel Cells Bulletin 2011, pp. 4-5.
  2. "US Navy launches fuel cell powered UAV from underwater sub", Fuel Cells Bulletin 2014, p. 4.
  3. C. Herwerth, C. Chiang, A. Ko, S. Matsuyama, S.B. Choi, M. Mirmirani, D. Gamble, A. Arena, A. Koschany, G. Gu, and T. Wankewycz, "Development of a small long endurance hybrid pem fuel cell powered UAV", Society of Automotive Engineers Paper 2007-01-3930, 2007, Sep.
  4. T.H. Bradley, B.A. Moffitt, T.F. Fuller, D.N. Mavris, and D.E. Parekh, "Energy Management for Fuel Cell Powered Hybrid Aircraft", Proceedings of the AIAA International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2009.
  5. "NRL Ion Tiger fuel cell UAV extends flight endurance record", Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2010, p.4.
  6. V.P. McConnell, "Military UAVs claiming the skies with fuel cell power", Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2007, pp.12-15.
  7. "Hydrogen fuel cells power Georgia Tech UAV", Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2006, p.10.
  8. T. G. Kim, H. C. Shim and S. J. Kwon, "Small fuel cell system as a power source for unmanned aerial vehicle", Proceedings of the Korean society of precision engineering conference, 2007, pp.727-728.
  9. "Fuel cell battery hybrid UAV takes off in Taiwan", Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2010, p.4.
  10. A.W. Thomas and N.B. Jenal, "Design and initial flight tests of a hydrogen Fuel Cell powered unmanned air vehicle", ECS Transactions, Vol. 26, 2010, pp.433-444.
  11. "Israel aerospace boosts UAV endurance with horizon fuel cell technology", Fuel Cells Bulletin september, 2010, p.4.
  12. J.-E. Seo, Y. Kim, Y. Kim, K. Kim, J.H. Lee, D.H. Lee, Y. Kim, S.J. Shin, D.-M. Kim, S.-Y. Kim, T. Kim, C.W. Yoon, S.W. Nam, "Portable ammonia-borane-based H2 power-pack for unmanned aerial vehicles", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 254, 2014, pp.329-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.112
  13. "Horizon, BlueBird collaborate on fuel cell powered civilian UAV", Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2014, pp.3-4.
  14. T. Kim, S. Kwon, "Design and development of a fuel cell-powered small unmanned aircraft", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Vol. 37, 2012, pp.615-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.09.051
  15. C. Haddox, "Boeing Wins DARPA Vulture II program, 2010.
  16. J.P. Thomas, M.A. Qidwai, J.C. Kellogg, Energy scavenging for small-scale unmanned systems, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 159, 2006, pp. 1494-1509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.084
  17. S.J. Gerssen-Gondelach, A.P.C. Faaij, "Performance of batteries for electric vehicles on short and longer term", Journal of Power Sources Vol. 212, 2012, pp.111-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.03.085
  18. T.H.B. Blake A. Moffitt, David E. Parekh and Dimitri Mavris, "Design and performance validation of a fuel cell unmanned aerial vehicle", 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit ,2006, AIAA 2006-2823.
  19. T.H. Bradley, B.A. Moffitt, T.F. Fuller, D.N. Mavris, D.E. Parekh, "Comparison of Design Methods for Fuel-Cell-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles", Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 46, 2009, pp.1945-1956. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.41658
  20. R.M. Moore, K.H. Hauer, G. Randolf, M. Virji, "Fuel cell hardware-in-loop", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 162, 2006, pp.302-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.066
  21. M. Zhou, J.V.R. Prasad, "Transient Characteristics of a Fuel Cell Powered UAV Propulsion System", Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, Vol. 74, 2013, pp.209-220.
  22. B. Lee, P. Park, K. Kim, S. Kwon, "The flight test and power simulations of an UAV powered by solar cells, a fuel cell and batteries", Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol. 28, 2014, pp.399-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-013-0936-7
  23. B.M. Thomas Bradley, Thomas Fuller, Dimitri Mavris, David Parekh, "Design Studies for Hydrogen Fuel Cell powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles", 26th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference.
  24. T.H. Bradley, B.A. Moffitt, D.N. Mavris, D.E. Parekh, "Development and experimental characterization of a fuel cell powered aircraft", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 171, 2007, pp.793-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.215
  25. "Protonex introduces fuel cell power system at UAV symposium", Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2006 p.11.
  26. X. Qingshan, W. Nianchun, K. Ichiyanagi, K. Yukita, "PEM fuel cell modeling and parameter influences of performance evaluation" in Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, Third International Conference on, IEEE, 2008.
  27. L.-A.D. Olivier Tremblay, "Experimental Validation of a battery dynmaic model for EV applications", World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3, 2009.
  28. S.S. Zhang, K. Xu, T.R. Jow, Charge and discharge characteristics of a commercial LiCoO2-based 18650 Li-ion battery, Journal of Power Sources 160 (2006) 1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.037
  29. K. Kim, T. Kim, K. Lee, S. Kwon, "Fuel cell system with sodium borohydride as hydrogen source for unmanned aerial vehicles", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, 2011, pp.9069-9075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.038
  30. S. Dutta, "A review on production, storage of hydrogen and its utilization as an energy resource", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 20, 2014, pp.1148-1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.037
  31. G. Correa, F. Borello, M. Santarelli, "Sensitivity analysis of temperature uncertainty in an aircraft PEM fuel cell", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, 2011, pp.14745-14758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.036
  32. P.T. Magdalena Dudek, Piotr Wygonik, Mariusz Korkosz, Piotr Bogusz,, B. Lis, "Hybrid Fuel Cell-Battery System as a main power unit for small unmanned aerial vehicles", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 8, 2013, pp.8442-8463.
  33. T.H.M. Bradley, B.A., Parekh, D.E. and Mavris, D. "Flight Testing Results for a Fuel Cell Unmanned Aerial Vehicle", in 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 2007, AIAA 2007-0032.
  34. T.H. Bradley, Moffitt, B.A., Fuller, T.F. and Parekh, D.E., "Hardware-in-the-loop testing of a Fuel Cell aircraft powerplant", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 25, 2009, pp. 1336-1344. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.40805
  35. F. Tiss, R. Chouikh, A. Guizani, "Dynamic modeling of a PEM fuel cell with temperature effects", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, 2013, pp.8532-8541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.101
  36. W.F. Phillips, Mechanics of Flight, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2004.
  37. S. Goldstein, "On the vortex theory of screw propellers", proceedings of the royal society of london, Vol. 123, 1929, pp.440-495. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1929.0078
  38. B.A. Moffitt, T.H. Bradley, D.E. Parekh, D. Mavris, "Validation of vortex propeller theory for UAV design with uncertainty analysis", 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 7-10 Jan., 2008.
  39. J.R.H. Dries Verstraete, Jennifer L. Palmer, "Hardwarein-the-loop simulation of Fuel Cell based Hybridelectrical UAV propulsion", 28th International congress of the aeronautical sciences, 2012.
  40. M.S. Fei Gao, Abdellatif Miraoui and El-Moudni, "PEM Fuel Cell stack Hardware-in-the-loop emulation using DC/DC converter design", IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference, 2009.
  41. J.-H. Jung, "Real-time and power Hardware-inthe-loop simulation of PEMFC stack system", Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 11, 2011, pp. 202-210. https://doi.org/10.6113/JPE.2011.11.2.202
  42. D. Verstraete, K. Lehmkuehler, A. Gong, J.R. Harvey, G. Brian, J.L. Palmer, "Characterisation of a hybrid, fuel-cell-based propulsion system for small unmanned aircraft", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 250, 2014, pp.204-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.017
  43. A. Vath, Z. Lemes, H. Mancher, M. Sohn, N. Nicoloso, T. Hartkopf, "Dynamic modelling and hardware-in-the-loop testing of PEMFC", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 157, 2006, pp.816-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.102
  44. V. Zijad Lemes, Th.Hartkopf, H.Mancher, "Dynamic fuel cell models and their application in hardware in the loop simulation", Journal of Power Sources, 154, 2006, pp.386-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.032
  45. D. Keen, "Design and test of a 24 hour fuel cell unmanned aerial vehicle", 8th Annual International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 25-28 July, 2010, AIAA 2010-6690
  46. T.H. Bradley, Moffitt, B.A., Parekh, D.E. and Mavris, D., "Flight test results for a Fuel Cell Unmanned Aerial Vehicle", 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 2007, AIAA 2007-0032.
  47. Fei Gao, Marcelo Godoy Simoes, and Abdellatif Miraoui, "PEM fuel cel stack modeling for realtime emulation in hardware-in-the-loop applications", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 26, No.1, March 2011.