Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine (대한예방의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Environmental Source of Arsenic Exposure

  • Chung, Jin-Yong (Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University) ;
  • Yu, Seung-Do (National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Hong, Young-Seoub (Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University)
  • Received : 2014.08.19
  • Accepted : 2014.09.06
  • Published : 2014.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Arsenic is a ubiquitous, naturally occurring metalloid that may be a significant risk factor for cancer after exposure to contaminated drinking water, cigarettes, foods, industry, occupational environment, and air. Among the various routes of arsenic exposure, drinking water is the largest source of arsenic poisoning worldwide. Arsenic exposure from ingested foods usually comes from food crops grown in arsenic-contaminated soil and/or irrigated with arsenic-contaminated water. According to a recent World Health Organization report, arsenic from contaminated water can be quickly and easily absorbed and depending on its metabolic form, may adversely affect human health. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration regulations for metals found in cosmetics to protect consumers against contaminations deemed deleterious to health; some cosmetics were found to contain a variety of chemicals including heavy metals, which are sometimes used as preservatives. Moreover, developing countries tend to have a growing number of industrial factories that unfortunately, harm the environment, especially in cities where industrial and vehicle emissions, as well as household activities, cause serious air pollution. Air is also an important source of arsenic exposure in areas with industrial activity. The presence of arsenic in airborne particulate matter is considered a risk for certain diseases. Taken together, various potential pathways of arsenic exposure seem to affect humans adversely, and future efforts to reduce arsenic exposure caused by environmental factors should be made.

Keywords

References

  1. Nriagu JO, Azcue JM. Arsenic in the environment. Part I. Cycling and characterization. New York: Wiley; 1990, p. 1-15.
  2. Fergusson JE. The heavy elements: chemistry, environmental impact, and health effects. New York: Pergamon Press; 1990, p. 362-365.
  3. Gibb H, Haver C, Gaylor D, Ramasamy S, Lee JS, Lobdell D, et al. Utility of recent studies to assess the National Research Council 2001 estimates of cancer risk from ingested arsenic. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119(3):284-290.
  4. Argos M, Kalra T, Rathouz PJ, Chen Y, Pierce B, Parvez F, et al. Arsenic exposure from drinking water, and all-cause and chronic-disease mortalities in Bangladesh (HEALS): a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2010;376(9737):252-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60481-3
  5. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Public health statement for arsenic [cited 2014 Sep 16]. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=18&tid=3.
  6. Akter KF, Owens G, Davey DE, Naidu R. Arsenic speciation and toxicity in biological systems. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2005;184:97-149.
  7. Drobna Z, Walton FS, Paul DS, Xing W, Thomas DJ, Styblo M. Metabolism of arsenic in human liver: the role of membrane transporters. Arch Toxicol 2010;84(1):3-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-009-0499-7
  8. Hakala E, Pyy L. Assessment of exposure to inorganic arsenic by determining the arsenic species excreted in urine. Toxicol Lett 1995;77(1-3):249-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03304-1
  9. Ma M, Le XC. Effect of arsenosugar ingestion on urinary arsenic speciation. Clin Chem 1998;44(3):539-550.
  10. Hindmarsh JT, McCurdy RF. Clinical and environmental aspects of arsenic toxicity. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1986;23(4):315-347. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408368609167122
  11. Valentine JL, Kang HK, Spivey G. Arsenic levels in human blood, urine, and hair in response to exposure via drinking water. Environ Res 1979;20(1):24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(79)90082-3
  12. Buchet JP, Lauwerys R, Roels H. Urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic and its metabolites after repeated ingestion of sodium metaarsenite by volunteers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1981;48(2):111-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378431
  13. Vahter M, Marafante E, Dencker L. Tissue distribution and retention of 74As-dimethylarsinic acid in mice and rats. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1984;13(3):259-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055275
  14. Buchet JP, Lauwerys R, Roels H. Comparison of the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites after a single oral dose of sodium arsenite, monomethylarsonate, or dimethylarsinate in man. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1981;48(1):71-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00405933
  15. Buchet JP, Lison D, Ruggeri M, Foa V, Elia G. Assessment of exposure to inorganic arsenic, a human carcinogen, due to the consumption of seafood. Arch Toxicol 1996;70(11):773-778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040050339
  16. Bhattacharya P, Jacks G, Ahmed KM, Routh J, Khan AA. Arsenic in groundwater of the Bengal delta plain aquifers in Bangladesh. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2002;69(4):538-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-002-0095-5
  17. Bhattacharya P, Jacks G, Frisbie SH, Smith E, Naudu R, Sarkar B. Arsenic in the environment: a global perspective. In: Sarker B, editor. Handbook of heavy metals in the environment. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001, p. 145-215.
  18. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993, p. 1-11.
  19. World Health Organization. Environmental health criteria 224: arsenic and arsenic compounds. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001, p. 1-7.
  20. Environmental Protection Agency. National interim primary drinking water regulations; 1976 [cited 2014 Sep 28]. Available from: http://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrcCatalog.nsf/9da204a4b4406ef885256ae0007a79c7/490344d9eaf40d4e85256b0600724162!OpenDocument.
  21. Argos M, Ahsan H, Graziano JH. Arsenic and human health: epidemiologic progress and public health implications. Rev Environ Health 2012;27(4):191-195.
  22. Chowdhury UK, Biswas BK, Chowdhury TR, Samanta G, Mandal BK, Basu GC, et al. Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(5):393-397. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108393
  23. Karim MM. Arsenic in groundwater and health problem in Bangladesh. Water Res 2000;34(1):304-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00128-1
  24. Mukherjee AB, Bhattacharya P. Arsenic in groundwater in the Bengal Delta Plain: slow poisoning in Bangladesh. Environ Rev 2001;9(3):189-220. https://doi.org/10.1139/a01-007
  25. Berg M, Tran HC, Nguyen TC, Pham HV, Schertenleib R, Giger W. Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat. Environ Sci Technol 2001;35(13):2621-2626. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010027y
  26. Lianfang W, Jianzhong H. Chronic arsenicism from drinking water in some areas of Xinjiang, China. In: Nriagu J, editor. Arsenic in the environment. Part II. Human health and ecosystem effects. Chichester: Wiley; 1994, p.159-172.
  27. Chen SL, Dzeng SR, Yang MH, Chiu KH, Shieh GM, Wai CM. Arsenic species in groundwaters of the blackfoot disease area, taiwan. Environ Sci Technol 1994;28(5):877-881. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00054a019
  28. Smedley PL, Kinniburgh DG, Nicolli HB, Barros AJ, Tullio JO, Pearce JM, et al. Arsenic associations in sediments from the loess aquifer of La Pampa, Argentina. Appl Geochem 2005;20(5)989-1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.10.005
  29. Bundschuh J, Farias B, Martin R, Storniolo A, Bhattacharya P, Cortes J, et al. Groundwater arsenic in the Chaco-Pampean Plain, Argentina: case study from Robles county, Santiago del Estero ProvinceOriginal. Appl Geochem 2004;19(2):231-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.09.009
  30. Grantham DA, Jones JF. Arsenic contamination of water wells in Nova Scotia. J Am Water Works Assoc 1977;69(12):653-657.
  31. Lu FJ. Blackfoot disease: arsenic or humic acid? Lancet 1990;336(8707):115-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91629-O
  32. International Program on Chemical Safety. Arsine: human health aspects. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002, p. 1-36.
  33. US Department of Agriculture. The pesticides review. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture; 1970, p. 46.
  34. Tseng CH. Blackfoot disease and arsenic: a never-ending story. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2005;23(1):55-74. https://doi.org/10.1081/GNC-200051860
  35. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for arsenic. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 1993, p. 57-73.
  36. Ferreccio C, Gonzalez C, Milosavjlevic V, Marshall G, Sancha AM, Smith AH. Lung cancer and arsenic concentrations in drinking water in Chile. Epidemiology 2000;11(6):673-679. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200011000-00010
  37. Kazi TG, Arain MB, Baig JA, Jamali MK, Afridi HI, Jalbani N, et al. The correlation of arsenic levels in drinking water with the biological samples of skin disorders. Sci Total Environ 2009;407(3)1019-1026.
  38. Morales KH, Ryan L, Kuo TL, Wu MM, Chen CJ. Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(7):655-661. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108655
  39. Steinmaus C, Yuan Y, Bates MN, Smith AH. Case-control study of bladder cancer and drinking water arsenic in the western United States. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158(12):1193-1201. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg281
  40. Chakraborti D, Sengupta MK, Rahman MM, Ahamed S, Chowdhury UK, Hossain MA, et al. Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in the Ganga-Meghna-Brahmaputra plain. J Environ Monit 2004;6(6):74N-83N. https://doi.org/10.1039/b406573p
  41. Al Rmalli SW, Haris PI, Harrington CF, Ayub M. A survey of arsenic in foodstuffs on sale in the United Kingdom and imported from Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 2005;337(1-3):23-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.008
  42. Le XC, Cullen WR, Reimer KJ. Human urinary arsenic excretion after one-time ingestion of seaweed, crab, and shrimp. Clin Chem 1994;40(4):617-624.
  43. Hostynek JJ. Toxic potential from metals absorbed through the skin [cited 2014 Sep 25]. Available from: http://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/biology/42552997.html.
  44. Canada Environmental Defence. Heavy metal hazard: the health risks of hidden heavy metals in face makeup; 2011 [cited 2014 Sep 16]. Available from: http://environmentaldefence.ca/reports/heavy-metal-hazard-health-risks-hidden-heavy-metals-in-face-makeup.
  45. India Centre for Science and Environment. Heavy metals in cosmetics. New Delhi: India Centre for Science and Environment; 2014, p. 1-28.
  46. Environmental Pro.tection Agency. Health assessment document for inorganic arsenic. Research Triangle Park: Environmental Protection Agency; 1983, p. 351.
  47. Environmental Protection Agency. Inorganic arsenic: toxicity and exposure assessment for children's health [cited 2014 Sep 16]. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/teach/chem_summ/Arsenic_summary.pdf.

Cited by

  1. Assessment of Arsenic Levels in Body Samples and Chronic Exposure in People Using Water with a High Concentration of Arsenic: a Field Study in Kutahya vol.16, pp.8, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3183
  2. Importance of Being Thiomethylated: Formation, Fate, and Effects of Methylated Thioarsenicals vol.28, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1021/tx500464t
  3. Therapeutic interventions using a combination of Telmisartan and omega 3-fatty acids in sodium arsenite-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction in rats: modulation through ATP-sensitive K+ channels a vol.12, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2015-0009
  4. Therapeutic interventions using a combination of Telmisartan and omega 3-fatty acids in sodium arsenite-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction in rats: modulation through ATP-sensitive K+ channels a vol.12, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2015-0009
  5. An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention vol.20, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.15430/jcp.2015.20.4.232
  6. Effects of arsenite and variation of microbial community on continuous bio-hydrogen production from molasses using a sequence batch reactor (SBR) vol.20, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2015.077
  7. Adsorptive removal of arsenate using inorganic magnetite particles vol.57, pp.60, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1164085
  8. Estimation of Inorganic Arsenic Exposure in Populations With Frequent Seafood Intake: Evidence From MESA and NHANES vol.184, pp.8, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww097
  9. Arsenic Bioaccumulation by Eruca sativa Is Unaffected by Intercropping or Plant Density vol.228, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3544-9
  10. Evaluation of epigenetic alterations (mir-126 and mir-155 expression levels) in Mexican children exposed to inorganic arsenic via drinking water vol.24, pp.36, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0367-6
  11. Hepatoprotective Role of Hydrangea macrophylla against Sodium Arsenite-Induced Mitochondrial-Dependent Oxidative Stress via the Inhibition of MAPK/Caspase-3 Pathways vol.18, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18071482
  12. Arsenic Compromises Both p97 and Proteasome Functions vol.30, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00158
  13. Arsenic Accumulation in Rice and Probable Mitigation Approaches: A Review vol.7, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7040067
  14. Arsenic hyperaccumulation in Pityrogramma calomelanos L. (Link): adaptive traits to deal with high metalloid concentrations vol.25, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1085-9
  15. Clean application of magnetic biomaterial for the removal of As (III) from water vol.25, pp.30, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2990-2
  16. Umbilical Cord Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals and Risk for Orofacial Clefts vol.52, pp.18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02404
  17. HER2 and Src co-regulate proliferation, migration and transformation by downstream signaling pathways in arsenite-treated human uroepithelial cells vol.10, pp.8, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8mt00131f
  18. Functional manganese ferrite/graphene oxide nanocomposites: effects of graphene oxide on the adsorption mechanisms of organic MB dye and inorganic As(v) ions from aqueous solution vol.8, pp.22, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra00270c
  19. Toxic Effect of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic on the Sertoli Cell: Mechanisms of Damage Involved vol.37, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2017.4081
  20. Risk Assessment for Children Exposed to Arsenic on Baseball Fields with Contaminated Fill Material vol.15, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010067
  21. Aptamer-Based Impedimetric Assay of Arsenite in Water: Interfacial Properties and Performance vol.3, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01710
  22. Geochemical Characteristics of Soils on Ellis Island, New York-New Jersey, Sixty Years after the Abandonment of the Hospital Complex vol.8, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010013
  23. Environmental Influences on the Epigenome: Exposure- Associated DNA Methylation in Human Populations vol.39, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-014629
  24. Treatment of Arsenite Intoxication-Induced Peripheral Vasculopathy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells vol.19, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041026
  25. Environmental Epigenetic Changes, as Risk Factors for the Development of Diseases in Children: A Systematic Review vol.84, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.29024/aogh.909
  26. Exposure to Mixtures of Pollutants in Mexican Children from Marginalized Urban Areas vol.84, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.29024/aogh.912
  27. Mercury and arsenic attenuate canonical and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation vol.8, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31717-7
  28. Arsenic accumulation in lentil (Lens culinaris) genotypes and risk associated with the consumption of grains vol.9, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45855-z
  29. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic bio-adsorbent developed from Aegle marmelos leaves for removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions vol.26, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3643-1
  30. Joint effects of Si and mycorrhiza on the antioxidant metabolism of two pigeonpea genotypes under As (III) and (V) stress vol.26, pp.8, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04256-5
  31. Reduction of total, organic, and inorganic arsenic content in Hizikia fusiforme (Hijiki) vol.28, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0501-3
  32. Reduction of total, organic, and inorganic arsenic content in Hizikia fusiforme (Hijiki) vol.28, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0501-3
  33. Leaching Kinetics of Sulfides from Refractory Gold Concentrates by Nitric Acid vol.9, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/met9040465
  34. Ethnic, Geographic and Dietary Differences in Arsenic Exposure in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) vol.29, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0042-0
  35. A systematic review on global pollution status of particulate matter-associated potential toxic elements and health perspectives in urban environment vol.41, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0203-z
  36. A Feasibility Study on the Use of an Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) for the Harvesting of Fresh Water in a Semi-Arid Region Affected by Mining Pollution vol.9, pp.16, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/app9163278
  37. Rice Consumption and Subclinical Lung Disease in US Adults: Observational Evidence From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis vol.188, pp.9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz137
  38. Sources and behavior of trace elements in groundwater in the South Eastern Desert, Egypt vol.191, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7868-3
  39. Biological and molecular modifications induced by cadmium and arsenic during breast and prostate cancer development vol.178, pp.None, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108700
  40. A Comprehensive Review of Microfluidic Water Quality Monitoring Sensors vol.19, pp.21, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214781
  41. Bioremediation Options for Heavy Metal Pollution vol.9, pp.24, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191203
  42. Water contaminant levels interact with parenting environment to predict development of depressive symptoms in adolescents vol.23, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12838
  43. lncRNA OTUD6B-AS1 Exacerbates As 2 O 3 -Induced Oxidative Damage in Bladder Cancer via miR-6734-5p-Mediated Functional Inhibition of IDH2 vol.2020, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3035624
  44. Ferulic acid attenuates arsenic‐induced cardiotoxicity in rats vol.67, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.1830
  45. Biomimetic System for the Application of Nanomaterials in Fluid Purification: Removal of Arsenic with Ferrihydrite vol.5, pp.11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04121
  46. Molecular Mechanisms of Arsenic-Induced Disruption of DNA Repair vol.33, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00464
  47. Arsenic Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Forward Osmosis vol.53, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.19we207
  48. Arsenic Concentrations in Ground and Surface Waters across Arizona Including Native Lands vol.169, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2020.03331.x
  49. Low concentrations of sodium arsenite induce hepatotoxicity in prepubertal male rats vol.35, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22890
  50. A Water‐Stable Ionic MOF for the Selective Capture of Toxic Oxoanions of SeVI and AsV and Crystallographic Insight into the Ion‐Exchange Mechanism vol.132, pp.20, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202000670
  51. A Water‐Stable Ionic MOF for the Selective Capture of Toxic Oxoanions of SeVI and AsV and Crystallographic Insight into the Ion‐Exchange Mechanism vol.59, pp.20, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202000670
  52. Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Arsenic Phytoremediation vol.39, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-10019-w
  53. Removal of toxic metals from water using chitosan-based magnetic adsorbents. A review vol.18, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01003-y
  54. Arsenic in outdoor air particulate matter in China: Tiered study and implications for human exposure potential vol.11, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.01.006
  55. Synthesis of alginate-polycation capsules of different composition: characterization and their adsorption for [As(III)] and [As(V)] from aqueous solutions vol.10, pp.48, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05135g
  56. Accumulation of trace elements in selected fish and shellfish species from the largest natural carp fish breeding basin in Asia: a probabilistic human health risk implication vol.27, pp.30, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09766-1
  57. Polyphenol‐rich fraction ofAlchornea cordifolialeaf ameliorates arsenite‐induced infertility in male rats vol.52, pp.10, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13754
  58. Comparison of Plasma Concentrations of Mercury, Cadmium, and Arsenic among Women in 2005 and 2012 in a Historically Contaminated Area in China vol.198, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02075-1
  59. Dose-response meta-analysis of arsenic exposure in drinking water and intelligence quotient vol.18, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00570-0
  60. Dose-response meta-analysis of arsenic exposure in drinking water and intelligence quotient vol.18, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00570-0
  61. Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic, Inorganic and Microbial Pollutants Present in Water by Novel Materials: A Critical Review and Present Update vol.33, pp.10, 2014, https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23317
  62. Maternal and childhood exposure to inorganic arsenic and airway allergy – A 15-Year birth cohort follow-up study vol.146, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106243
  63. Relationships among Inorganic Arsenic, Nutritional Status CpG Methylation and microRNAs: A Review of the Literature vol.14, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1177/2516865721989719
  64. Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Concentration in Eggs Originating from Industrial Poultry Farms and Free-Range Hens in Kosovo vol.2021, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6615289
  65. The Status of Arsenic Pollution in the Greek and Cyprus Environment: An Overview vol.13, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020224
  66. Sex-dependent effects of preconception exposure to arsenite on gene transcription in parental germ cells and on transcriptomic profiles and diabetic phenotype of offspring vol.95, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02941-w
  67. Effect of Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation on the Level of Essential and Toxic Elements in Young Women vol.18, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031360
  68. Toxic Elements in Traditional Kohl-Based Eye Cosmetics in Spanish and German Markets vol.18, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116109
  69. Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks vol.10, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061070
  70. Recent Advances in Colorimetric Detection of Arsenic Using Metal-Based Nanoparticles vol.9, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060143
  71. Curcumin sensitizes Epstein‑Barr‑immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines to inorganic arsenic toxicity vol.22, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10304
  72. Comparison of serum concentrations of essential and toxic elements between cigarette smokers and non-smokers vol.28, pp.28, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13290-1
  73. Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Lactation Foods and Prenatal Vitamins: Potentially Avoidable Exposure for Breastfeeding Mothers and Infants vol.16, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2020.0359
  74. Oral Nigella sativa oil administration alleviates arsenic-induced redox imbalance, DNA damage, and metabolic and histological alterations in rat liver vol.28, pp.30, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13493-6
  75. Assessment of arsenic exposure in the population of Sabalpur village of Saran District of Bihar with mitigation approach vol.28, pp.32, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13521-5
  76. Hair Lead, Aluminum, and Other Toxic Metals in Normal-Weight and Obese Patients with Coronary Heart Disease vol.18, pp.15, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158195
  77. Seven potential sources of arsenic pollution in Latin America and their environmental and health impacts vol.780, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146274
  78. Arsenic in Latin America: New findings on source, mobilization and mobility in human environments in 20 countries based on decadal research 2010-2020 vol.51, pp.16, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1770527
  79. Oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements in household dust from former Hg mining district, Idrija, Slovenia vol.43, pp.9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00835-z
  80. Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Urban Road Dust of Zhengzhou Metropolis, China vol.12, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091213
  81. Design and Prototyping of Genetically Encoded Arsenic Biosensors Based on Transcriptional Regulator AfArsR vol.11, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091276
  82. Low Blood-As Levels and Selected Genotypes Appears to Be Promising Biomarkers for Occurrence of Colorectal Cancer in Women vol.9, pp.9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091105
  83. Molecular Mechanism of Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity including Neuronal Dysfunctions vol.22, pp.18, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810077
  84. Prediction of arsenic removal in aqueous solutions with non‐neural network algorithms vol.99, pp.suppl1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23966
  85. The toxicokinetic of arsenic in the edible and non-edible tissues of freshwater shellfish vol.24, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101940
  86. Detoxification of Arsenic-Containing Copper Smelting Dust by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Technology vol.11, pp.12, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/min11121311
  87. Downregulation of beclin 1 restores arsenite-induced impaired autophagic flux by improving the lysosomal function in the brain vol.229, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113066
  88. Aspalathus Linearis extract ameliorate Haematological disorder, Dyslipidaemia and Tissue toxicity associated with Arsenic exposure in Rats vol.2, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100171