Journal of Families and Better Life (가정과삶의질연구)

Korean Home Management Association (가정과삶의질학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Relationship Between Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles and Young Adults' Career Decision-Making: The Mediational Roles of Differentiation of Self

아버지와 어머니의 양육태도와 대학생의 진로결정수준의 관계에서 자아분화의 매개효과

  • Kwon, So Hee (Department of Consumer and Family Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Lee, Jaerim (Department of Consumer and Family Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • Received : 2014.07.15
  • Accepted : 2014.09.29
  • Published : 2014.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differentiation of self mediates the relationship between parenting styles (i.e., care and overprotection) and the level of career decision-making among young adults. We separately measured the mother's and the father's parenting styles and five dimensions of differentiation of self that S. Je (1989) suggested. The data came from 387 young adults who were juniors and seniors at universities in Seoul and its surrounding cities. Using Baron and Kenny's (1986) steps based on regression, we found that the relationships between both caring and overprotective parenting styles and young adults' level of career decision-making were mediated by four dimensions of differentiation of self (i.e., intellectual functioning vs. emotional functioning, family projection process, emotional cutoff, and family regression) except for integration of self. The results were consistent for both the mother and the father. Bootstrapping tests showed that all of the mediation effects were statistically significant. This study contributes to the literature by showing that young adults' level of career decision-making is not simply determined by inputs such as parenting styles but is also mediated by differentiation of self. The results of this study are meaningful in that both the mother's and the father's parenting styles could make a difference in young adults' level of career decision-making through differentiation of self.

Keywords

References

  1. An, H. (2012.10.5). The biggest concern is employment. Retrieved from http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201210052151515&code=9
  2. An, M., & Yu, K. (2013). The influence of parental career support and parental autonomy support on adolescent's career attitude maturity : The mediating effect of career decision-making self efficacy by gender difference. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 20(9), 73-95.
  3. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
  4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  5. Bae, S. (2012). A comparative study for the difference in the accuracy of the online and offline surveys. Unpublished master's thesis. Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
  6. Becker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kids of parental discipline. In L. W. Hoffman (Ed.), Review of child development research, Russeoo Sage Foundation.
  7. Bowen, M. (1982). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson.
  8. Choi, Y. (2007). College students' parents involved in course registration. Retrieved from http://www.segye.com/content/html/2007/08/12/20070812000080.html
  9. Choi. S. (2013). The gender difference in relationship between parental career support and career aspiration: The mediation effect of career decision selfefficacy. Asian Journal of Education, 14(2), 213-234.
  10. Ha, S. (2012). Relationships of self-differentiation with mental health and career indecision among male and female college students. Journal of Family Relations, 17(2), 177-195.
  11. Han, D., & Kim, W. (2013). Mediating effect of differentiation of self on the association between negative maternal child-rearing attitude and hostility of adolescent. Korea Journal of Counseling, 14(1), 247-263. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.14.1.201302.247
  12. Han, S. (2007). Types of career decision-making and career decision level according to high school students' self differentiation level. Unpublished master's thesis. Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea.
  13. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
  14. Heo, J. (2010). Effect of parental rearing attitudes and communication on adolescents' career decision-making styles. International Journal of Contents, 10(9), 504-513.
  15. Hong, N. (2010). The mediating effect of covert narcissism on parental child-rearing attitudes and college students' career indecision. Unpublished master's thesis. Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea.
  16. Hong, W. (2013). Effects of perceived parenting styles and self-differentiation on learned helplessness among high school students. Unpublished master's thesis. Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
  17. Jang, E. (2011). Analysis of the structural relationship among career decision-making autonomy, self-differentiation, self-directed learning ability and career exploration behavior of university students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.
  18. Je, S. (1989). The relationship between differentiation of self and dysfunctional behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Pusan University, Pusan, Korea.
  19. Jeon, E., & Kwon, K. (2011). The effect of attachment and independence on the college students' career decision-making: Meditated by self-esteem. Korea Journal of Counseling, 12(1), 243-260. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.12.1.201103.243
  20. Jin, E. (2001). The relationships among parents' rearing attitudes, self-efficacy, and peak-experience. Unpublished master's thesis. Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Korea.
  21. Jun, B. (2008). The effects of self-differentiation on career decision-making self-efficacy and career decision-making level of high school students. Unpublished master's thesis. Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea.
  22. Jung, A. K. Kim, K. H., & Kim, D. M. (2008). A meta-analysis on the studies of career indecision and its related variables. Korean Journal of Counseling, 9(2), 551-564. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.9.2.200806.551
  23. Jung, H. (2006). The effects of self-esteem and self-differentiation on career decision level among juveniles. Unpublished master's thesis. Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea.
  24. Kang, J. (2012.12.26). Employment stress driven young adults to adolescent suicide. Retrieved from http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2012122667071
  25. Kang, K. (2009). The effect of self differentiation self-esteem and ego-resilience of undergraduate students on job-seeking stress. Unpublished master's thesis. Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.
  26. Kang, S. (2013). The effect of self-differentiation on college students career indecision: The mediating effect of career identity. Unpublished master's thesis. Kwang Woon University, Seoul, Korea.
  27. Kenny, D. A. (2014. 4. 9). Mediation. Retrieved from http://davidakenny.net/cm/mediate.htm
  28. Khu, B., & Yoo, J. (2010). The effects of positive involvement of parent and self efficacy on career decision and career prepared behaviors of adolescents. Korea Journal of Counseling, 11(1), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.11.1.201003.171
  29. Kim, B. (1997). Career decision level and career preparation behavior of the college students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
  30. Kim, H. (2005). The relationship between parental attitude, self-esteem, and career decision in high school students. Secondary Education Research, 53(3), 63-88.
  31. Kim, J. (2000). A study of relationship of university students' differentiation of self and career decision level. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Myongji University, Seoul, Korea.
  32. Kim, J. (2012). A study on the relationship of parenting styles with self-differentiation and self-esteem perceived by college students : Focused on Christian and non-Christian college students. Unpublished master's thesis. Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea.
  33. Kim, J., & Jung, J. (2012). The mediating effect of career decision-making self-efficacy in the relationship between parent-adolescent bonding relationship and career preparation behavior. Journal of Future Oriented Youth Research, 9(4), 31-50.
  34. Kim, K. (2006). A study on the relationships among parental rearing attitudes, career decision-making styles, and career decision-making level perceived by high school students. Unpublished master's thesis. Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
  35. Kim, K. (2009). The mediating effects of self-encouragement on the relationship of between parent attachment and career decision making efficacy. Korea Journal of Counseling, 10(2), 933-945. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.10.2.200906.933
  36. Kim, K., & Kim, S. (1996). Relationship among parental rearing attitude, adolescent temperament, and self-differentiation. Sookmyung Women's University Journal of Human Ecology, 11(1), 237-257.
  37. Kim, M., & Kim, B. (2007). The effect of anxiety and career decision-making self-efficacy on career decision level. The Journal of Career Education Research, 20(1), 13-25.
  38. Kim, M. (2002). The relationship among family system type, self-differentiation, and career decision-making level. Unpublished master's thesis. Hong-Ik University, Seoul, Korea.
  39. Kim, N., & Lee, K. (2012). The relationship between social comparison orientation and career indecision: Testing the mediating effects of self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation. The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 9(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.16983/kjsp.2012.9.2.175
  40. Kim, S. (1996). Relationship among parental rearing attitude, adolescent temperament, and self-differentiation. Unpublished master's thesis. Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  41. Kim, S., Song, S., & Lee, J. (2012). The relationship between participation motive and satisfaction in sports program: Verification of mediation effect using bootstrapping method. Korean Journal of Sociology of Sport, 25(2), 49-65.
  42. Kim, U., & Cheon, S. (2001). Mediated by ego-identity status: The effect of conflictual independence from parents and parental attachment on the college students' career decision status. The Korean Journal of East West Mind Science, 4(1), 147-162.
  43. Koh, H. (1992). A study on the effect of career counseling on Korean college students' decision making styles and on career decision making status. Unpublished master's thesis. Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  44. Koh, M., & Park, J. (2008). An analysis of the relationships of career search behavior, career decisionmaking, and levels of ego-identity and self-esteem of university students. The Journal of Career Education Research, 21(3), 69-85.
  45. Lamb, M. E. (1975). Fathers: Forgotten contributor to child development. Human Development, 18, 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271493
  46. Lee, E. (2001). A study on the level of self-division an parents' nursing attitudes perceived by young people. Unpublished master's thesis. Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.
  47. Lee, E., & Lee, S. (2009). The relation between parental attachment and career maturity: Career decisionmaking self-efficacy as mediator. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 14(4), 529-548.
  48. Lee, H., & Jo, H. (2004). Research on college students: The effect of parents' child-rearing attitude on achievement goal and career decision. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychology, 16(1), 89-105.
  49. Lee, J. (2011). The effects on the adolescent's internet addiction and career decision-making by their parental attitude and self-control. Unpublished master's thesis. Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
  50. Lee, S. (2000). The relationships among ego identity, vocational identity, and career decision making status of high school students. Unpublished master's thesis. Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea.
  51. Lim, S., Lee, Y., & Eo, S. (2012). The relations of parenting attitudes to adolescents' self-directed learning ability with self-differentiation as a mediator. Journal of Future Oriented Youth Research, 9(1), 68-87.
  52. Moon, S. (2013). Structural modeling of an authoritarian parenting style and academic achievement among college Students. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 31(6), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.7466/JKHMA.2013.31.6.11
  53. Nam, S., & You, Y. (2007). The effects of parenting behaviors perceived by parents and children and college students' self differentiation on their interpersonal problems. Journal of Family Relations, 12(2), 51-75.
  54. Oh, S., & Lee, J. (1982). Relationships between children's perception of parenting styles and emotional characteristics. Research Note of Korea Institute for Research in the Behavioral Sciences. Seoul: Korea Institute for Research in the Behavioral Sciences.
  55. Osipow, S. H., Carney, G. C., Winer, J., & Koschier, M. (1980). The Career Decision Scale (3rd rev.). Columbus, OH: Marsthon Consulting and Press.
  56. Papero, D. (1990). Bowen family systems theory. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.
  57. Park, E. (2008). The influence of fathering style on career search self-efficacy and attachment of university students. The Korean Journal of East West Science, 11(1), 47-64.
  58. Park, K. (2011). The influence of perceived parenting attitudes and self-differentiations on the core self-evaluations in the employees. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 30(1), 243-264.
  59. Park, S., & Park, H. (2009). Coping as a mediator between career-related stress and career decisionmaking in college students. The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 6(1), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.16983/kjsp.2009.6.1.67
  60. Parke, R. D. (1996). Fatherhood. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.
  61. Parker G., Tupling H., & Brown L. B. (1979). A Parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Psychology, 52, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x
  62. Parker, G. (1979). Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobics. British Journal of Psychiatry. 135, 555-560. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.135.6.555
  63. Poulter, S. B. (2006). The father factor: How your father's legacy impacts your career. New York: Prometheus Books.
  64. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and AMOS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717-731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
  65. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  66. Shin, J. (2010). The influence of college students' parent support, and self-identity on career indecision. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Hong-Ik University, Seoul, Korea.
  67. Song, J. (1992). The development of the parental bonding instrument-Korean version: Evaluation of the test reliability and validity. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 31(5), 979-992.
  68. Woo, Y., & Lee, K. (2007). The relation between perceived parental attitude and career attitude maturity of undergraduates: Mediated by socially prescribed perfectionism and self-presentation motivation. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychology, 19(4), 1023-1039.
  69. Yoo, A., & Kim, Y. (2003). Theories and practice of parent education. Seoul: Dong-moon-sa.
  70. Yoo, H. (2004). The relationship between self-differentiation level of male students in middle school and parenting attitudes and parents-children communication. Unpublished master's thesis. Hoseo University, Cheonan, Korea.
  71. Yook, G. (2013). The relationship between perceived parental attitudes and career attitude maturity in female high school students: The mediating effect of self-differentiation. Unpublished master's thesis. Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.