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The Image of Changgyeongwon and Culture of Pleasure Grounds during the Japanese Colonial Period

일제강점기 창경원의 이미지와 유원지 문화

  • Kim, Jeoung-Eun (Interdisciplinary Program of Landscape Architecture Major, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University)
  • 김정은 (서울대학교 환경대학원 협동과정 조경학 전공)
  • Received : 2015.06.27
  • Accepted : 2015.11.02
  • Published : 2015.12.31

Abstract

Changgyeongwon emerged as pleasure grounds following the creation of a museum, zoo and botanical garden in Changgyeonggung Palace during the Japanese colonial period. Pleasure grounds offer space for entertainment and have maintained the image of a paradise apart from reality. This study examined the creation process of pleasure grounds within a royal palace and the following spatial changes. By analyzing the image of Changgyeongwon as an artificial paradise, this study explored its landscape and cultural aspects. Literature reviews on the intention and process showed that the Changgyeongwon pleasure grounds were created as a 'royal garden' for the amusement of Sunjong, as well as 'public pleasure grounds' in the process of colonization. It was one of the first public spaces open to everyone who could afford the entrance fee. The layout of Changgyeongwon was studied by a comparison and analyzation of modern plans and photographs. It was composed of the central museum zone, northern botanical garden zone, and southern zoological garden zone. A conservatory and greenhouse to exhibit and maintain tropical plants were intensively built in the botanical garden zone while an aviary was created on the zoo pond. In the vicinity of the aviary a vivarium was constructed. Museum exhibition facilities included a main building as well as existing buildings, and a western flower garden was created between the buildings. Space for children including a playground and horse-riding course were created in the 1930's. The paradisiacal image and pleasure grounds culture of Changgyeongwon were studied as follows. Firstly, it shows that Changgyeongwon's paradisiacal image where rare animals and exotic plants were open to the public was promoted by the zoo and botanical garden. This led to the creation of new popular leisure activities such as flower appreciation and animal watching. Secondly, Changgyeongwon offered an urban leisure space, symbolizing the 'non-urban nature within the city' where the urban residents could escape from the daily routine. Thirdly, Changgyeongwon was known for its 'fantastic night landscape' by its night opening during the cherry blossom season. This cherry blossom viewing at night sadly degenerated by various shows and drinking, and as a result, an image of a deviant paradise was given to Changgyeongwon. Changgyeongwon contributed to creating a new space with its diverse facilities, and the public embraced the urban culture through experiences of pleasure and entertainment.

창경원은 일제강점기 창경궁에 박물관과 동 식물원이 계획되면서 조성된 유원지다. 오락거리를 갖추고 즐거움을 주는 공간인 유원지는 현실에서 벗어난 낙원의 이미지를 재현해왔다. 본 연구는 창경원의 조성 과정과 공간 변화를 고찰하고, 그 결과 조성된 낙원으로서 유원지의 경관과 문화적 특성을 도출했다. 창경원의 조성 의도와 과정을 문헌으로 고찰한 결과, 창경원은 조선의 식민지화 과정에서 순종의 즐거움을 위한 '어원'이자, '대중을 위한 오락장'으로 조성되었으며, 개원과 동시에 일반인들에게 개방되면서 누구나 입장료만 지불하면 이용할 수 있는 공중을 위한 공간이 되었다. 창경원의 공간 구성은 근대 도면과 사진을 비교 분석해 파악했다. 창경원의 배치를 살펴보면, 중앙에는 박물관 영역, 북쪽에는 식물원 영역, 남쪽에는 동물원 영역으로 구성되었다. 식물원 지구에는 대온실을 중심으로 한 식물배양실 등 열대 식물의 전시 및 관리 기능이 집약되었으며, 동물원 영역의 연못은 수금방양소로 만들고, 이 주변으로 각종 동물사와 동물 온실을 신축했다. 박물관 시설은 본관 건물뿐만 아니라, 기존의 전각들을 전시 시설로 흡수했으며, 전각 사이에는 서양식 정원을 조성해 꽃을 계획적으로 재배하기도 했다. 1930년대에 이르면 아동운동장이나 말운동장과 같이 어린이들을 위한 놀이 공간이 만들어졌다. 다음으로 창경원의 낙원 이미지와 유원지 문화를 고찰했다. 그 결과, 첫째, 창경원은 동 식물원을 통해 희귀한 동물과 식물들을 대중적으로 접할 수 있는 낙원의 이미지를 가지게 되었다. 이는 꽃관상이나 동물 구경과 같은 새로운 대중오락을 만들어냈다. 둘째, 창경원은 도시의 일상에서 탈출할 수 있는 '도시 안에서 도시 밖 자연을 간직한 낙원'을 상징하며, 도시민의 여가 공간이 되었다. 셋째, 벚꽃의 개화기에 야간 개방이 시작되면서 창경원에서는 조명 효과를 중심으로 '환상적인 밤 경관'이 연출되었다. 이러한 밤벚꽃놀이는 각종 공연, 음주 등과 결합되면서 선정적으로 변해갔고, 그 결과 창경원은 일탈의 낙원이라는 이미지를 가지게 되었다. 창경원은 다양한 성격의 시설이 혼재되면서 유원지라는 새로운 유형의 공간을 만들어내는데 기여했으며, 사람들은 유원지에서의 경험을 통해 새로운 오락 문화를 수용했다.

Keywords

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