Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB

Korean Society of Horticultural Science (한국원예학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Growth, Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Parameters of Two Lettuce Cultivars as Affected by Red, Green, and Blue Light-emitting Diodes

  • Son, Ki-Ho (Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Oh, Myung-Min (Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University)
  • Received : 2015.05.11
  • Accepted : 2015.10.01
  • Published : 2015.10.31
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The addition of green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to a combination of red and blue LEDs, which promote photosynthesis and growth in plants, is known to enhance plant growth in closed-type plant production systems. However, there is limited information on the effects of supplementary green light. This study aimed to determine the effect of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) LED ratios on the growth, photosynthetic, and antioxidant parameters in two lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivars, red leaf 'Sunmang' and green leaf 'Grand Rapid TBR'. The seedlings were grown for 18 days and then cultivated in growth chambers equipped with LED lighting systems for 4 weeks. Combinations of six LED lighting sources (R:B = 9:1, 8:2, 7:3; R:G:B = 9:1:0, 8:1:1, 7:1:2) were manufactured to emit red (655 nm), blue (456 nm), or green (518 nm) lights under photosynthetic photon flux density of $173{\pm}3{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Red LEDs were found to improve growth characteristics such as fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and leaf area in combination with blue LEDs. The substitution of blue with green LEDs in the presence of a fixed proportion of red LEDs enhanced the growth of lettuce. In particular, the fresh weights of red leaf lettuce shoots under R8G1B1 were about 61% higher than those under R8B2. Furthermore, analysis of leaf morphology, transmittance, cell division rate, and leaf anatomy under treatments with green LEDs supported the enhanced growth of the two lettuce cultivars tested. Meanwhile, growth under blue LEDs led to the accumulation of antioxidant parameters in 'Sunmang'. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the percentage of red, green, and blue LEDs is an important factor for the growth, development, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants and especially the supplemental irradiation of green LEDs based on the combination of red and blue LEDs can improve lettuce growth.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Chungbuk National University

References

  1. Ainsworth, E.A. and K.M. Gillespie. 2007. Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nature Protoc. 2:875-877. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.102
  2. Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
  3. Banas, A.K., C. Aggarwal, J. Labuz, O. Sztatelman, H. Gabrys. 2012. Blue light signaling in chloroplast movements. J. Exp. Bot. 63:1559-1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err429
  4. Bian, Z.H., Q.C. Yang, and W.K. Liu. 2015. Effects of light quality on the accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetables produced in controlled environments: a review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95:869-877. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6789
  5. Calatayud, A. and E. Barreno. 2004. Response to ozone in two lettuce varieties on chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments and lipid peroxidation. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42:549-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.05.002
  6. Carvalho, R.F., M. Takaki, and R.A. Azevedo. 2011. Plant pigments: the many face of light perception. Acta Physiol. Plant. 33:241-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-010-0533-7
  7. Ceulemans, R., L.Van Praet, and X.N. Jiang. 1995. Effects of $CO_2$ enrichment, leaf position and clone on stomatal index and epidermal cell density in poplar (Populus). New Phytol. 131:99-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03059.x
  8. Chow, W.S., A. Melis, and J.M. Anderson. 1990. Adjustments of photosystem stoichiometry in chloroplasts improve the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:7502-7506. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.19.7502
  9. Downton, W.J.S., W.J.R. Grant, and S.P. Robinson. 1985. Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of spinach leaves to salt stress. Plant Physiol. 78:85-88. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.78.1.85
  10. Folta, K.M. 2004. Green light stimulates early stem elongation antagonizing light-mediated growth inhibition. Plant Physiol. 135:1407-1416. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.038893
  11. Folta, K.M. and S.A. Maruhnich. 2007. Green light: a signal to slow down or stop. J. Exp. Bot. 58:3099-3111. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm130
  12. Folta, K.M. and K.S. Childers. 2008. Light as a growth regulator: controlling plant biology with narrow-bandwidth solid-state lighting systems. HortScience 43:1957-1964.
  13. Goins, G.D., N.C. Yorio, M.M. Sanwo, and C.S. Brown. 1997. Photomorphogenesis, photosynthesis, and seed yield of wheat plants grown under red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with and without supplemental blue lighting. J. Exp. Bot. 48:1407-1413. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/48.7.1407
  14. Heo, J.W., D.H. Kang, H.S. Bang, S.G. Hong, C. Chun, and K.K. Kang. 2012. Early growth, pigmentation, protein content, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of red curled lettuces grown under different lighting conditions. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 30:6-12.
  15. Hogewoning, S.W., G. Trouwborst, H. Maljaars, H. Poorter, W. van Ieperen, and J. Harbinson. 2010. Blue light dose-responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown under different combinations of red and blue light. J. Exp. Bot. 61:3107-3117. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq132
  16. Hopkins, W.G. and N.P.A. Huner. 2004. Introduction to plant physiology. 3rd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
  17. Jiao, Y., O.S. Lau, and X.W. Deng. 2007. Light-regulated transcriptional networks in higher plants. Nature Rev. Genet. 8:217-230. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2049
  18. Johkan, M., K. Shoji, F. Goto, S. Hahida, and T. Yoshihara. 2010. Blue light-emitting diode light irradiation of seedlings improves seedling quality and growth after transplanting in red leaf lettuce. HortScience 45:1809-1814.
  19. Johkan, M., K. Shoji, F. Goto, S. Hahida, and T. Yoshihara. 2012. Effect of green light wavelength and intensity on photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis in Lactuca sativa. Environ. Exp. Bot. 75:128-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.08.010
  20. Kim, H.-H., G.D. Goins, R.M. Wheeler, and J.C. Sager. 2004. Green-light supplementation for enhanced lettuce growth under redand blue-light-emitting diodes. HortScience 39:1617-1622.
  21. Klein, R.M. 1992. Effects of green light on biological systems. Biol. Rev. 67:199-284.
  22. Liu, M., Z. Xu, S. Guo, C. Tang, X. Liu, and X. Jao. 2014. Evaluation of leaf morphology, structure and biochemical substance of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.) plantlets in vitro under different light spectra. Sci. Hortic. 174:112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.05.006
  23. Llorach, R., A. Martínez-Sanchez, F.A. Tomas-Barberan, M.I. Gil, and F. Ferreres. 2008. Characterisation of polyphenols and antioxidant properties of five lettuce varieties and escarole. Food Chem. 108:1028-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.032
  24. Massa, G.D., H.-H. Kim, R.M. Wheeler, and C.A. Mitchell. 2008. Plant productivity in response to LED lighting. HortScience 43:1951-1956.
  25. Matsuda, R., K. Ohashi-Kaneko, K. Fujiwara, and K. Kurata. 2007. Analysis of the relationship between blue-light photon flux density and the photosynthetic properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves with regard to the acclimation of photosynthesis to growth irradiance. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 53:459-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2007.00150.x
  26. Matsuda, R., K. Ohashi-Kaneko, K. Fujiwara, and K. Kurata. 2008. Effects of blue light deficiency on acclimation of light evergy partitioning in PSII and $CO_2$ assimilation capacity to high irradiance in spinach leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 49:664-670. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcn041
  27. Miller, N.J. and C.A. Rice-Evans. 1996. Spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant activity. Redox Rpt. 2:161-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.1996.11747044
  28. Nishio, J.N. 2000. Why are higher plants green? Evolution of the higher plant photosynthetic pigment complement. Plant Cell Environ. 23:539-548. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00563.x
  29. Ohashi-Kaneko, K., M. Takase, N. Kon, K. Fujiwara, and K. Kurata. 2007. Effect of light quality on growth and vegetable quality in leaf lettuce, spinach and komatsuna. Environ. Control Biol. 45:189-198. https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.45.189
  30. Park, S.-Y., E.C. Yeung, and Peak, K.-Y., 2010. Endoreduplication in Phalaenopsis is affected by light quality from light-emitting diodes during somatic embryogenesis. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 4:303-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-010-0148-x
  31. Saebo, A., T. Krekling, and M. Appelgren. 1995. Light quality affects photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of birch plantlets in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 41:177-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051588
  32. Samuoliene, G., R. Sirtautas, A. Brazaityte, J. Sakalauskaite, S. Sakalauskiene, and P. Duchovskis. 2011. The impact of red and blue light-emitting diode illumination on radish physiological indices. Central Eur. J. Biol. 6:821-828.
  33. Savvides, A., D. Fanourakis, and W. van Leperen. 2012. Co-ordination of hydraulic and stomatal conductances across light qualities in cucumber leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 63:1135-1143. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err348
  34. Sestak, Z. 1966. Limitations for finding a linear relationship between chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity. Biol. Plant. 8:336-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02930670
  35. Son, K.-H., J.-H. Park, D. Kim, and M.-M. Oh. 2012. Leaf shape, growth, and phytochemicals in two leaf lettuce cultivars grown under monochromatic light-emitting diodes. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 30:664-672.
  36. Son, K.-H. and M.-M. Oh. 2013. Leaf shape, growth, and antioxidant phenolic compounds of two lettuce cultivars grown under various combinations of blue and red light-emitting didoes. HortScience 48:988-995.
  37. Stutte, G.W., S. Edney, and T. Skerritt. 2009. Photoregulation of bioprotectant content of red leaf lettuce with light-emitting diodes. HortScience 44:79-82.
  38. Sun, J., J.N. Nishio, and T.C. Vogelmann. 1998. Green light drives $CO_2$ fixation deep within leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 39:1020-1026. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029298
  39. Talbott, L.D., G. Nikolova, A. Ortiz, I. Shmayevich, and E. Zeiger. 2002. Green light reversal of blue-light-stimulated stomatal opening is found in a diversity of plant species. Am. J. Bot. 89:366-368. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.2.366
  40. Terashima, I., T. Fujita, T. Inoue, W.S. Chow, and R. Oguchi. 2009. Green light drives leaf photosynthesis more efficiently than red light in strong white light: revisiting the enigmatic question of why leaves are green. Plant Cell Physiol. 50:684-697. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcp034
  41. Vazquez-Romos, J.M. and M. de la Paz Sanchez. 2003. The cell cycle and seed germination. Seed Sci. Res. 13:113-130. https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2003130
  42. Wang, H., M. Gu, J. Cui, K. Shi, T. Zhou, and J. Yu. 2009. Effects of light quality on $CO_2$ assimilation, chlorophyll-fluorescence quenching, expression of Calvin cycle genes and carbohydrate accumulation in Cucumis sativus. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 96:30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.03.010
  43. Wu, M.C., C.Y. Hou, C.M. Jiang, Y.T. Wang, C.Y. Wang, H.H. Chen, and H.M. Chang. 2007. A novel approach of LED light radiation improves the antioxidant activity of pea seedlings. Food Chem. 101:1753-1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.010
  44. XiaoYing, L., G. ShiRong, X. ZhiGang, J. XueLei, and T. Tezuka. 2011. Regulation of chloroplast ultrastructure, cross-section anatomy of leaves, and morphology of stomata of cherry tomato by different light irradiations of light-emitting diodes. HortScience 46:217-221.

Cited by

  1. Application of supplementary white and pulsed light-emitting diodes to lettuce grown in a plant factory with artificial lighting vol.57, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-016-0068-y
  2. Effects of pulsed lighting based light-emitting diodes on the growth and photosynthesis of lettuce leaves vol.1134, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1134.28
  3. 혼합 발광다이오드와 형광등에서 자란 적치마 상추의 생육 및 광 이용 효율 비교 vol.25, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12791/ksbec.2016.25.3.139
  4. Impact of light-emitting diode irradiation on photosynthesis, phytochemical composition and mineral element content of lettuce cv. Grizzly vol.55, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-016-0216-8
  5. Growth and bioactive compounds as affected by irradiation with various spectrum of light-emitting diode lights in dropwort vol.58, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-017-0354-3
  6. LED의 간헐조명과 RGB 비율에 따른 상추의 품종별 생육 특성 vol.26, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12791/ksbec.2017.26.2.123
  7. Machine vision based evaluation of impact of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on shoot regeneration and the effect of spectral quality on phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in Swertia chirata vol.174, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.07.029
  8. The influence of the LED light spectrum on the growth and nutrient uptake of hydroponically grown lettuce vol.49, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153516642269
  9. Growth, Water-Use Efficiency, Stomatal Conductance, and Nitrogen Uptake of Two Lettuce Cultivars Grown under Different Percentages of Blue and Red Light vol.4, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae4030016
  10. 인공광원이 사과 대목 M.9 묘 생육에 미치는 영향 vol.27, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12791/ksbec.2018.27.4.341
  11. Transplant lettuce response to different blue:red photon flux ratios in indoor LED sole-source lighting production vol.1227, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1227.70
  12. Growth and nutrient level of water spinach (Ipomoea aquaticaForssk.) in response to LED light quality in a plant factory vol.1227, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1227.83
  13. The Growth and Development of ‘Mini Chal’ Tomato Plug Seedlings Grown under Various Wavelengths Using Light Emitting Diodes vol.9, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030157
  14. Influence of Wavelength of Light on Growth, Yield and Nutritional Quality of Greenhouse Vegetables vol.73, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2019-0001
  15. Growth and phenolic compounds of Crepidiastrum denticulatum under various blue light intensities with a fixed phytochrome photostationary state using far-red light vol.60, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-018-0112-1
  16. Current Review of the Modulatory Effects of LED Lights on Photosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites and Future Perspectives of Microgreen Vegetables vol.67, pp.22, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00819
  17. Growth Characteristics and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Lettuce 'Fidel' in Plant Factory Using Activated Mineral Groups and Light-emitting Diode Lights vol.32, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7732/kjpr.2019.32.3.228
  18. Changes in enzyme activities and amino acids and their relations with phenolic compounds contents in okra treated by LED lights of different colors vol.12, pp.11, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02359-y
  19. Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Compound Profiles, Antioxidant Capacities, and Expressions of Phenolic Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Soybean Microgreens Grown under Different Light Spectra vol.67, pp.49, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05594
  20. Effects of Light on Secondary Metabolites in Selected Leafy Greens: A Review vol.11, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00497
  21. Enhancement of accumulation of bioactive compounds in red leaf lettuce by manipulation of UV light before harvest vol.1271, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1271.11
  22. Impact of sun-simulated white light and varied blue:red spectrums on the growth, morphology, development, and phytochemical content of green- and red-leaf lettuce at different growth stages vol.264, pp.None, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109195
  23. Effects of Supplemental Green LEDs to Red and Blue Light on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Hydroponic Cultivated Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Plant Factory vol.29, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.12791/ksbec.2020.29.2.171
  24. The Combination of Selenium and LED Light Quality Affects Growth and Nutritional Properties of Broccoli Sprouts vol.25, pp.20, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204788
  25. High green light proportion in mixed red and blue lights enhanced production of water spinach in plant factory vol.1296, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1296.87
  26. Light Quality Affected the Growth and Root Organic Carbon and Autotoxin Secretions of Hydroponic Lettuce vol.9, pp.11, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111542
  27. The Comparison of Constant and Dynamic Red and Blue Light Irradiation Effects on Red and Green Leaf Lettuce vol.10, pp.11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111802
  28. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as Agricultural Lighting: Impact and Its Potential on Improving Physiology, Flowering, and Secondary Metabolites of Crops vol.13, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041985
  29. Does Green Really Mean Go? Increasing the Fraction of Green Photons Promotes Growth of Tomato but Not Lettuce or Cucumber vol.10, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040637
  30. Different light spectra and intensity level effects on vegetative growth and antioxidant content of coriander vol.1312, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2021.1312.22
  31. The Interplay between Light Quality and Biostimulant Application Affects the Antioxidant Capacity and Photosynthetic Traits of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) vol.10, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050861
  32. Spectral effects of blue and red light on growth, anatomy, and physiology of lettuce vol.172, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13395
  33. Effects of Different Light Spectra on Final Biomass Production and Nutritional Quality of Two Microgreens vol.10, pp.8, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081584
  34. Influence of environmental and nutritional factors on the development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) microgreens grown in a hydroponic system: A review vol.49, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha49312427
  35. Luminescence properties and energy transfer mechanism of La2ZnTiO6:Mn4+/Er3+ far-red/green dual-emitting phosphors for plant lighting vol.303, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122470
  36. LED Illumination for High-Quality High-Yield Crop Growth in Protected Cropping Environments vol.10, pp.11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112470
  37. Supplementary Far-Red and Blue Lights Influence the Biomass and Phytochemical Profiles of Two Lettuce Cultivars in Plant Factory vol.26, pp.23, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237405