Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Predicting the Goshawk's habitat area using Species Distribution Modeling: Case Study area Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea

종분포모형을 이용한 참매의 서식지 예측 -충청북도를 대상으로-

  • Cho, Hae-Jin (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Kim, Dal-Ho (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Shin, Man-Seok (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Kang, Tehan (Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology) ;
  • Lee, Myungwoo (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Chonbuk National University)
  • Received : 2015.02.27
  • Accepted : 2015.03.23
  • Published : 2015.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This research aims at identifying the goshawk's possible and replaceable breeding ground by using the MaxEnt prediction model which has so far been insufficiently used in Korea, and providing evidence to expand possible protection areas for the goshawk's breeding for the future. The field research identified 10 goshawk's nests, and 23 appearance points confirmed during the 3rd round of environmental research were used for analysis. 4 geomorphic, 3 environmental, 7 distance, and 9 weather factors were used as model variables. The final environmental variables were selected through non-parametric verification between appearance and non-appearance coordinates identified by random sampling. The final predictive model (MaxEnt) was structured using 10 factors related to breeding ground and 7 factors related to appearance area selected by statistics verification. According to the results of the study, the factor that affected breeding point structure model the most was temperature seasonality, followed by distance from mixforest, density-class on the forest map and relief energy. The factor that affected appearance point structure model the most was temperature seasonality, followed by distance from rivers and ponds, distance from agricultural land and gradient. The nature of the goshawk's breeding environment and habit to breed inside forests were reflected in this modeling that targets breeding points. The northern central area which is about $189.5 km^2$(2.55 %) is expected to be suitable breeding ground. Large cities such as Cheongju and Chungju are located in the southern part of Chungcheongbuk-do whereas the northern part of Chungcheongbuk-do has evenly distributed forests and farmlands, which helps goshawks have a scope of influence and food source to breed. Appearance point modeling predicted an area of $3,071 km^2$(41.38 %) showing a wider ranging habitat than that of the breeding point modeling due to some limitations such as limited moving observation and non-consideration of seasonal changes. When targeting the breeding points, a specific predictive area can be deduced but it is difficult to check the points of nests and it is impossible to reflect the goshawk's behavioral area. On the other hand, when targeting appearance points, a wider ranging area can be covered but it is less accurate compared to predictive breeding point since simple movements and constant use status are not reflected. However, with these results, the goshawk's habitat can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. In particular, it is necessary to apply precise predictive breeding area data based on habitat modeling results when enforcing an environmental evaluation or establishing a development plan.

본 연구는 국내에서 아직 미흡한 조류 번식지 예측 모형을 이용해 참매의 서식지 예측 및 대체번식지로서 이용 가능한 지역을 선정하고, 향후 참매 번식 가능지역을 대상으로 보호관리 지역을 확대할 수 있는 근거를 제시하기 위한 방안이다. 참매의 번식지는 현장조사에서 확인된 둥지(N=10)를 이용하였으며, 출현지점은 제3차자연환경조사를 통해 확인된 참매출현지점(N=23)을 활용해 분석하였다. 모형변수로는 지형인자 4가지, 자연환경인자(식생) 3가지, 거리인자 7가지, 기후변수 9가지를 활용하였다. 활용변수 중 Random sampling을 통해 확보된 비출현 좌표와 출현좌표간 비모수 검증을 통해 최종 환경변수를 선정하였다. 유의성 검증을 통해 선택된 변수는 번식지 대상 10가지, 출현지점 대상 7가지였으며, 이 변수를 활용해 최종 서식지 예측 모형(MaxEnt)을 구축하였다. 모델 구축결과 번식에 활용된 각 변수별 모형 기여도는 온도의 계절적 변동, 혼효림 과의 거리, 입목밀도, 경급의 순이었으며, 출현지점에 활용된 각 변수별 모형 기여도는 온도의 계절적 변동, 수계와의 거리, 경작지와의 거리, 경사도의 순이었다. 번식지점을 대상으로 한 모델링은 기후환경과 숲 내부에서 번식하는 참매의 특성이 반영된 것으로 판단된다. 예상서식지는 충청북도 중부 이북지역으로 예상되었으며, 그 면적은 $189.5km^2$(2.55%)였다. 충북 이남지역은 청주와 충주 등의 비교적 큰 도시가 발달되어 있는 반면 충청북도 북부지역의 경우 산림과 경작지가 고루 발달되어 있어 번식에 있어 일정한 세력권과 먹이원이 필요한 참매로서는 번식에 유리한 지역일 것으로 판단된다. 출현지점 대상으로 한 모델링은 면적이 $3,071km^2$(41.38%)으로 확인되었으며, 이는 출현지점을 대상으로 하여 단순이동 관찰 및 계절적인 변동 미고려 등의 한계가 있기 때문에 번식지점을 대상으로 한 모델링보다 광범위한 서식예상지역을 예측하였다. 결과에서 확인된 예측지점은 번식지를 대상으로 하였을 경우 정밀한 서식예측이 가능하나, 둥지의 특성상 확인되는 지점이 적고, 참매의 행동영역을 반영하지 못하는 단점이 있다. 반면 출현지점을 대상으로 하였을 경우 더 광범위한 지점에 대한 결과 도출이 가능하였으나, 단순 이동이나 지속적인 이용실태를 반영하지 못하기 때문에 정밀도에서는 다소 떨어진다고 할 수 있다. 다만 이러한 결과들을 통해 참매의 서식지를 예측할 수 있으며, 특히 정밀한 번식지역의 예측자료는 환경영향평가나 개발계획 수립시 서식지 모형 결과를 도입하여 반영할 필요성이 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Chungcheongbukdo(2011) A White Paper on chungcheongbuk provincial government. pp. 7-9.(in Korean)
  2. Austin. K.K.(1994) Habitat Use and Home Range Size of Breeding Northern Goshawks in the Southern Cascades. A master's thesis, Univ. of Oregon, U.S.A., 57pp.
  3. Beier. P., E. C.Rogan, M.I. Ingraldi and S.S. Rosenstock(2008) Does forest structure affect reproduction of northern goshawks in ponderosa pine forests?. Journal of Applied Ecology. 45:342-350.
  4. Boal. C. W., D.E. Andersen and P.L. Kennedy(2003) Home range and residency status of Northern goshawks breeding in Minnesota. The Condor. 105:811-816. https://doi.org/10.1650/7138
  5. Byholm. P. and M. Kekkonen(2008) Food regulates reproduction differently in different habitats: Experimental evidence in the goshawk. Ecology. 89(6): 1696-1702. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0675.1
  6. Cho, J. H., C.H. Lee, T.K. Baek(2011) A Study on the Urban Spatial Structure: A Case Study of Jinju City. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies, 14(4):91-101.(in Korean with English abstract)
  7. Choi, T.Y and C.H. Park(2005) Establishing a Korean Goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus raddeanus Heude) in Soraksan National Park, Korea, Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture. 32(6):23-35.(in Korean with English abstract)
  8. Cultural Heritage Administration(2009) Overview of Korean Natural Heritage: Animal. kumgang printing house. pp.70-72. (in Korean)
  9. DeStefano, S. and J. McCloskey. (1997) Does vegetation structure limit the distribution of Northern Goshawks in the Oregon coast ranges. Journal Raptor Res. 31:34-3.
  10. Donald W. and Q. Lillian(1989) A Guide to Bird Behavior vol III. Little Brown and Company, U.S.A., 397pp.
  11. Frankin J.(2009) Mapping species distribution spatial inference and prediction, Cambridge University Press. 336pp.
  12. Hoekman, S.T., J. Ball and T.F. Fondell(2002) Grassland birds orient nests relative to nearby vegetation. Wilson Bulletin. 114:450-456. https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0450:GBONRT]2.0.CO;2
  13. Horie, R., K. Endo, J. Nonaka, H. Hunatsumaru and M. Koganezawa(2006) Nest site selection of Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis in Nasunogahara, Tochigi Prefecture, central Japan, Janpanese Journal of Ornithology. 55(2):41-47 https://doi.org/10.2326/jjo.55.41
  14. Horie, R., K. Endo, J. Nonaka and K. Ozaki(2007) Seasonal change in home range of male Northern Goshawk in central Japan. Janpanese Journal of Ornithology. 56(1):22-32. https://doi.org/10.2326/jjo.56.22
  15. Hoyo, D., A. Elliott and J. Sargatal(1992) Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 2. Linx edicions. pp.160-163.
  16. Ishizuka, T. and Y. Ikeda(1996) Goshawk breeding in coastal windbreak forest in Ishikawa, STRIX, 14:197-200.
  17. Iwami, Y.(1996) Some Prey Items of Three Species of Hawks (Goshawk Accipite rgeneilis, Sparrowhawks A.nisus and Buzzard Buteo buteo) in Tokachi District, Eastern Hokkaido. Jap. J. Ornithol. 45:37-38. https://doi.org/10.3838/jjo.45.37
  18. Kang, J.E. and M.J. Lee(2012) Assessment of Flood Vulnerability to Climate Change Using Fuzzy Model and GIS in Seoul. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies. 15(3):119-136.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11108/kagis.2012.15.3.119
  19. Kim, D.M. and H.S. Oh(2013) Breeding Ecology according to Altitude and Temperature Variation in Timouse. Korean J. Environ. Ecol. 27(6):666-675.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2013.27.6.666
  20. Kim, D.S. and S.A. Jung(2013) Developing Analytical Model for Locating Preferred Ecovillage Sites Using GIS: The Case Study of Bukgu, Pohang. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies. 16(2):30-46.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11108/kagis.2013.16.2.030
  21. Kim, H.G.(2012) Study on the method establishing protected areas for the prediction of habitat distribution changes of living species by climate change : focused on forest vegetations, birds and amphibians, A master's thesis, Univ. of seoul, national, Korea, 102pp.(in Korean with English abstract)
  22. Kim, H.G., D.K. Lee, Y.W. Mo, S.H. Kil, C.Park and S.J. Lee(2013) Prediction of Landslides Occurrence Probability under cimate Change using MaxEnt Model. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment. 22(1):39-50.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14249/eia.2013.22.1.039
  23. Kim, J. S., B. H. Han and J.I. Kwak(2010) Relationship between the Distribution of Wildbirds and Temperature for Six Years: A Case Study of Worldcup Park in Seoul, Korea. Korean J. Environ. Ecol. 24(3):227-234.(in Korean with English abstract)
  24. Kim, K.C. and O.S. Kwon(2000) Estimating the Biological Growth Function of Korean Anchovy:A Maximum Entropy Approach. Journal of Korean Resource Economics Association. 9(2):285-309.(in Korean with English abstract)
  25. Kim S.K., N.S. Kim, S.W. Cheong, Y.H. Kim, H.C. Sung and S.R. Park(2008) A Habitat Analysis of the Historical Breeding Sites of Oriental White Storks(Ciconia boyciana) in Gyeonggi and Chungcheong Provinces, Korea. Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies. 15(3):125-137.(in Korean with English abstract)
  26. Klaver R.W., D. Backlund, P.E. Bartelt, M.G. Erickson, C.J. Knowles, P.R. Kmowles and M.C. Wimberly(2012) Spatial analysis of northern goshawk territories in the black hills, south dakota. Condor. 114(3):532-543. https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.110080
  27. Kwon, H.S. (2011) Integrated Evaluation Model of Biodiversity for Conservation Planning: Focused on Mt. Jiri , Mt. Deokyu and Mt. Gaya regions. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of Seoul national, Korea, 120pp.(in Korean with English abstract)
  28. Kwon, H.S., J.E. Ryu, C.W. Seo, J.Y. Kim, D.O. Lim and M.H. Suh(2012a) A Study on Distribution Characteristics of Corylopsis coreana Using SDM, Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment. 21(5):735-743.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14249/EIA.2012.21.5.735
  29. Kwon, H.S., C.W. Seo and C.H. Park(2012b) Development of Species Distribution Models and Evaluation of Species Richness in Jirisan region, Journal of the Korean Society for GeoSpatial Information System. 20(3): 11-18.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.7319/kogsis.2012.20.3.011
  30. Lee, D.K. and H.G. Kim(2010) Habitat Potential Evaluation Using MaxEnt Model: Focused on Riparian Distance, Stream Order and Land Use. J. Korean Env. Res. Tech. 13(6):161-172.(in Korean with English abstract)
  31. Lee, S.G., S.G. Jung, K.H. Park, K.T. Kim and W.S. Lee(2010) A Prediction Model and Mapping for Forest-Dwelling Birds Habitat Using GIS. Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies. 13(1):62-73.(in Korean with English abstract)
  32. Lorraine, T. C(2000) Nesting habitat selection and productivity of Northern Goshawks in west-central montana. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of Montana, U.S.A., 87pp.
  33. Matsue, M., H. Momose, M. Ueta and N. Fujiwara(2006) Factors Affecting the Breeding Density of Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis). Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture. 69(5): 513-518. https://doi.org/10.5632/jila.69.513
  34. Ministry of Environment(2005a) Announcement of Ministry of Environment. pp.29. (in Korean)
  35. Ministry of Environment(2005b) Picture book of endangered wild animals and plants. Ministry of Environment. p.78.(in Korean)
  36. Philips, S.J., M. Dudik, R.E. Schapire(2006) Maximum entropy Approach to Species Distribution Modeling, Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 655-662.
  37. Seo, C.W., T.Y. Choi, Y.S.Choi and D.Y.Kim(2008) A Study on Wildlife Habitat Suitability Modeling for Goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus raddeanus) in Seoraksan National Park, Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology. 11(3):28-38.(in Korean with English abstract)
  38. Shin, M.S.(2013) Species Distribution Model and Land Suitability Assessment: Focused on city in Boryeong. A master's thesis, Univ. of Junbuk, national, Korea, 102pp.(in Korean with English abstract)
  39. Smithers, B. L., C.W.Boal and D.E. Andersen(2005) Northern goshawk diet in minnesota: An analysis using video recording systems. Journal Raptor Res. 39(3):264-273.
  40. Speiser, R., and T. Bosakowski(1987) Nest site selection by Northern Goshawk is northern New Jersey and south eastern New York. Condor. 89:387-394. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368492
  41. Squires, J.R. and L.F. Ruggiero(1996) Nest-site preference of Northern Goshawk in south central. Wyoming J.Wildl. Manage. 60:170-177. https://doi.org/10.2307/3802052
  42. Song W.K. and E.Y. Kim(2012) A Comparison of Machine Learning Species Distribution Methods for Habitat Analysis of the Korea Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). Korean Journal of Remote Sensing. 28(1):171-180.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.7780/kjrs.2012.28.1.171
  43. Suzuki. T. (1999) Nesting Habitat of the Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis in the Tokachi Plain, Eastern Hokkaido. Janpanese Journal of Ornithology. 48(2):135-144. https://doi.org/10.3838/jjo.48.135
  44. Tornberg. R. and A. Colpaert(2001) Survival, ranging, habitat choice and diet of the Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis during winter in Northern Finland. IBIS. 143:41-50.
  45. Toyne. E. P.(1998) Breeding season diet of the Goshawk Accipiter gentilis in Wales. Ibis. 140(4): 569-579.
  46. Uchida, H., S. Shigeru, S. Suzuki, T. Watanabe, Y. Ishimatu, I. Tanaka, S. Aoyama, H. Nakamura, M. Noumi, H. Nakajima and M. Sakurai(2007) Breeding ecology of Northern Goshawk at hilly terrain area in central Japan, Janpanese Journal of Ornithology. 56(2):131-140. https://doi.org/10.2326/jjo.56.131
  47. Ueta M., H. Momose, Y. Yamada, K.D. Tanaka and M. Matsue (2006) Habitat use and natal dispersal patterns of fledgling Goshawks. Bird Research 2:1-10.
  48. Ueta M., R. Horie, H. Uchida and K.Endo(2010) Estimation of home ranges and important foraging areas of Northern Goshawks based on nest distributions, vegetation and land-use. Bird Research. 6: 1-9.
  49. Widen, P. (1989) The hunting habitats of goshawks Accipite rgentilis in boreal forests of central Sweden. Ibis. 131:205-213.
  50. Yi, J.H, C.H. Baek, J.W.Jung, K. S. Youm and S.R. Cho.(2011) Studies on Breeding Ecology of Goshawk [Northern Goshawk] Accipiter gentilis at South Korea. Kor. J. Orni. 18(2): 171-180. (in Korean with English abstract)
  51. Yi, J.H, I.K. Lee, C.R.Baek and S.R. Cho.(2013) Studied on Habitat and Nest Characteristic of the Breeding Goshawk [Northern Goshawk] Accipiter gentilis in South Korea. J. Korean Env. Res. Tech. 16(5):83-92.(in Korean with English abstract)
  52. Yun J.M.(2012) A Study on Spatial Structure Analysis Using the Integrated Model of Space Syntax and GIS: ACase Study of the Hadeok Area in Dangjin City. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies. 15(3):13-22. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11108/kagis.2012.15.3.013
  53. Zar, J.H.(1984) Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 718pp.