Korean Journal of Poultry Science (한국가금학회지)

The Korean Society of Poultry Science (한국가금학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effect of Hen Age on Egg Quality in Commercial Layer

실용산란계의 산란연령이 계란의 품질에 미치는 영향

  • Lee, Min Hee (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Cho, Eun Jung (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Choi, Eun Sik (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Bang, Min Hee (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Sohn, Sea Hwan (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology)
  • 이민희 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 조은정 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 최은식 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 방민희 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 손시환 (경남과학기술대학교 동물생명과학과)
  • Received : 2016.11.28
  • Accepted : 2016.12.18
  • Published : 2016.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Egg quality is a very important factor for both consumers and producers. Factors affecting egg quality include strain and age of hens; egg storage temperature, time, and humidity; laying season; and feeding. This study aimed to determine the effect of hen age and egg storage time on egg quality. A total of 700 eggs obtained from Hyline Brown commercial layers were used for this experiment, and they were separated into two hen age groups (30 vs. 60 weeks) with eight treatments and four storage times (day 0, 10, 20, and 30). The egg weight; shell color, thickness, and density; albumen height; Haugh unit (HU); yolk color; and the yolk and albumen pH and viscosity were measured for the egg quality assessment. The results showed that the age of the hen and egg storage time significantly affected almost all parameters of the internal and external egg quality. The shell thickness, albumen height, HU, yolk color, pH of yolk and albumen, and yolk viscosity significantly decreased with increasing hen age. The egg shell color was significantly lighter in eggs from 60-week-old hens than in those from 30 weeks-old hens. The egg weight; shell weight, thickness, and density; albumen height, HU; and albumen viscosity significantly decreased, but the yolk color and pH of the yolk and albumen increased with increasing egg storage time. The interaction effects between the storage time and hen age were significant in shell thickness, albumen height, yolk color, and yolk and albumen pH and viscosity. The eggs obtained from 60-week-old hens showed significantly lower shell thickness, albumen height, and HU values, which are considered typical egg quality measurements, than values of eggs from 30-week-old hens. Therefore, increasing hen age and egg storage time caused the deterioration of egg quality. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that hen age is the major factor affecting the quality of fresh eggs, whereas the storage time is the determinant factor affecting the quality of stored eggs.

계란의 품질은 소비자와 생산자 모두에게 매우 중요한 요소이다. 계란의 품질에 영향을 미치는 요소로 닭의 품종, 산란연령, 계란의 보관 온도와 저장기간, 보관 습도, 산란 계절 및 사료 등이 있다. 본 연구는 닭의 산란연령과 계란의 저장기간이 난질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 본 시험은 하이라인 브라운 실용산란계가 생산한 총 700개의 계란을 대상으로 2개의 산란연령(30주령 및 60주령)과 4개의 저장기간(0, 10, 20, 30일), 총 8처리에 대해 분석하였다. 계란의 품질 평가기준으로 난중, 난각색, 난각두께, 난각밀도, 난백높이, 호우유니트(HU), 난황색, 난황 및 난백의 pH와 점도를 측정하였다. 실험결과, 산란연령 및 계란의 저장기간은 거의 모든 계란의 내 외부 난질지표에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 산란연령이 증가함에 따라 생산된 계란의 난각두께, 난백높이, HU, 난황색, 난황과 난백의 pH 및 난황점도는 유의하게 감소하였다. 한편, 난각색에 있어서는 60주령에 생산된 계란이 30주령에 생산된 계란보다 옅은 난각색을 나타내었다. 또한, 계란의 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 난중, 난각중, 난각두께, 난각밀도, 난백높이, HU 및 난백점도는 감소하였고, 반면 난황색과 난황과 난백의 pH는 증가하였다. 더불어 난각두께, 난백높이, 난황색, 난황 및 난백의 pH와 점도는 계란의 저장기간과 산란연령 간 상호작용의 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대표적 난질의 지표로 볼 수 있는 난각두께, 난백높이 및 HU가 60주령에 생산된 계란이 30주령에 산란한 알에 비해 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 산란연령이 증가하고 계란의 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 난질저하가 일어나게 된다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 신선란의 경우, 산란연령이 계란의 품질에 영향을 미치는 주된 요인인 반면, 보관란의 경우 저장기간이 난질에 영향을 미치는 결정적 요인임을 시사하고 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn DU, Kim SK, Shu H 1997 Effect of egg size and strain and age of hen on the solids content of chicken eggs. Poult Sci 76:914-919. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.6.914
  2. Akyurek H, Okur AA 2009 Effect of storage time, temperature and hen age on egg quality in free-range layer hens. J Anim Vet Adv 8:1953-1958.
  3. Benton CE Jr, Brake J 1996 The effect of broiler breeder flock age and length of egg storage on egg albumen during early incubation. Poult Sci 75(9):1069-1075. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0751069
  4. Bozkurt Z, Tekerli M 2009 The effects of hen age, genotype, period and temperature of storage on egg quality. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15(4):517-524.
  5. Britton WM 1977 Shell membranes of eggs differing in shell quality from young and old hens. Poult Sci 56:647-653. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0560647
  6. Carraro AC, Antunes AJ 2001 Haugh unit as a measure of the quality of hen eggs stored under refrigeration. Sci Agric 58: 681-685. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162001000400005
  7. Chung SH, Lee KW 2014 Effect of hen age, storage duration and temperature on egg quality in laying hens. Int J Poult Sci 13(11):634-636. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2014.634.636
  8. Cunningham FE, Cotterill DJ, Funk EM 1996 The effect of season and age of bird. 1. On egg size, quality and yield. Poult Sci 39:289-299.
  9. de Menezes PC, de Lima ER, de Medeiros JP, de Oliveira WNK, Evencio-Neto J 2012 Egg quality of laying hens in different conditions of storage, ages and housing densities. R Bras Zootec 41(9):2064-2069. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000900014
  10. Eisen EJ, Bohren BB, Mckean HE 1962 The Haugh unit as a measure of egg albumen quality. Poult Sci 41:1461-1468. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0411461
  11. Fry JL, Moore JS, Osteen AW 1965 Strain difference and initial quality relationships to rate of interior egg quality decline. Poult Sci 44:649-652. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0440649
  12. Hartmann C, Johanson K, Strandberg E, Rydhmer L 2003 Genetic correlations between the maternal genetic effect on chick weight and the direct genetic effects on egg composition traits in a White Leghorn line. Poult Sci 82:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.1.1
  13. Haugh RR 1937 The Haugh unit for measuring egg quality. US Egg Poult Mag 43:522-555, 572-573.
  14. Hill AT, Eissinger RC, Hamilton DM, Patko J 1980 Sample sizes required for predicting albumen quality in stored eggs from eight commercial stocks. Can J Anim Sci 60:979-989. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas80-116
  15. Hill AT, Hall W 1980 Effects of various combinations of oil spraying, washing, sanitizing, storage time, strain, and age of layer upon albumen quality changes in storage and minimum sample sizes required for their measurement. Poult Sci 59:2237-2242. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0592237
  16. Hunton P 1987 Laboratory evaluations of egg quality. In: Egg Quality-Current Problems and Recent Advances. R. G. Wells and C. G. Belyavin, ed. Butterworths, London. pp. 87-102.
  17. Jin YH, Lee KT, Lee WI, Han YK 2011 Effects of storage temperature and time on the quality of eggs from laying hens at peak production. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 24:279-284.
  18. Johnson AS, Merritt ES 1955 Heritability of albumen height and specific gravity of eggs from White Leghorns and Barred Rocks and the correlations of these traits with egg production. Poult Sci 34:578-587. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0340578
  19. Jones DR, Musgrove MT 2005 Effects of extended storage on egg quality factor. Poult Sci 84:1774-1777. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.11.1774
  20. Jones DR, Tharrington JB, Curtis PA, Anderson KE, Keener KM, Jones FT 2002 Effects of cryogenic cooling of shell eggs on egg quality. Poult Sci 81:727-733. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.5.727
  21. Kidwell MG, Nordskog AW, Forsythe RH 1964 On the problem of correcting albumen quality measures for egg weight. Poult Sci 43:42-49. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0430042
  22. Kirunda DFK, McKee SR 2000 Relating quality characteristics of aged eggs and fresh eggs to vitelline membrane strength as determined by a texture analyzer. Poult Sci 79:1189-1193. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.8.1189
  23. Lee MH, Cho EJ, Choi ES, Sohn SH 2016 The effect of storage period and temperature on egg quality in commercial eggs. Kor J Poult Sci 43(1):31-38. https://doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2016.43.1.31
  24. MAF Notification No. 2007-40 2007 Livestock Grading Standards Details. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea.
  25. MAFRA 2015 The Statistics of Agriculture, Livestock and Food in Korea. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea. Issues 11-1543000-000128-10.
  26. Nestor KE, Jaap RG 1963 Egg weight may influence albumen height. Poult Sci 42:1249-1250. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0421249
  27. Padhi MK, Chatterjee RN, Haunshi S, Rajkumar U 2013 Effect of age on egg quality in chicken. Ind J Poult Sci 48(1):122-125.
  28. Peebles ED, Brake J 1987 Eggshell quality and hatchability in broiler breeder eggs. Poult Sci 66:596-604. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0660596
  29. Potts PL, Washburn KW 1974 Shell evaluation of white and brown egg strains by deformation, breaking strength, shell thickness and specific gravity. 1. Relationship to egg characteristics. Poult Sci. 53:1123-1128. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0531123
  30. Proudfoot FG 1962 The decline of internal egg quality during storage at $30^{\circ}F$ and $70^{\circ}F$ among six strains of Leghorns reared in confinement and on range. Poult Sci 41:98-103. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0410098
  31. Roberts JR, Chousalkar K, Samiullah S 2013 Egg quality and age of laying hens: Implications for product safety. Anim Prod Sci 53:1291-1297.
  32. Roland DA Sr 1979 Factors influencing shell quality of aging hens. Poult Sci 58:774-777. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0580774
  33. Samiullah S, Omar AS, Roberts J, Chousalkar K 2016 Effect of production system and flock age on eggshell and egg internal quality measurements. Poult Sci doi. 10.3382
  34. Samli HE, Agma A, Senkoylu N 2005 Effects of storage time and temperature on egg quality in old laying hens. J Appl Poult Res 14:548-553. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/14.3.548
  35. Scott TA, Silversides FG 2000 The effect of storage and strain of hen on egg quality. Poult Sci 79:1725-1729. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.12.1725
  36. Shin D, Narciso-Gaytan C, Regenstein JM, Sanchez-Plata MX 2012 Effect of various refrigeration temperatures on quality of shell eggs. J Sci Food Agric 92(7):1341-1345. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4699
  37. Silversides FG 1994 The Haugh Unit correction for egg weight is not adequate for comparing eggs from chickens of different lines and ages. J Appl Poult Res 3(2):120-126. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/3.2.120
  38. Silversides FG, Budgell K 2004 The relationships among measures of egg albumen height, pH, and whipping volume. Poult Sci 83:1619-1623. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.10.1619
  39. Silversides FG, Korver DR, Budgell KL 2006 Effect of strain of layer and age at photostimulation on egg production, egg quality, and bone strength. Poult Sci 85:1136-1144. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.7.1136
  40. Silversides FG, Scott TA 2001 Effect of storage and layer age on quality of eggs from two lines of hens. Poult Sci 80:1240-1245. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.8.1240
  41. Silversides FG, Villeneuve P 1994 Is the Haugh Unit correction for egg weight valid for eggs stored at room temperature? Poult Sci 73:50-55. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0730050
  42. Siyar SAH, Aliarabi H, Ahmadi A, Ashori N 2007 Effect of different storage conditions and hen age on egg quality parameters. Proceedings of the 19th Australian Poultry Science Symposium, pp.106-109.
  43. Suk YO, Park C 2001 Effect of breed and age of hens on the yolk to albumen ratio in two different genetic stocks. Poult Sci 80(7):855-858. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.7.855
  44. Tona K, Onagbesan O, De Ketelaere B, Decuypere E, Bruggeman V 2004 Effects of age of broiler breeders and egg storage on egg quality, hatchability chick quality, chick weight and chick post hatch growth to 42 days. J Appl Poult Res 13:10-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/13.1.10
  45. Walsh TJ, Rizk RE, Brake J 1995 Effects of temperature and carbon dioxide on albumen characteristics, weight loss, and early embryonic mortality of long stored hatching eggs. Poult Sci 74:1403-1410. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0741403
  46. Williams KC 1992 Some factors affecting albumen quality with particular reference to Haugh unit score. World's Poult Sci J 48:5-16. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19920002
  47. Wolc A, Arango J, Settar P, O'Sullivan NP, Olori VE, White IMS, Hill WG, Dekkers JCM 2012 Genetic parameters of egg defects and egg quality in layer chickens. Poult Sci 91:1292-1298. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-02130
  48. Zhang LC, Ning ZH, Xu GY, Hou ZC, Yang N 2005 Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations of egg quality traits in brown-egg dwarf layers. Poult Sci 84:1209-1213. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.8.1209