Journal of Labour Economics (노동경제논집)

The Korean Labor Economic Association (한국노동경제학회)
권호 표지

Analytical Concept of Happiness and Its Measurement

행복의 분석적 개념과 측정방법

  • 조동훈 (한림대학교 경영대학 경제학과)
  • Received : 2017.07.25
  • Accepted : 2017.09.11
  • Published : 2017.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This papers reviews the concept of happiness which has begun to be widely used in many fields. The concept of happiness is extensively examined within the analytical concept of subjective well-being. Three components of subjective well-being are clearly summarized in the paper. In addition, related questionaries measuring those components are provided from the most widely accepted in the study of happiness. The role of two factors such as income and unemployment in determining individuals' happiness is also discussed.

본 연구에서는 최근 들어 다양한 학문 분야에서 분석되는 행복이라는 개념을 기존문헌 고찰을 통해 정리해 보았다. 행복이라는 일반적인 개념을 주관적 웰빙이라는 분석적 개념의 틀에서 정리하였고 이를 구성하는 세 가지 요인들, 즉 삶에 대한 평가와 감정 그리고 유데모니아의 개념을 상세히 정의하였다. 또한, 주관적 웰빙을 구체적으로 측정하는 여섯 가지 항목들과 이를 기초로 사용된 대표적인 설문문항들을 국문과 영문으로 요약 정리하였다. 이와 더불어 행복수준을 결정하는 경제적 요인 가운데 소득과 행복수준 그리고 실업과 행복수준에 대한 기존연구를 정리하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 행복에 대한 분석적 개념이 향후 경제학자가 행복 연구를 실증 분석하는 데 유용한 밑거름이 되었으면 한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Alesina, Alberto, Rafael Di Tella and Robert MacCulloch "Inequality and Happiness: Are Europeans and Americans Different?" NBER Working Paper No. 8198. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
  2. Blanchflower, David G. and. Andrew J. Oswald. "Well-Being Over Time in Britain and the USA." NBER Working Paper No. 7487. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.
  3. Brooks, C. Gross National Happiness. Basic Books, New York, 2008.
  4. Clark, Andrew E. "Unemployment as a Social Norm: Psycological Evidence from Panel Data." Mimeo. Unversity of Orleans, France, 2000.
  5. Clark, Andrew E. and Andrew J. Oswald "Unhappiness and Unemployment." Economic Journal 104 (424) (April 1994): 648-659. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234639
  6. Clark, Andrew E. and Andrew J. Oswald "Satisfaction and Comparison Income." Journal of Public Economics 61 (3) (September 1996): 359-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(95)01564-7
  7. Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.
  8. Di Tella, Rafael, Robert J. MacCulloch and Andrew J. Oswald. "Preferences over Inflation and Unemployment: Evidence from Surveys of Happiness." American Economic Review 91 (1) (March 2001): 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.335
  9. Diener, Ed. "Guidelines for National Indicators of Subjective Well-Being and Ill-Being." Journal of Happiness Studies 7 (4) (September 2006): 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9000-y
  10. Diener, Ed, Ed Sandvik, Larry Seidlitz and Marissa Diener "The Relationship Between Income and Subjective Well-Being: Relative or Absolute?" Social Indicators Research 28 (3) (March 1993): 195-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079018
  11. Diener, E., R. Emmons, R. Larsen and S. Griffin. "The Satisfaction With Life Scale." Journal of Personality Assessment 49 (1) (January 1985): 71-75 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  12. Diener, Ed, Eunkook M. Suh, Robert E. Lucas and Heidi L. Smith. "Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress." Psychological Bulletin 125 (2) (February 1999): 276-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
  13. Dolan, P. and M. White. "How Can Measures of Subjective Well-being be Used to Inform Policy?" Perspectives on Psychological Science 2 (1) (March 2007): 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00030.x
  14. Easterlin, Richard A. "Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence." In Paul A. David and Melvin W. Reder (eds.). Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. New York/London: Academic Press. (1974): 89-125.
  15. Easterlin, Richard A. "Income and Happiness: Toward a Unified Theory." Economic Journal 111 (July 2001): 465-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00646
  16. Easterly, William. "Life During Growth." Journal of Economic Growth 4 (3) (September 1999): 239-276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009882702130
  17. Eurofound. 2016 European Quality of Life Survey Questionnaire, 2016.
  18. Frank, Robert H. Luxury Fever: Why Money Fails to Satisfy in an Era of Excess. New York: Free Press, 1999.
  19. Frey, Bruno S. and Alois Stutzer. "Happiness, Economy and Institutions." Economic Journal 110 (October 2000): 918-938. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00570
  20. Gardner, Jonathan and Andrew J. Oswald. "Does Money Buy Happiness? A Longitudinal Study Using Data on Windfalls." Mimeo. Warwick University, 2001.
  21. Gallup Organization. Indexes and Questions. 2012.
  22. Helliwell, John, "How's Life? Combining Individual and National Variables to Explain Subjective Well-Being." Mimeo. Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, 2011.
  23. Helliwell, J.F., R. Layard and J. Sachs (eds.). World Happiness Report. The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 2012.
  24. Huppert, F.A., N. Marks, A. Clark, J. Siegrist, A. Stutzer, J. Vitterso and M. Wahrendorf "Measuring Well-being Across Europe: Description of the ESS Well-being Module and Preliminary Findings." Social Indicators Research 91 (3) (May 2009): 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9346-0
  25. International Wellbeing Group. Personal Wellbeing Index. 4th edition. Melbourne, Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University, 2006.
  26. International Wellbeing Group. Personal Wellbeing Index, 5th edition. Melbourne, Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University, 2013.
  27. Kahneman, D., E. Diener and N. Schwarz. Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, Russel Sage Foundation, New York, 1999.
  28. Kahneman, D. and A. Krueger "Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-being." The Journal of Economic Perspective 20 (1) (Winter 2006): 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1257/08953300677652603
  29. Kahneman, Daniel, Alan B. Krueger, David A. Schkade, Norbert Schwarz and Arthur A. Stone. "A Survey Method for Characterizing DailyLife Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method." Science 306 (5702) (December 2004): 1776-780. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103572
  30. Kenny, C. "Does Growth Cause Happiness, or Does Happiness Cause Growth?" Kyklos 52 (1) (February 1999): 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1999.tb00576.x
  31. Krueger, Alan B. and David A. Schkade. "The Reliability of Subjective Well-being Measures." Journal of Public Economics 92 (August 2008): 1833-1845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.12.015
  32. New York Times. "A New Gauge to See What's Beyond Happiness." (May 2011).
  33. OECD. OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being, OECD Publishing, 2013.
  34. OECD. How's Life? Measuring Well-Being, OECD Publishing, 2011.
  35. Pavot, W., E. Diener, C.R. Colvin and E. Sandvik. "Further Validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence from the cross-method convergence of well-being measures." Journal of Personality Assesment 57 (1) (September 1991): 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_17
  36. Pavot, W. and E. Diener. "Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale." Psychological Assessment 5 (2) (June 1993): 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164
  37. Sheldon, K.M. "The Self-concordance Model of Healthy Goal Striving: When personal goals correctly represent the person." In E.L. Deci, & R.M. Ryan (Eds.). Handbook of Self-determination Research. pp.65-86. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2002.
  38. Stone, Arthur and Saul Shiffman. "Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) in Behavioral Medicine." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 16 (January 1994): 199-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/16.3.199
  39. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. "Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability." Cognitive Psychology 5 (September 1973): 207-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
  40. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and biases." Science 185 (4157) (September 1974): 1124-1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
  41. Van Praag, B.M.S., P. Frijters and A. Ferrer-i-Carbonell "The Anatomy of Subjective Well-being." Journal Economic Behavior and Organization 51 (1) (May 2003) 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(02)00140-3
  42. Veenhoven, R. "The International Scale Interval Study: Improving the Comparability of Responses to Survey Questions about Happiness." In V. Moller and D. Huschka (eds.). Quality of Life and the Millennium Challenge: Advances in Quality-of-Life Studies, Theory and Research, Social Indicators Research Series, Vol. 35, Springer, (2008): 45-58.
  43. Waterman, A., Schwartz, S., Zamboanga, B., Rvert, R., Williams, M., Agocha B., Kim, S. and Donnellan., B. "The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: Psychometric Properties, Demographic Comparisons, and Evidence of Validity." Journal of Positive Psychology 5 (1) (January 2010): 41-61 https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903435208
  44. Winkelmann, Liliana and Rainer Winkelmann "Why are the Unemployed So Unhappy? Evidence from Panel Data." Economica 65 (257) (February 1998): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.00111